腹部超声诊断在小儿急性阑尾炎的作用

目的 了解腹部B超在小儿急性阑尾炎诊断中的作用。方法 回顾了我院1999～2003年409例小儿急性阑尾炎住院的诊治经过。结果 409例患儿中225例患儿术前未行腹部B超检查，17例误诊，其中15例手术探查未发现明显病因。184例(44．99％)行术前腹部B超检查，其中27例入院诊断为腹部其他疾病，经腹部B超检查确诊为急性阑尾炎，184例B超检查病例中3例误诊，20例漏诊，漏诊患儿中单纯性阑尾炎11例，化脓性阑尾炎7例。结论 B超检查能减少小儿急性阑尾炎误诊率，有助于阑尾炎的确诊。     

小儿阴性阑尾切除现状的分析与探讨

多年以来,急性阑尾炎仍是小儿外科常见急腹症之一,约占小儿外科急腹症总数的25％。依靠典型的症状及体征,临床上诊断阑尾炎并不困难,但此病如延误诊治可导致阑尾穿孔、腹膜炎、败血症等严重并发症。为避免此类情况的发生,患儿一旦疑诊为急性阑尾炎,应尽快予以手术治疗。由于不同年龄患儿解剖生理特点及诊断的误差,国内外文献报道仍有2％～30％的阴性阑尾切除率［1-3］。阴性阑尾切除是指术前诊断为急性阑尾炎,经术中探查及术后病理检查诊断为非急性阑尾炎的病例。本文综述近年来国内外文献关于小儿阴性阑尾切除的资料,分析其误诊误切的原因、并发症及其他负面影响,旨在为临床提高诊断率、降低阴性阑尾切除率提供依据。     

腹腔镜阑尾切除术与开腹阑尾切除术治疗急性阑尾炎比较

目的 对比分析腹腔镜阑尾切除术(LA)与开腹阑尾切除术 (OA)治疗急性阑尾炎的疗效.方法 分析185例急性阑尾炎患儿的病例资料.其中85例患儿实施LA(LA组),术后病理证实单纯性阑尾炎30例,化脓性阑尾炎36例,坏疽穿孔阑尾炎19例;另外100例同期行OA患儿作为对照组(OA组),术后病理证实单纯性阑尾炎28例,化脓性阑尾炎38例,坏疽穿孔阑尾炎34例.比较不同类型急性阑尾炎患儿行LA及OA的手术时间、术后肛门排气时间、住院时间,发生腹腔脓肿、切口感染、肠梗阻例数.结果 单纯性阑尾炎、化脓性阑尾炎患儿行LA的术后肛门排气时间、住院时间短于OA组,手术时间长于OA组,差异均有统计学意义(Pa<0.05).坏疽穿孔阑尾炎患儿行LA的术后肛门排气时间短于OA组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);手术时间与OA组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);发生腹腔脓肿、切口感染例数均低于OA组,差异均有统计学意义(Pa<0.05).结论 对于单纯性和化脓性阑尾炎,LA在缩短住院时间、肛门排气时间,降低发生腹腔脓肿、术后切口感染、发生肠梗阻方面存在优势,但对于坏疽穿孔阑尾炎,LA在缩短肛门排气时间,降低发生腹腔脓肿及切口感染方面存在优势.     

儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病粒缺期并发急性阑尾炎8例诊治体会

目的 探讨儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病中性粒细胞减少期合并急性阑尾炎的诊断、治疗方法、手术时机及预后。方法 回顾性分析2018年—2021年8例在我院儿童血液肿瘤科确诊急性淋巴细胞白血病、粒缺期合并急性阑尾炎的病例。结果 8例中内科保守治疗成功1例(1/2),保守治疗后阑尾复发1例(1/2);急诊手术3例(3/6),延迟手术3例(3/6),8例总治疗时间12-29d(15.5±5.463d),7例手术病人外科住院时间3-10d(4±2.43d)。术后病理活检提示肿瘤浸润0例、急性坏疽性阑尾炎伴穿孔1例、急性化脓性阑尾炎伴粪石嵌顿1例、急性化脓性阑尾1例、急性化脓性阑尾炎伴阑尾周围脓肿1例、急性单纯性阑尾炎3例。并发腹腔积液2例、局限性腹膜炎2例、阑尾周围脓肿2例、麻痹性肠梗阻1例、肠粘连1例。结论 对于儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病粒缺期合并急性阑尾炎者,内科保守治疗可能导致阑尾炎复发,急诊手术治疗术后并发症多,感染风险大。目前,可采用内科保守治疗,待中性粒细胞回升后行腹腔镜阑尾切除术,以减少并发症、缩短住院时间,并可避免化疗方案长时间中断所致原发病复发。     

高迁移率族蛋白B1对儿童急性阑尾炎的诊断价值

目的 探讨高迁移率族蛋白 B1（HMGB1）对儿童急性阑尾炎的诊断价值。方法 2013 年 1~7月门诊及住院疑似急性阑尾炎的急腹症患儿及同期来院体检的 25 名健康儿童纳入该研究。入院后采用 ELISA检测血清 HMGB1 水平。根据手术所见及病理学检查结果等将患儿分为急性阑尾炎组（n=28）和非急性阑尾炎急腹症组（n=35）。结果 急性阑尾炎组和非急性阑尾炎急腹症组外周血 WBC、血清 HMGB1 均显著高于健康儿童组（PP结论 HMGB1 对儿童急性阑尾炎具有一定的诊断价值。     

二孔法腹腔镜辅助阑尾切除术治疗小儿阑尾炎

目的总结二孔法腹腔镜下阑尾切除术的经验。方法实施二孔法腹腔镜下阑尾切除术56例,其中急性单纯性阑尾炎34例;急性化脓性阑尾炎18例;慢性阑尾炎4例。采用脐窝上缘10mm和耻骨联合上缘4mm切口进行手术。结果本组均一期痊愈出院,平均住院时间4.3d（3～6d）,除1例脐部切口感染外无其他并发症。结论二孔法腹腔镜辅助阑尾切除术适用于部分急性单纯性阑尾炎、早期化脓性阑尾炎及慢性阑尾炎。     

CT在急性阑尾炎中的应用价值

目的 探讨CT在急性阑尾炎中的应用。方法 回顾性分析我院2002年4月～2004年3月收治的小儿急性阑尾炎,对作过CT检查的52例急性阑尾炎进行分析和研究。结果 作过CT检查的52例急性阑尾炎均经手术及病理检查,病理报告显示急性化脓性阑尾炎35例,阑尾坏疽伴穿孔7例,急性单纯性阑尾炎9例,麦克尔憩室1例。35例急性化脓性阑尾炎中仅有3例CT显示不清,CT诊断率91．4％。7例坏疽穿孔阑尾炎,CT检查均有异常,3例有粪石嵌顿,4例有阑尾增粗,系膜、大网膜增厚模糊,阑尾周围小肠内积气,CT诊断率100％。9例急性单纯性阑尾炎,5例CT显示阑尾增粗,CT诊断率55．5％。结论 对于临床病史、症状、体征不典型或肥胖的小儿急性阑尾炎,诊断有一定困难,可以借助影像学检查,有助于阑尾炎的确诊,特别是坏疽穿孔阑尾炎。     

经脐单孔法腹腔镜阑尾切除术120例

目的 总结经脐单孔法腹腔镜阑尾切除术的临床经验及疗效.方法 对120例阑尾切除术患儿采取自脐孔置入单孔腹腔镜,将阑尾拖出体外进行常规切除的方法 完成手术.结果 120例患儿中,急性单纯性阑尾炎36例,急性化脓性阑尾炎67例,坏疽性阑尾炎15例,阑尾脓肿2例.105例行单孔法腹腔镜手术获得成功,12例改为两孔法,3例中转开腹手术.患儿均治愈,7例术后出现脐部感染.结论 单孔法腹腔镜下阑尾切除术具有创伤小,痛苦少,康复快,隐蔽性及美容效果好等优点,值得临床推广.     

小儿急性阑尾炎手术中腹腔冲洗的必要性探讨

目的通过对比各型小儿阑尾炎术中行腹腔冲洗与未行腹腔冲洗的疗效,探讨术中行腹腔冲洗的必要性。方法收集本院近3年内收治的急性阑尾炎病例共350例,其中A组为单纯性阑尾炎,行腹腔镜阑尾切除术;B、C组为化脓性阑尾炎未穿孔,B组行腹腔镜阑尾切除+腹腔引流术,C组行腹腔镜阑尾切除+腹腔冲洗+腹腔引流术;D、E组为坏疽穿孔性阑尾炎,D组行腹腔镜阑尾切除+腹腔引流术,E组行腹腔镜阑尾切除+腹腔冲洗+腹腔引流术。术后对患者资料进行详细统计和相应分析。结果急性单纯性阑尾炎行腹腔镜阑尾切除术后患儿预后良好。急性化脓性阑尾炎组术中行腹腔冲洗后,术后患儿肛门排气排便时间、直肠刺激症状、间断腹痛情况明显增加,且术后腹腔脓肿的发生率明显增多,术后5 d血常规白细胞稍高,1例并发右侧膈下脓肿,平均住院时间较未冲洗组明显延长;相反,急性坏疽穿孔性阑尾炎组,术中行腹腔冲洗后,患儿术后舡门排气排便时间缩短,术后腹腔残余感染、直肠刺激症状、间断腹痛情况降低,术后腹腔脓肿等并发症的发生率降低,术后5 d血白细胞较未冲洗组稍低。术后患儿恢复相对较快,住院时间短。结论小儿急性阑尾炎术中冲洗治疗应根据具体情况选择合适的方法,术中调节体位,充分显露脓腔,引流彻底,引流管位置适宜;急性化脓性阑尾炎未穿孔者不需行腹腔冲洗,而急性坏疽穿孔性阑尾炎则需术中行腹腔冲洗。     

双钩套扎针辅助小儿单孔腹腔镜阑尾切除术

目的 介绍双钩套扎针经腹壁穿刺技术辅助小儿单孔腹腔镜阑尾切除术.方法 2015年9月至2016年2月,我中心对25例小儿单纯性和化脓性阑尾炎患儿,术前彩超均可探及阑尾回声,阑尾直径0.6～1.5 cm.男15例,女10例;年龄3～12岁,平均8.5岁.病例包括急性单纯性阑尾炎11例,急性化脓性阑尾炎8例,慢性阑尾炎6例.采用双钩套扎针辅助单孔腹腔镜阑尾切除术.术中经脐单孔腹腔镜监视下,将双钩套扎针钩挂结扎线经右下腹横纹穿刺,在同一穿刺点经腹壁分次带入结扎线,分别结扎阑尾根部和远端、以及阑尾系膜,然后电钩离断并取出病变阑尾.结果 25例患儿均采用该技术成功切除阑尾.手术时间30～55 min,平均(36±5.69) min.全部患儿术后6～12 h可自行下床活动;术后1d恢复胃肠功能并进流食.住院2～6d(平均3.5d).经1～6个月随访,患儿均无切口感染、粘连性肠梗阻、盆腔脓肿等并发症发生.结论 采用双钩套扎针辅助小儿单孔腹腔镜阑尾切除术是一种安全有效的简便方法,可消除单纯经脐部操作的筷子效应,是治疗不包裹阑尾炎又一选择性技术.     

小儿急腹症中的妇科问题

目的：分析小儿妇科疾病引起的急腹症的特征及临床误诊原因，并提出避免误诊的方法。方法：回顾我院外科1990－2001年以急腹症为主要表现的女性小儿生殖系统病例20例，年龄2－14岁，平均10．2岁。其中：卵巢囊肿4例，卵巢畸胎瘤7例，卵巢恶性卵黄囊肿1例，黄体破裂3例，处女膜闭锁2例，盆腔炎2例，原发性痛经1例，结果：术前误诊4例，黄体破裂误诊为阑尾炎2例，卵巢囊肿误诊为阑尾炎1例，处女膜闭锁误诊为盆腔包块1例，手术治疗16例，抗炎止血等保守治疗3例，解痉止痛1例，全部病例均痊愈出院。结论：小儿妇科急腹症分为破裂性疾病，肿瘤和炎症，幼童期1－9岁以肿瘤性疾病为主，青春期9岁以后即要考虑特有疾病如处女膜闭锁以及黄体破裂等，术前要了解科情况，诊断急性阑尾炎有疑问但又确有手术指征时，可以采取腹直肌纵切口。除非证实肿瘤为恶性，否则应尽量保留卵巢。     

小儿阑尾炎误诊分析

目的 分析小儿阑尾炎的误诊原因，降低小儿阑尾炎的误诊率，减少术后并发症的发生。方法 回顾我院外科1997～2002年误诊的225例急性阑尾炎的临床资料，通过对其病史、手术所见，实验室及辅助检查结果进行回顾性研究，分析误诊原因。结果术前诊断为其他疾病，手术确诊为阑尾炎的163例；术前诊断为阑尾炎，手术证实为其他疾病的62例。全部病例均经手术治疗，术后痊愈出院，并发症的发生率为16.44％。结论 对小儿急性阑尾炎的临床症状特点缺乏足够的认识，腹部体征的掌握不准确及过多的依赖辅助检查是误诊的主要原因。对酷似阑尾炎的病例，应当允许阑尾误切的存在，但应注意诊断和鉴别诊断，尽量减少误切。     

Imaging of acute appendicitis: US as the primary imaging modality

Background: The investigation of the acute abdomen in infants and children has evolved during the last two decades, placing imagers at the forefront of the evaluation and diagnosis of acute right lower quadrant abdominal problems. US and CT have recently been shown to be equally accurate in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis, but not everyone agrees. Objective: To demonstrate the efficacy of triaging patients with acute abdominal problems that suggest appendicitis with US as the primary imaging modality. Materials and methods: We retrospectively reviewed the prospective imaging diagnoses in 622 children who presented to our emergency room (ER) and clinics with acute abdominal symptoms suggestive of appendicitis. We documented whether US or CT was performed and noted the diagnoses made. All of the patients had plain films. In addition, all patients undergoing surgical appendectomy during this time were also documented so as not to miss any cases of appendicitis. None was missed. Results: There were 622 consecutive patients in our study. Three patients, diagnosed as normal, were eventually excluded because of lack of follow-up. In all, 152 patients were evaluated clinically and with plain films only. They were not subject to surgical exploration or further imaging. None returned with appendicitis. Eighty-one patients were directly subject to laparotomy after clinical and plain film evaluation. Of these patients, 20% had a normal appendix. Of the remaining 389 patients, 386 had US and three had CT alone. Four patients had both CT and US because of an inconclusive US examination. Three patients had CT alone because of their size. In total, 137 patients were diagnosed with appendicitis with US and/or CT. Four of these patients (3%) had normal appendices. Forty-two patients (less three lost to follow-up) were diagnosed as normal, and none returned with findings of appendicitis. Nine others had conditions other than acute appendicitis. Three had surgically proven, nonrelated conditions, and of the other six, one had pancreatitis and five nonsurgical adnexal problems. In all, 201 patients were diagnosed (with US) with mesenteric adenitis–enteritis, and none returned with findings of appendicitis. Conclusion: We attained a high degree of diagnostic accuracy in patients presenting with findings suggestive of appendicitis using US as the primary imaging modality. Our false-positive appendectomy rate was 3%. Therefore, triage of the acute abdomen with US supported by CT when required has considerable merit, especially when considering that US is noninvasive and does not use ionizing radiation.     

小儿炎症阑尾肌间神经丛观察

目的 探讨小儿炎症阑尾壁肌间神经节及节内神经节细胞（节内细胞）数量变化，形态以及肌间乙酰胆碱酯酶染色纤维的数量变化的意义。方法 应用HE染色对1－13岁（平均6.9岁）急性单纯性阑尾炎40例，急性化脓性阑尾炎47例，急性坏疽性阑尾炎30例及42例对照组进行观察，分别取每个标本的尖端、中部、根部三处，测定肌间神经节密度（神经节总数／周长）及节内细胞数，并对其中各类型阑尾各6级及对照组7例的肌间乙酰胆碱酯酶阳性纤维进行观察。结果 炎症阑尾肌间神经节密度及节内细胞数较对照组减少，并随炎症的加重而明显减少；同一病理类型阑尾炎，从根部至尖端两参数亦呈递减趋势，而神经节细胞的成熟度无异常。胆碱酯酶阳性纤维也随炎症加重而明显减少。结论 炎症阑尾肌间神经节密度、节内细胞及胆碱酯酶染色数目减少与阑尾炎症程度关系密切。     

Salmonella typhimurium appendicitis

A child with signs and symptoms of acute gastroenteritis developed localization of her pain to the right lower quadrant. A clinical diagnosis of appendicitis was made and an inflamed appendix was found at surgery. The postoperative period was marked by high spiking fevers and profuse nonbloody diarrhea. Cultures of the appendix and the stool revealed Salmonella typhimurium. Nontyphoidal Salmonella organisms are a rare cause of acute suppurative appendicitis. Intraoperative cultures of the appendix and peritoneal fluid as well as postoperative cultures of the diarrheal fluid were crucial in elucidating the cause of this patient's unusual course.     

Harmonic US imaging of appendicitis in children

Background Harmonic imaging (HI), a relatively new ultrasound modality, was initially reported to be of use only in obese adult patients. HI increases the contrast and spatial resolution resulting in artefact-free images, and has been shown in adults to significantly improve abdominal sonography. Regarding its application in paediatric patients, just a handful reports exist and these do not encompass its use in intestinal sonography. Objective To compare the sonomorphological image quality of HI and fundamental imaging (FI, conventional grey-scale imaging) in the diagnosis of histologically confirmed appendicitis in children. Materials and methods For this prospective comparative study, 50 children (male/female 25/25; mean age 9.9 years) suspected of having appendicitis were recruited. In all patients US examination of the appendix and periappendiceal region was performed preoperatively and appendectomy carried out. The final diagnosis was based on histological examination of the appendix. Both FI and HI were used in the US examination (tissue harmonic imaging, THI; Sonoline Elegra, Siemens; 7.5 MHz linear transducer). A detailed comparison of the images from FI and HI was performed using a scoring system. The parameters compared included delineation of the appendiceal contour, wall, mucosa, contents of the appendix and surrounding tissues. Furthermore, periappendiceal findings such as mesenteric echogenicity, free fluid, lymph nodes and adjacent bowel wall thickening were compared. Results In 43 children (86%) acute appendicitis was histologically confirmed. The inflamed appendix could be depicted in the HI and FI modes in 93% and 86%, respectively. HI was found to be significantly better for the depiction of the outer contour, wall, mucosa and contents of the appendix (P<0.01). This was also true for the demonstration of free fluid, mesenteric lymph nodes, adjacent bowel walls and mesenteric echogenicity. Conclusion HI should be the preferred modality for scanning the right lower abdomen in suspected acute appendicitis. The diagnosis of acute appendicitis can then be more definitely ascertained.     

Primary omental torsion in children: ten-year experience

Primary omental torsion (POT), is a rare cause of acute abdomen commonly affecting obese male adults, whereas it is extremely rare in children. In this retrospective study, we present our experience regarding the management of five children with POT and discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of this entity. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of children diagnosed for POT, from January 1996 to July 2006 at our department. Among 2,734 children operated for acute appendicitis, five patients were diagnosed with POT (ratio 1:587 or 0.18%). Clinical presentation, laboratory findings, diagnostic imaging results as well as surgical and histological findings were reviewed. There were four boys and one girl, M/F ratio 4:1, with a mean age of 9.5 years (range 7.2-10.3). All subjects were obese and their weight percentages were over 85% for their age group. On admission the clinical symptoms and laboratory findings were similar to those of acute appendicitis. They were submitted to laparotomy and the surgical findings were; free serosanguineous fluid in the peritoneal cavity, normal appendix and an ischemic twisted mass of the omentum at the right side of the abdomen. The mass and the appendix were excised and the postoperative course was uneventful. The histological examination of the specimens revealed hemorrhagic ischemic necrosis of the omentum and normal appendix. POT is very rare in children. In the pediatric age group the clinical presentation and the laboratory findings are similar to those of acute appendicitis and it is extremely difficult to be diagnosed preoperatively. Obesity seems to be an important predisposing high-risk factor. Excision of the twisted omentum is the treatment of choice.     

Optimizing US examination to detect the normal and abnormal appendix in children

Background US detection of a normal appendix can safely rule out appendicitis. However, there is a wide range of accuracy in detection of a normal appendix. Objective To optimize US examination to detect the normal and the abnormal appendix according to the potential positions of the appendix. Materials and methods This prospective study included 107 children who underwent gray-scale US scanning. Noncompressive and compressive graded sonography was performed to detect normal and abnormal appendices according to their potential positions. The maximum transverse diameter of the appendices was measured. Results Of the 107 children examined, 56 had a histologic diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Sonography had a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 98% for the diagnosis of appendicitis. A normal appendix was visualized in 44 (86.2%) of the 51 patients without acute appendicitis, and of these 44, 43 were true-negative and 1 was false-positive. Normal and abnormal appendices, respectively, were positioned as follows: 54.4% and 39.3% were mid-pelvic; 27.2% and 28.6% were retrocecal; 11.4% and 17.8% were deep pelvic; and 6.8% and 14.3% were abdominal. Conclusion US scanning according to the potential positions of the appendix was useful in the detection of normal appendices in children suspected of having appendicitis.