Sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary: color Doppler findings.

The sclerosing stromal tumor (SST) of the ovary is a distinct benign neoplasm that differs from fibromas, thecomas, luteinized tumors and lipoid cell tumors. It accounts for 6% of ovarian stromal tumors and tends to occur at an earlier age. On gray-scale ultrasound examination, SSTs of the ovary are solid or cystic and multilocular. We describe here, we believe for the first time, the findings on color Doppler imaging of an SST of the ovary. A 29-year-old woman presented with an organic ovarian mass. She underwent a transvaginal ultrasound examination that revealed an echogenic cyst with acoustic shadowing. Color Doppler demonstrated marked peripheral vascularization. Findings on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging strongly suggested the preoperative diagnosis of SST of the ovary, which was confirmed at pathology. Association of an echogenic ovarian mass with acoustic shadowing and a high degree of peripheral vascularization may strongly suggest the diagnosis of SST of the ovary.     

胃肠道间质瘤的影像学表现与病理分析

目的提高胃肠道间质瘤(GIST)影像学表现和病理特点的认识水平。材料与方法回顾分析16例经手术病理证实的GIST临床病理及影像学资料,胃肠道双对比造影(DC)15例,CT平扫及双期增强扫描9例,DSA检查2例。结果肿瘤位于胃10例,十二脂肠1例,空肠4例,回肠1例。良性5例,潜在恶性1例,恶性10例。良性直径多<5·0cm,边界清楚,DC主要表现黏膜皱襞受压推移改变,CT平扫密度均匀,增强均匀强化,恶性直径多>5·0cm,边缘分叶,DC黏膜皱襞有破坏,表面可见不规则溃疡,CT平扫密度不均匀,瘤体内有多发状和块状低密度区,增强不均匀强化。DSA发现2例小于3·0cm小肠间质瘤,显示血管丰富。病理,肿瘤多为梭形和上皮细胞,CD117( )100%,CD34( )87.5%。结论DC易于发现GIST腔内瘤体,CT定位准确,良恶性判断价值高,DSA显示小体积GIST能我强,GIST确诊有赖于病理组织学和免疫组化检查。     

Characteristics of primary giant cell tumor in soft tissue on magnetic resonance imaging: A case report

BACKGROUNDPrimary soft tissue giant cell tumor (GCT-ST) is rare and has relatively low malignant potential. Most reports are pathological and clinical studies, while imaging studies have only been reported in cases of adjacent bone or with atypical cystic degeneration. With regard to the findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasonography, superficial masses can be further identified based on facial edema, skin thickening, skin contact, internal hemorrhage or necrosis and lobulation of the mass. Unlike deep-seated masses, MRI features do not always provide an accurate diagnosis for benign and malignant patients with superficial soft-tissue lesions. Thus, the application of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) to evaluate superficial soft tissue tumors is necessary.CASE SUMMARYA 36-year-old woman who had a suspected malignant tumor in the upper limb on ultrasound and computed tomography is reported. The signal intensity of the suspected tumor was heterogeneous on plain MRI; nodular and heterogeneous enhancement was observed in the tumor with irregular shapes and blurred margins on dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. The lesion on DWI was hyperintense with a higher mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value. Finally, a GCT-ST was confirmed by pathology. This case suggests that GCT-ST should be distinguished as a benign soft tissue mass from giant cell-rich soft tissue neoplasms or malignant tumors.CONCLUSIONThe MRI features of the superficial GCT-ST in the upper limb included heterogeneous signal intensity within the lesion on T2-weighted image (T2WI) and T1-weighted fat-saturation spoiled gradient recalled echo (T1 FSPGR), nodular enhancement with blurred margins, irregular shapes, and a slow-increased enhancement. DWI could be used to differentiate a benign soft tissue mass from a malignant mass by the mean ADC value and provide more radiologic-pathologic information for the diagnosis of GCT-ST. Comprehensive imaging of primary GCT-ST could help complete tumor resection, and in turn likely prolong survival after surgery.     

甲状腺结节超声造影研究进展

甲状腺的各种肿物统称为甲状腺结节,临床当中诊断甲状腺结节良恶性的主要方式之一为超声造影。本文通过梳理超声造影对甲状腺结节诊断的发展,并将研究超声造影诊断甲状腺结节良恶性的文章进行归纳,分析超声造影在定性法和定量法两方面对甲状腺结节的诊断,总结目前对于甲状腺结节诊断的其他方式,介绍说明超声造影诊断联合应用其他诊断方式(如剪切波弹性成像、CT、MRI)的适用方面和临床效果。     

超声弹性成像技术鉴别乳腺肿块良恶性应用价值分析

目的探讨超声弹性成像技术对女性乳腺肿块良恶性的诊断价值。方法收集自2008年1月至2010年1月期间因乳腺肿块就诊于我院的420例患者的临床资料,并进行回顾性分析。所有患者均采用5分法对肿块的弹性硬度进行半定量分析,测量并记录肿块硬度、灰阶模式与弹性模式下的面积比,通过两种成像模式下所获面积比值的分析,得到肿块良恶性的最佳鉴别点,并对超声弹性成像技术在诊断乳腺良恶性肿块方面的灵敏度、特意度及准确率进行统计。结果乳腺肿块恶性鉴别的灵敏度、特异度及准确率分别为77.5%、91.1%、86.9%。运用两种成像模式下的图像面积比值对乳腺肿块良恶性鉴别时所获得的最佳诊断界点为1.8。结论超声弹性成像技术对乳腺恶性肿块的检查具有较高的检出率,与病理诊断的吻合度高。超声弹性成像技术对女性乳腺恶性肿块的诊断具重要价值。     

Real-time elastography--an advanced method of ultrasound: First results in 108 patients with breast lesions.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether real-time elastography, a new, non-invasive method for the diagnosis of breast cancer, improves the differentiation and characterization of benign and malignant breast lesions. METHODS: Real-time elastography was carried out in 108 potential breast tumor patients with cytologically or histologically confirmed focal breast lesions (59 benign, 49 malignant; median age, 53.9 years; range, 16-84 years). Tumor and healthy tissue were differentiated by measurement of elasticity based on the correlation between tissue properties and elasticity modulus. Evaluation was performed using the three-dimensional (3D) finite element method, in which the information is color-coded and superimposed on the B-mode ultrasound image. A second observer evaluated the elastography images, in order to improve the objectivity of the method. The results of B-mode scan and elastography were compared with those of histology and previous sonographic findings. Sensitivities and specificities were calculated, taking histology as the gold standard. RESULTS: B-mode ultrasound had a sensitivity of 91.8% and a specificity of 78%, compared with sensitivities of 77.6% and 79.6% and specificities of 91.5% and 84.7%, respectively, for the two observers evaluating elastography. Agreement between B-mode ultrasound and elastography was good, yielding a weighted kappa of 0.67. CONCLUSIONS: Our initial clinical results suggest that real-time elastography improves the specificity of breast lesion diagnosis and is a promising new approach for the diagnosis of breast cancer. Elastography provides additional information for differentiating malignant BI-RADS (breast imaging reporting and data system) category IV lesions.     

Burned‐Out Testis Tumors in Asymptomatic Infertile Men: Multiparametric Sonography and MRI Findings

Multiparametric testicular ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were analyzed in a series of 10 infertile asymptomatic men presenting with pathologically confirmed burned‐out testicular tumors. Color/power Doppler ultrasound (CDUS), shear wave elastography (SWE), contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS), and MRI were performed on 10, 5, 6, and 7 patients, respectively. All lesions appeared as a hypoechoic and hypovascular nodular area at CDUS, SWE, CEUS CDUS, and CEUS (if performed). Shear wave elastography showed a stiffer nodular area compared with the surrounding/contralateral tissues (13 versus 2 kPa); MRI revealed a well‐delineated nodular area in hypointense signal on T2, a high apparent diffusion coefficient value, and a lack of enhancement.     

ROC方法评价高频彩超、超声弹性成像及钼靶X线在乳腺病变鉴别诊断中的价值

目的：比较高频彩超、超声弹性成像及钼靶X线对乳腺良恶性病变进行鉴别诊断的价值.材料与方法：回顾分析经病理证实的59例乳腺肿块的高频彩超、钼靶X线、超声弹性成像及高频彩超与弹性成像联合诊断结果的敏感性、特异性、准确性,并对诊断结果进行ROC分析.结果：超声弹性成像诊断乳腺良恶性病灶的准确性93.24％、敏感性89.6％、特异性90.6％,略高于钼靶X线的89.9％、89.7％和84.4％.高频超声诊断乳腺肿块良恶性具有较高的敏感性（75.9％）但特异性较差（62.5％）.高频彩超＋弹性成像组合得到最高的敏感性93.1％,但特异性提高不明显,仅为65.6％.超声弹性成像的AUC值0.958,高于钼靶X线、高频彩超和高频彩超＋弹性成像三者的AUC值（0.921、0.827和0.887）,弹性成像与高频彩超和二者结合的AUC之间的差异具有统计学意义（P=0.0077、0.0416）.结论：超声弹性成像对乳腺病变诊断具有较高的敏感性和特异性,与高频超声联合应用能够明显提高超声检查在乳腺良恶性病变中的鉴别诊断准确性.     

超声内镜造影增强技术在消化系统疾病诊治中的应用

随着超声内镜技术的发展,超声内镜检查技术也有了很大的发展:彩色多普勒成像,造影增强成像,三维成像,组织谐波成像以及弹性成像等,最重要的发展之一即超声内镜造影增强技术（contrast enhanced endoscopic ultrasonography,CE EUS）是使用包裹在抗氧化外壳的含气微泡作为超声造影剂,通过静脉快速注射,微气泡作用使多普勒血流信号明显增强,靶病灶内的微血管系统可以通过对比增强无创观察,清晰显示肿瘤病灶内部血流的异常灌注区,有助于病变良恶性的鉴别,能大大提高肿瘤诊断及其分期的准确性。本文就CE EUS在消化系统疾病诊治的应用进展做一综述。     

Real‐time Ultrasound Elastography in the Differential Diagnosis of Benign and Malignant Thyroid Nodules

Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of real‐time ultrasound elastography in differentiating benign from malignant thyroid nodules. Methods. A total of 90 consecutive patients with thyroid nodules who were referred for surgical treatment were examined in this prospective study. One hundred forty‐five nodules in these patients were examined by B‐mode ultrasound, color Doppler ultrasound, and ultrasound elastography. The final diagnosis was obtained from histologic findings. Tissue stiffness on ultrasound elastography was scored from 1 (low stiffness over the entire nodule) to 6 (high stiffness over the entire nodule and surrounding tissue). Results. On real‐time ultrasound elastography, 86 of 96 benign nodules (90%) had a score of 1 to 3, whereas 43 of 49 malignant nodules (88%) had a score of 4 to 6 (P <.001), with sensitivity of 88%, specificity of 90%, a positive predictive value of 81%, and a negative predictive value of 93%. The predictivity of ultrasound elastographic measurement was independent of the nodule size. High sensitivity (88%) and specificity (93%) were also observed in 68 nodules that had a greatest diameter of 1 cm or less. Conclusions. Real‐time ultrasound elastography is a promising imaging technique that is useful in the differential diagnosis of thyroid cancer.     

超声微血流成像联合弹性成像评分对甲状腺TI-RADS 4类结节良恶性的鉴别诊断价值

目的探讨超声微血流成像技术联合弹性成像评分对超声甲状腺影像报告与数据系统（TI-RADS）4类结节良恶性的鉴别诊断价值。 方法回顾性选取2020年1月至2020年12月在杭州市中医院超声科进行甲状腺结节检查的患者136例,共141个TI-RADS 4类结节,所有结节均同时完成超声弹性成像及微血流成像检查,记录其微血流成像评分、弹性成像评分以及联合评分,并与甲状腺细针穿刺和手术病理结果进行对照,构建ROC曲线分析比较微血流成像评分、弹性成像评分及两者联合评分法对TI-RADS 4类甲状腺结节良恶性的鉴别诊断效能。 结果ROC曲线结果显示,联合评分法的诊断敏感度、准确性（86.4％、82.98％）高于微血流成像评分（65.05％、64.54％）和弹性成像评分（75.73%、74.47%）,差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）。联合评分法ROC曲线下面积为0.800,大于弹性成像评分（0.734）和微血流成像评分（0.641）,差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）。 结论超声微血流成像和弹性成像联合评分,能提高TI-RADS 4类甲状腺结节良恶性的鉴别诊断价值,为临床选择治疗方案提供一定的参考。     

无肠道准备的磁共振成像对胃肠道间质瘤的诊断价值初探

目的探讨无肠道准备的磁共振成像对胃肠道间质瘤(GISTs)的诊断价值。方法对7例不能耐受肠道准备或不愿接受辐射检查的GISTs患者进行无肠道准备的腹部磁共振常规扫描及弥散加权成像。结果 7例GISTs中发生于胃3例,腹膜后2例,小肠及肠系膜各1例;良性1例,恶性6例;7例GISTs于DWI像均呈高信号,与邻近正常组织对比明显。结论无肠道准备的磁共振成像检查简便、无X线辐射,结合弥散加权成像,有助于GISTs的检出及定位。     

超声弹性成像在乳腺良恶性结节诊断中的应用进展

超声弹性成像作为一种新兴超声技术，在诊断乳腺、甲状腺、前列腺等疾病方面日渐成熟。目前主要用于乳腺疾病诊断的超声弹性成像包括静态/准静态弹性成像、声辐射力脉冲成像以及剪切波弹性成像。本文对上述弹性成像技术原理进行介绍，并对其在乳腺良恶性结节鉴别诊断领域中的应用进展及临床应用可靠性加以总结和分析，为临床诊断提供一定的参考意义。      

甲状腺良恶性结节的弹性成像和常规超声特征及联合诊断效能

目的 探讨甲状腺良恶性结节的声像图诊断特点,及弹性成像联合常规超声诊断的价值。方法 分别对240例患者的280个甲状腺结节行常规超声和弹性成像检查,分析其超声特点。根据各诊断标准将所有结节进行良恶性归类,并与病理结果比较。结果 常规超声、弹性成像鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的敏感度、特异度、准确率分别为71.67%(43/60)、81.82%(180/220)、79.64%(223/280),85.00%(51/60)、88.18%(194/220)、87.50%(245/280)。弹性成像联合常规超声鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的敏感度、特异度及准确率分别为91.67%(55/60)、98.18%(216/220)及96.78%(271/280),其诊断价值高于单纯弹性成像和常规超声检查(P<0.05)。结论 甲状腺良恶性结节的常规超声、弹性成像表现较具特征性,联合诊断对鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性有较高的效能。     

高频超声联合弹性应变率比值与磁共振成像诊断乳腺癌的临床价值比较

目的比较高频超声联合弹性应变率比值与磁共振成像（MRI）诊断乳腺癌的临床应用价值。 方法回顾性选取2016年5月至2017年4月因乳腺肿块在中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九〇四医院甲乳外科就诊的65例患者，共84个病灶。所有病灶均经穿刺或手术取得病理结果。所有患者穿刺或手术前均行高频超声及弹性成像检查，且行增强MRI扫描。以病理结果为"金标准"，绘制ROC曲线，得出高频超声联合弹性应变率比值诊断乳腺癌的敏感度、特异度、准确性，利用四格表计算MRI诊断乳腺癌的敏感度、特异度、准确性，对二者的诊断效能进行分析比较。 结果病理结果显示，84个病灶中，良性肿块47个，乳腺癌病灶37个。高频超声结合弹性应变率比值诊断乳腺癌的ROC曲线下面积为0.892，弹性应变率比值最佳截断值为3.01，诊断敏感度、特异度、准确性分别为91.9%、89.4%、90.5%。MRI诊断乳腺癌的敏感度、特异度、准确性分别为94.6%、89.4%、91.7%。高频超声联合弹性应变率比值与MRI诊断效能均较高，差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。 结论弹性应变率比值是反映乳腺肿块硬度的重要指标，结合高频超声对乳腺癌具有良好的诊断效能；与MRI相比，其具有便捷、高效、费用低等优点，更适用于乳腺癌的早期筛查。     

超声弹性成像模式对浅表淋巴结定性的作用

目的 探讨超声弹性成像模式在浅表淋巴结定性检查中的应用效果。方法 选取2018年1月至2020年12月绍兴市第七人民医院收治的150例浅表淋巴结肿大患者(共166枚淋巴结)为研究对象,对患者均采用常规超声与超声弹性成像模式检查,按照病理结果将患者分为良性组、恶性组,对不同检查的影像参数进行对比。结果 恶性组淋巴结尺寸、血流阻力指数(RI)、血管模式分型、超声弹性成像(UE)模式与良性组相比,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。UE(弹性分级)诊断恶性浅表淋巴结的敏感性、准确率显著高于常规超声检查,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05); UE(弹性分级)诊断恶性浅表淋巴结的特异性显著高于长径、短径比值,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论 超声弹性成像模式检查更具有早期诊断价值,能够有效鉴别浅表淋巴结的良恶性,提高诊断准确率。     

二维超声与弹性成像对甲状腺良恶性结节诊断的对比研究

目的 探讨二维超声和超声弹性成像鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的效能和互补性.方法 对98例甲状腺结节患者的129个病灶先后进行二维超声和弹性成像检查,分别计算二维超声具有不同恶性特征数与弹性成像各个分级情况下的敏感性和特异性;绘制两种方法诊断甲状腺恶性结节的ROC曲线,比较其诊断价值.结果 二维超声ROC曲线下面积为0.865,弹性成像ROC曲线下面积为0.938,两种方法经Z检验,Z值=1.268,P=0.2049,提示二者差异无统计学意义.结论 本组病例提示二维超声与弹性成像均能对甲状腺结节的良恶性做出准确判断,两种方法诊断效能相当,在实际工作中应正确认识弹性成像是在二维超声基础上叠加的硬度信息,需要二者结合综合考虑才能提高对甲状腺结节的诊断水平.     

胃肠道间质瘤的MRI影像学分析及其表观弥散系数图像对肿瘤良恶性鉴别诊断的前瞻性研究

  目的  研究胃肠道间质瘤的MRI影像学分析及其表观弥散系数（ADC）图像对肿瘤良恶性的鉴别诊断。  方法  本研究为前瞻性研究,以2019年10月~2021年10月在本院治疗的胃肠道间质瘤患者120例作为研究对象,按疾病严重程度分为极低危险度11例,低危险度22例,中危险度41例,高危险度46例。根据病理结果分为良性肿瘤患者35例,恶性肿瘤患者85例。所有患者入组后均进行MRI检查,比较良性组、恶性组、不同危险度的患者的影像学特征以及ADC数值之间的差异。  结果  良性组以及恶性组患者的ADC、变异度、偏度、最大值、最小值、全距、中位数、10%数值、90%数值以及均匀度之间的差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）;极低危险度、低危险度、中危险度以及高危险度组患者的ADC、变异度、偏度、最大值、最小值、全距、中位数、10%数值、90%数值以及均匀度之间的差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）;良性组以及恶性组的最大直径、肿瘤形态、边界之间的差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）;不同危险度的患者的最大直径、肿瘤形态、边界之间的差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。  结论  不同严重程度以及良恶性胃肠道间质瘤的MRI影像学中的最大直径、肿瘤形态、边界存在显著的差异,其ADC图像对肿瘤良恶性具有显著的鉴别诊断意义。      

Ultrasound Imaging Technologies for Breast Cancer Detection and Management: A Review

Ultrasound imaging is a commonly used modality for breast cancer detection and diagnosis. In this review, we summarize ultrasound imaging technologies and their clinical applications for the management of breast cancer patients. The technologies include ultrasound elastography, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, 3-D ultrasound, automatic breast ultrasound and computer-aided detection of breast ultrasound. We summarize the study results seen in the literature and discuss their future directions. We also provide a review of ultrasound-guided, breast biopsy and the fusion of ultrasound with other imaging modalities, especially magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). For comparison, we also discuss the diagnostic performance of mammography, MRI, positron emission tomography and computed tomography for breast cancer diagnosis at the end of this review. New ultrasound imaging techniques, ultrasound-guided biopsy and the fusion of ultrasound with other modalities provide important tools for the management of breast patients.     

超声弹性成像应变率比值法联合三维超声成像对乳腺肿块的诊断价值

目的：探讨超声弹性成像应变率比值法（ultrasonic elastography strain ratio,UESR）联合三维超声（three-di-mensional ultrasound,3D-US）对乳腺良恶性肿块诊断的临床价值。方法对107例127个乳腺肿块在二维超声检查的基础上,进行超声弹性成像（ultrasonic elastography,UE）及3D-US检查,并与病理结果对照比较。结果3D-US诊断的敏感性、特异性、准确度分别为80.6%、80.2%、80.3%,UESR 诊断的敏感性、特异性、准确度分别为83.3%、85.7%、85.0%,UESR联合3D-US诊断的敏感性、特异性、准确度分别为91.7%、93.4%、92.9%。 USER联合3D-US诊断的敏感性、特异性及准确度均较单独使用USER或3D-US诊断有所提升（均P＜0.05）。结论 UESR联合3D-US在乳腺肿块的良、恶性诊断及鉴别诊断方面具有重要的临床应用价值。