依那普利对高血压病患者胰岛素抵抗影响的临床观察

测定５１例高血压病患者与２２例正常人空腹血糖（ＳＧ）、血胰岛素水平（ＩＳ）、Ｃ肽（ＣＰ），显示ＩＳ、ＩＳ／ＳＧ、胰岛素敏感指数（ＩＡＩ）、两组间有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１），而ＣＰ／ＩＳ比值无统计学差异。高血压病患者用依那普利５～１０ｍｇ／ｄ，疗程４～１５个月（平均１１．２９±３．７１个月），后复查上述指标并与用药前进行对比分析。结果除血压明显下降外（Ｐ＜０．００１），空腹ＩＳ、ＩＳ／ＳＧ、ＩＡＩ亦均显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），而ＣＰ／ＩＳ比值治疗前后差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示，原发性高血压病患者存在胰岛素抵抗现象，依那普利治疗除可有效降低血压外，尚有改善胰岛素抵抗的作用。     

38例高血压病患者血脂与胰岛素抵抗

对３８例高血压病（ＥＨ）患者及２４例正常人空腹血清胰岛素（Ｉｎｓ）、Ｃ肽（ＣＰ）、血糖（ＳＧ）、甘油三酯（ＴＧ）、总胆固醇（ＴＣ）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）及载脂蛋白（Ａｐｏ）含量进行测定，并推算胰岛素敏感指数（ＩＳＩ）。结果ＥＨ组Ｉｎｓ、ＣＰ升高，但ＩＳＩ显著降低，表明ＥＨ患者存在胰岛素抵抗（ＩＲ）。同时伴有ＴＧ、ＴＣ、ＡｐｏＢ１００、脂蛋白（ａ）［ＬＰ（ａ）］升高，ＨＤＬ－Ｃ、ＡｐｏＡＩ降低。相关分析表明，ＥＨ患者Ｉｎｓ与ＴＧ、ＡｐｏＢ１００、ＬＰ（ａ）呈显著正相关，与ＨＤＬ－Ｃ、ＡｐｏＡＩ呈显著负相关。ＩＳＩ与ＴＧ、ＡｐｏＢ１００呈显著负相关，提示ＥＨ患者ＩＲ可能是影响脂代谢的重要因素之一。     

老年人不同体质对心脏结构、血流、功能及血压的影响

目的观察体重对老年人心血管系统的影响。方法６２３例老年人根据体质指数（ＢＭＩ）分为肥胖、超重、正常及消瘦４组，检测血压、空腹血糖（ＢＳ）、胆固醇（ＴＣ）、甘油三酯（ＴＧ）及超声心动图。结果肥胖及超重组较正常体重及消瘦组收缩压（ＳＢＰ）及舒张压（ＤＢＰ）均增高（均为Ｐ＜０．０５），主动脉径（ＡｏＤ）、左房径（ＬＡＤ）、左室舒张及收缩末径（ＥＤＤ及ＥＳＤ）及心肌质量（ＬＶＭ）增加（均为Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＳＢＰ、ＤＢＰ均与体重、ＢＭＩ、ＴＣ、ＬＶＭ及心房收缩期与舒张早期充盈峰值流速（ＡＰＦＶ与ＥＰＦＶ）之比值（Ａ／Ｅ）呈明显正相关（Ｐ＜０．０５、０．０１或０．００１），ＤＢＰ与年龄呈明显负相关（Ｐ＜０．００１）。多元逐步回归分析证实ＬＶＭ、ＡＰＦＶ及ＬＡＤ均与ＢＭＩ呈正相关（均为Ｐ＜０．０１），ＥＰＦＶ与ＢＭＩ呈负相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）；射血分数（ＥＦ）、年龄、ＢＳ与ＳＢＰ呈正相关（Ｐ＜０．０５、０．００１及０．０１），与ＤＢＰ呈负相关（Ｐ＜０．０５或０．００１）。结论体重是影响心脏结构、血流、功能及血压的重要因素；ＥＦ、年龄、ＢＳ是分别影响ＳＢＰ及ＤＢＰ的独立因素。     

老年冠心病病人血清脂质水平研究

测定１０２例老年冠心病病人血清ＴＣ、ＴＧ、ＨＤＬ－Ｃ、ＡｐｏＡ１和ＡｐｏＢ含量并计算ＡｐｏＡ１和ＡｐｏＢ的比值，与１００例健康人进行比较。结果表明：冠心病病人ＡｐｏＢ明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＡｐｏＡ１／ＡｐｏＢ低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。９１．２％男性病人和７８．９％女性病人ＡｐｏＡ１／ＡｐｏＢ低于对照组，男女之间下降比例有差异，提示ＡｐｏＡ１／ＡｐｏＢ比值下降同样是老年冠心病病人的危险因素     

陈旧性心肌梗塞者血胆固醇低水平的临床意义

本文观察了１９８例老年及老年前期陈旧性心肌梗塞患者的血脂质和载脂蛋白的变化，重点探讨血胆固醇不高患者的致病因素，特别是脂蛋白（ａ）〔Ｌｐ（ａ）〕的临床意义。结果显示，Ｉ组（ＴＣ＞３．８８ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）的ＴＣ、ＴＧ、ＬＤＬ－Ｃ和ＡｐｏＢ水平均高于Ⅱ组（ＴＣ≤３．８８ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．００１），但Ｌｐ（ａ）水平却明显低于Ⅱ组（Ｐ＜０．０５），高脂蛋白血症［Ｌｐ（ａ）＞０．３ｇ／Ｌ］的发生率也明显低于Ⅱ组（２７．４％比４８．２％）。ＨＤＬ－Ｃ和ＡｐｏＡ１水平在２组间无显著差异。由此提示，Ｌｐ（ａ）作为心肌梗塞的危险因素，可能不依赖于ＴＣ、ＬＤＬ－Ｃ而发挥作用。因此对血胆固醇不高的心肌梗塞患者应特别注意监测Ｌｐ（ａ）水平，在心肌梗塞后的二级预防中对于高脂蛋白血症者宜采取适当措施。     

糖尿病患者Apo－Al、Apo－B测定及其临床意义

本文对６０例糖尿病患者及６２例正常人的血清载脂蛋白（Ａｐｏ）－Ａｌ，Ａｐｏ－Ｂ高密度脂蛋白（ＨＤＬ）和低密度脂蛋白（ＬＤＬ）水平进行了测定，结果显示：（１）糖尿病患者Ａｐｏ－Ａｌ水平和Ａｐｏ－Ｂ水平均明显高于正常人（Ｐ＜０．０１）。（２）住院治疗前，糖尿病患者血清ＨＤＬ水平明显低于正常人（Ｐ＜０．０１）。（３）住院治疗期间糖尿病患者血清ＨＤＬ水平显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１），而ＬＤＬ水平无明显改变（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

糖尿病患者Apo－Al、Apo－B测定及其临床意义

本文对６０例糖尿病患者及６２例正常人的血清载脂蛋白（Ａｐｏ）－Ａｌ，Ａｐｏ－Ｂ高密度脂蛋白（ＨＤＬ）和低密度脂蛋白（ＬＤＬ）水平进行了测定，结果显示：（１）糖尿病患者Ａｐｏ－Ａｌ水平和Ａｐｏ－Ｂ水平均明显高于正常人（Ｐ＜０．０１）。（２）住院治疗前，糖尿病患者血清ＨＤＬ水平明显低于正常人（Ｐ＜０．０１）。（３）住院治疗期间糖尿病患者血清ＨＤＬ水平显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１），而ＬＤＬ水平无明显改变（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

中老年人高密度脂蛋白胆固醇与性激素的关系

对１０２例年龄≥４５岁的中老年非糖尿病人群的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）载脂蛋白Ａ１（ＡｐｏＡ１）进行测定，并观察它们与性激素的关系。经逐步回归分析，结果显示了ＨＤｌ－Ｃ与年龄、体重指数（ＢＭＩ）、空腹血浆胰岛素（Ｆ－Ｉｎｓ）水平显著负相关，与雌二醇／睾丸酮（Ｅ２／Ｔ）比值呈显著正相关（Ｐ＝０．０００１），与Ｔ呈显著负相关（Ｐ＝０．０００１）。在调整年龄、ＢＭＩ和ＩＮＳ、Ｆ后，Ｅ２／Ｔ比值是影响ＨＤＬ－Ｃ水平的独立因素。ＡｐｏＡ１，作为因变量进行相同的分析得到了与ＨＤＬ－Ｃ相似的结果。     

卡托普利对高血压病患者血糖,胰岛素,脂蛋白水平影响的研究

目的：探讨卡托普利对高血压病患者血糖、胰岛素、脂蛋白水平的影响。　方法：将 ６４ 例高血压病患者给予卡托普利治疗 ３ 月后,观察其血糖、胰岛素、脂蛋白水平的变化。　结果：３ 月后, 患者收缩压、舒张压均显著降低（ Ｐ＜ ０．０１）,用餐后血糖和胰岛素分别由 ９．９８±４．６ ｍ ｍ ｏｌ／ Ｌ和 １３８±１８ ｍ Ｕ／ Ｌ降至 ７．１±１．８ ｍ ｍ ｏｌ／ Ｌ 和 １０１ ±３０ ｍ Ｕ／ Ｌ（ Ｐ均＜０．０１）; Ｔ Ｃ、 Ｔ Ｇ、 Ｌ Ｄ Ｌ┐ Ｃ、ａｐｏ Ｂ显著降低,而 Ｈ Ｄ Ｌ┐ Ｃ、ａｐｏ Ａ Ｉ显著升高（ Ｐ＜ ０．０５, Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。　结论：卡托普利在降压的同时能改善胰岛素抵抗,并可降低高血压患者冠状动脉硬化性心脏病的危险性。     

老年非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病合并高血压病、冠心病的胰岛素抵抗

目的研究老年非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）病人合并高血压病或冠心病时是否存在更明显的胰岛素抵抗。方法选择７４例老年ＮＩＤＤＭ病人,其中未合并高血压病、冠心病者２８例（对照组）,合并高血压病者２０例（高血压病组）,合并冠心病者２６例（冠心病组）,对各组之间血糖、胰岛素、胰岛素敏感性指数（ＩＡＩ）、体重指数（ＭＢＩ）、血脂等指标进行比较。结果高血压病组较对照组胰岛素及ＩＡＩ差异有极显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１,Ｐ＜０．００１）,冠心病组无统计学意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论老年ＮＩＤＤＭ合并高血压病时较单纯ＮＩＤＤＭ存在更明显的胰岛素抵抗。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.