核转录因子κB信号通路在应力调控成肌细胞分化中的作用

背景：NF-κB信号通路在细胞生长分化、炎症反应、肿瘤生长等过程中发挥重要的调节作用,也参与成肌细胞分化的调控。 目的：分析NF-κB信号通路在应力介导的C2C12成肌细胞分化中的作用及其作用机制。 方法：成功构建大鼠C2C12成肌细胞体外培养-力学刺激模型,采用多通道细胞牵张应力加载系统,以0.5 Hz的加载频率和10%的细胞拉伸变形幅度对细胞进行拉伸培养2,6,12,24 h。 结果与结论：①C2C12成肌细胞在周期性机械拉伸力作用下,NF-κB信号通路被激活。当细胞受到应力刺激6 h后,胞核NF-κB p65亚基蛋白表达水平开始增强,24 h内NF-κB p65亚基蛋白表达水平达到峰值。加力12,24 h组与未加力对照组之间差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。②IκBα蛋白表达水平在加力6 h后表达显著下降,24 h内IκBα蛋白表达水平减弱达到最低。加力12,24 h组与未加力对照组之间差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。③周期性张应力促进C2C12成肌细胞分化过程中Myogenin的表达,加入NF-κB信号通路特异性抑制剂吡咯烷二硫氨基甲酸 (20 μmol/L) 后再加力,Myogenin的表达明显降低。以上结果提示：①NF-κB信号通路可能参与应力介导的C2C12成肌细胞分化的调控过程。②当细胞受到应力刺激时,胞质IκBα发生磷酸化并降解。③NF-κB信号通路在应力介导的C2C12成肌细胞分化过程中发挥重要作用,但不是这一调控过程的惟一通路。     

周期性张应力对C2C12成肌细胞增殖的影响

背景：在力学刺激下,肌肉组织发生改建,其中的成肌过程是一个多阶段的发育过程,细胞外基质的许多信号参与了成肌过程,其中力学信号是肌肉形成和再生的重要外界因子。目前国内外有许多关于周期性张应力刺激成肌细胞凋亡和增殖的报道,但是力学刺激在成肌作用中的具体机制目前还明确。 目的：探讨周期性张应力对C2C12成肌细胞增殖的作用及影响机制。 方法：采用FX4000T应力加载系统对体外培养的C2C12成肌细胞施加10%的周期性张应力,分别作用6,12,24 h。 结果与结论：MTT结果显示,随着加力时间的延长C2C12成肌细胞的增殖情况及S期的细胞周期率逐渐增加,在应力作用12 h时增殖效果最明显(P < 0.05),随后开始降低。Western blot检测显示,C2C12成肌细胞中核转录因子κB蛋白的表达随加力时间增加而不断减少,加力24 h时表达量又开始上升。结果提示,周期性张应力可以诱导C2C12成肌细胞增殖,能够改变其细胞周期,核转录因子κB可能也参与了此调节过程。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程全文链接：     

周期性机械拉伸对C2C12成肌细胞增殖的影响

目的：探讨不同的周期性拉伸应变条件对C2C12成肌细胞增殖的影响。方法：周期性拉伸的各种力学条件通过BioFlex加载系统实现，采用应用流式细胞术和BrdU法对拉伸应变下的细胞增殖动力学变化进行分析，反映成肌细胞增殖情况。结果：不同的周期性机械拉伸条件影响C2C12细胞的增殖，拉伸的频率对C2C12细胞增殖有较大的影响。在0．5Hz拉伸频率下，2．5％、5％和10％的细胞变形幅度都不能促进细胞的增殖，其中10％（0．5Hz）的拉伸幅度抑制C2C12成肌细胞的增殖；而在0．125Hz拉伸频率下，10％的细胞变形幅度明显地促进C2C12成肌细胞的增殖。结论：较低的拉伸频率有利于成肌细胞的增殖，高频率的拉伸抑制成肌细胞的增殖。     

Metformin limits ceramide-induced senescence in C2C12 myoblasts

High lipid and ceramide concentrations are hallmarks of obese and/or insulin resistant skeletal muscle, yet little is known about its role on cell cycle and senescence. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of ceramide on muscle senescence, and whether metformin limited this response.MethodsLow passage, proliferating C2C12 myoblasts were treated with a control, 50 μM C2-ceramide (8 h), and/or 2 mM metformin, then examined for insulin sensitivity, cell senescence, cell proliferation, cell cycle, protein expression of cell cycle regulators.ResultsCeramide treatment caused a dephosphorylation (p < 0.05) of Akt and 4E-BP1, regardless of the presence of insulin. The ceramide treated myoblasts displayed higher β-galactosidase staining (p < 0.05), reduced BrDu incorporation and total number of cells (p < 0.05), and an increased proportion of cells in G2-phase (p < 0.05) versus control cultures. Ceramide treatment also upregulated (p < 0.05) p53 and p21 protein expression, that was reversed by either pifithrin-α or shRNA for p53. Metformin limited (p < 0.05) ceramide's effects on insulin signaling, senescence, and cell cycle regulation.ConclusionsHigh ceramide concentrations reduced myoblast proliferation that was associated with aberrant cell cycle regulation and a senescent phenotype, which could provide an understanding of skeletal muscle cell adaptation during conditions of high intramuscular lipid deposition and/or obesity.     

周期性机械牵张刺激对C_2C_(12)小鼠成肌细胞增殖和有氧代谢能力的影响

目的探讨不同频率牵张刺激对C_2C_(12)小鼠成肌细胞增殖及细胞有氧代谢能力的影响。方法采用Flexercell细胞应力加载装置对体外培养的C_2C_(12)成肌细胞分别加载1、2 Hz不同频率的牵张刺激,牵张幅度为15%,牵张时长为2 h/d,连续进行4 d。以静置培养的C_2C_(12)成肌细胞作为对照组。实验期间通过倒置相差显微镜观察细胞生长状态,利用CCK-8试剂盒测定细胞增殖情况。实验结束后,分别收取各组细胞,经胰酶消化处理,然后利用荧光探针,通过能量代谢设备检测细胞耗氧量比率。结果细胞经机械牵张刺激后,显微镜下细胞形态为典型的长梭形,排列呈现一定方向性,与牵张刺激方向平行,生长状况良好;与对照组细胞相比,1、2 Hz频率牵张刺激均可显著促进细胞增殖(P0.05),且在第3、4 d,1 Hz实验组的增殖情况优于2 Hz实验组;实验组与对照组细胞耗氧量比率均有增加,但各组之间并无显著差异(P0.05)。结论周期性机械牵张刺激能有效促进C_2C_(12)小鼠成肌细胞增殖,且与牵张刺激的频率有关,其中1 Hz的牵张频率最佳,但牵张刺激对C_2C_(12)小鼠成肌细胞的有氧代谢能力无明显影响。     

嘌呤霉素对C2C12成肌细胞增殖的影响及瞬时转染浓度的筛选

目的 研究不同浓度嘌呤霉素对C2C12细胞的生长抑制情况,确定细胞转染的最佳药物筛选浓度.方法 对C2C12细胞进行不同浓度(0、0.5、1、2、4、8μg/ml)、不同时间(24、48、72、96h)嘌呤霉素的处理,将细胞分为阴性对照组、阳性对照组和5组不同浓度嘌呤霉素处理组.用流式细胞仪计数C2C12活细胞数目,倒...     

Nitric oxide regulates Angiopoietin1/Tie2 expression after stroke

We tested whether the nitric oxide donor, (Z)-1-[N-(2-aminoethyl)-N-(2-ammonioethyl) aminio] diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (DETA-NONOate), increases expression of Angiopoietin (Ang1)/Tie2, which may play a role in regulating angiogenesis and vascular integrity after stroke in rats. Wistar rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion and treated with or without DETA-NONOate. Stroke rats treated with DETA-NONOate show significantly increased Ang1, Tie2 and Occludin expression in the ischemic border compared with control stroke animals (p < 0.05). Consistent with in vivo data, DETA-NONOate promotes capillary tube formation in cultured brain endothelial cells. Neutralizing Ang1 antibody attenuates DETA-NONOate-induced capillary tube formation. The data suggest that the Ang1/Tie2 axis promotes DETA-NONOate-induced angiogenesis and stabilizes of angiogenic vessels after stroke.     

香烟提取物通过减少HDAC2表达诱导小鼠C2C12成肌细胞衰老

目的:探讨香烟提取物(CSE)能否引起小鼠C2C12成肌细胞衰老,并研究成肌细胞衰老与组蛋白去乙酰化酶2(HDAC2)的关系。方法:培养C2C12细胞株,分化为成熟成肌细胞,观察CSE干预对成肌细胞衰老和HDAC2表达的影响,采用real-time PCR和Western blot方法分别检测HDAC2 mRNA和蛋白的表达;β-半乳糖苷酶染色检测衰老细胞的百分率。结果:MTT法测定最佳CSE浓度与干预时间分别为60 m L/L和24 h。CSE干预后β-半乳糖苷酶染色阳性细胞数增加,同时伴有HDAC2 mRNA和蛋白表达的减少。四溴苯三唑(TBB)在促进HDAC2 mRNA和蛋白表达的同时,β-半乳糖苷酶染色阳性细胞数减少;用HDAC2的特异性阻滞剂丙戊酸抑制HDAC2 mRNA和蛋白的表达时,β-半乳糖苷酶染色阳性细胞数增加。结论:香烟提取物可通过减少小鼠C2C12成肌细胞HDAC2的表达促进细胞老化。     

Nitric oxide regulates nucleoside transport in activated B lymphocytes

Activation of human B lymphocytes by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) results in the differential regulation of nucleoside uptake [Soler, C., Felipe, A., Mata, J. F., Casado, F. J., Celada, A., Pastor-Anglada, M. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 26939-26945]. Because nitric oxide (NO) is involved in the modulation of the apoptotic response of B cells, the effects of NO on the regulatory responses of these transport systems to phorbol esters has been studied in Raji cells by a combination of approaches that involve arginine depletion, inhibition of nitric oxide synthase, and non-enzymatic production of NO using a donor. Human B lymphocytes express three transport systems involved in nucleoside uptake: N1 and N5, which are concentrative and Na+-dependent, and the nitrobenzylthioinosine-sensitive equilibrative system es. Raji cells do not express significant amounts of iNOS mRNA or protein; thus, NO production is presumably constitutive. The data are consistent with a role of NO in maintaining the basal transport activities of the three systems: N1, N5, and es. However, the up-regulatory effect of PMA on N1 and N5 does not require NO, whereas the inhibition of es transport activity does. In summary, NO differentially modulates nucleoside transport systems in activated human B lymphocytes and thus, NO may also be involved in the regulation of nucleoside (i.e., adenosine) disposal by activated B cells.     

Nitric oxide regulates neutrophil migration through microparticle formation

The role of nitric oxide (NO) in regulating neutrophil migration has been investigated. Human neutrophil migration to interleukin (IL)-8 (1 nmol/L) was measured after a 1-hour incubation using a 96-well chemotaxis plate assay. The NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) significantly (P < 0.001) enhanced IL-8-induced migration by up to 45%. Anti-CD18 significantly (P < 0.001) inhibited both IL-8-induced and L-NAME enhanced migration. Antibodies to L-selectin or PSGL-1 had no effect on IL-8-induced migration but prevented the increased migration to IL-8 induced by L-NAME. L-NAME induced generation of neutrophil-derived microparticles that was significantly (P < 0.01) greater than untreated neutrophils or D-NAME. This microparticle formation was dependent on calpain activity and superoxide production. Only microparticles from L-NAME and not untreated or D-NAME-treated neutrophils induced a significant (P < 0.01) increase in IL-8-induced migration and transendothelial migration. Pretreatment of microparticles with antibodies to L-selectin (DREG-200) or PSGL-1 (PL-1) significantly (P < 0.001) inhibited this effect. The ability of L-NAME-induced microparticles to enhance migration was found to be dependent on the number of microparticles produced and not an increase in microparticle surface L-selectin or PSGL-1 expression. These data show that NO can modulate neutrophil migration by regulating microparticle formation.     

黄芪多糖活化AMPK减轻游离脂肪酸对C2C12成肌细胞的细胞毒性

目的: 探讨黄芪多糖(APS)减轻游离脂肪酸(free fatty acids, FFAs)对骨骼肌细胞的毒性作用及其机制。方法: 培养C2C12成肌细胞分5组:对照组、APS组、5-氨基咪唑-4-甲酰胺-1-β-D-呋喃核糖苷(5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-β-D-ribofuranoside, AICAR)组、FFAs组和FFAs+APS组。MTT法检测C2C12细胞存活率;透射电镜观察细胞超微结构;Western blotting检测细胞内腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase, AMPK)、磷酸化腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(p-AMPK)和磷酸化乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(p-ACC)表达水平;高效液相色谱法测定细胞胞浆AMP/ATP比值。结果: (1)与FFAs组比较,APS显著提高细胞存活率(P<0.05);(2)透射电镜观察发现,APS作用24 h后可以减轻FFAs导致的线粒体肿胀;(3)Western blotting结果显示:与FFAs组比较,APS作用24 h后显著增加p-AMPK表达(P<0.01)及 p-ACC表达(P<0.05),而不影响总AMPK表达 (P>0.05);(4)AMP/ATP比值检测结果:与FFAs组比较,APS作用24 ｈ后细胞内AMP/ATP比值增加 (P<0.01)。结论: APS可以减轻FFAs对骨骼肌细胞的毒性,其机制可能与保护线粒体、激活AMPK途径有关。     

DRAGON, a GPI-anchored membrane protein, inhibits BMP signaling in C2C12 myoblasts

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) induce osteoblastic differentiation of myoblasts via binding to cell surface receptors. Repulsive guidance molecules (RGMs) have been identified as BMP co-receptors. We report here that DRAGON/RGMb, a member of the RGM family, suppressed BMP signaling in C2C12 myoblasts via a novel mechanism. All RGMs were expressed in C2C12 cells that were differentiated into myocytes and osteoblastic cells, but RGMc was not detected in immature cells. In C2C12 cells, only DRAGON suppressed ALP and Id1 promoter activities induced by BMP-4 or by constitutively activated BMP type I receptors. This inhibition by DRAGON was dependent on the secretory form of the von Willbrand factor type D domain. DRAGON even suppressed BMP signaling induced by constitutively activated Smad1. Over-expression of neogenin did not alter the inhibitory capacity of DRAGON. Taken together, these findings indicate that DRAGON may be an inhibitor of BMP signaling in C2C12 myoblasts. We also suggest that a novel molecule(s) expressed on the cell membrane may mediate the signal transduction of DRAGON in order to suppress BMP signaling in C2C12 myoblasts.     

2-D08 treatment regulates C2C12 myoblast proliferation and differentiation via the Erk1/2 and proteasome signaling pathways

Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility - SUMOylation is one of the post-translational modifications that involves the covalent attachment of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) to the...     

组胺H3受体降低电激发收缩的小鼠成肌细胞胞浆中钙离子浓度

目的:探讨组胺H3受体(H3R)在小鼠成肌细胞C2C12成肌分化过程及分化后的横纹肌细胞中的表达和可能发挥的作用。方法:诱导C2C12细胞成肌分化,测量H3R和分化晚期标志物肌球蛋白重链mRNA和蛋白的表达;分化过程中加入H3R拮抗剂ciproxifan,测量分化早期标志物desmin、中期标志物myogenin和肌球蛋白重链mRNA的表达。Fluo-4结合剂标记分化后的横纹肌胞内钙离子,测量双极交流电200 m A刺激下,H3R激动剂甲基组胺(RMe HA)对胞浆中钙离子浓度的影响。结果:H3R和肌球蛋白重链在成肌分化过程中表达量逐渐增加。Ciproxifan在成肌分化过程中对3种分化标志物mRNA的表达与对照组相比无差异(P0.05)。RMe HA在浓度10 nmol/L~100μmol/L刺激细胞5~20 min,可呈钟形降低因交流电引起的肌浆钙离子浓度的升高(P0.05),其中RMe HA 100 nmol/L在10 min和20 min对电刺激细胞中Ca2+的抑制百分率最高。相同浓度的RMe HA在20 min和10 min时对Ca2+的抑制率比其在5 min时高(P0.05)。结论:H3R可能在成肌分化过程中的作用不大,而在分化成熟细胞中可以降低电刺激引起的胞浆钙离子浓度的升高。     

人参皂苷Rg1对体外培养C2C12成肌细胞凋亡的影响

目的:研究人参皂苷Rg1对体外无血清诱导培养的C2C12成肌细胞凋亡的影响及其可能机制.方法:采用MTT法、人参皂苷Rg1处理48 h后hoechst 33258-PI染色,以及RT-PCR方法观察不同浓度人参皂苷Rg1对C2C12成肌细胞凋亡的影响.结果:MTT法结果显示人参皂苷Rg1处理48 h后可抑制C2C12成肌细胞凋亡;Hoechst 33258-PI染色可见C2C12成肌细胞凋亡率人参皂苷处理前后差异有统计学意义,人参皂苷处理后C2C12成肌细胞凋亡率显著下降;RT-PCR法结果显示人参皂苷Rg1可抑制Caspase-3、Bax和AIF mRNA表达,并能诱导Bcl-2 mRNA表达.结论:人参皂苷Rg1对C2C12成肌细胞凋亡具有保护作用.     

Nitric oxide differentially regulates renal ATP-binding cassette transporters during endotoxemia

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important regulator of renal transport processes. In the present study, we investigated the role of NO, produced by inducible NO synthase (iNOS), in the regulation of renal ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in vivo during endotoxemia. Wistar–Hannover rats were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS⁺) alone or in combination with the iNOS inhibitor, aminoguanidine. Controls received detoxified LPS (LPS⁻). After LPS⁺, proximal tubular damage and a reduction in renal function were observed. Furthermore, iNOS mRNA and protein, and the amount of NO metabolites in plasma and urine, increased compared to the LPS⁻ group. Coadministration with aminoguanidine resulted in an attenuation of iNOS induction and reduction of renal damage. Gene expression of 20 ABC transporters was determined. After LPS⁺, a clear up-regulation in Abca1, Abcb1/P-glycoprotein (P-gp), Abcb11/bile salt export pump (Bsep), and Abcc2/multidrug resistance protein (Mrp2) was found, whereas Abcc8 was down-regulated. Up-regulation of Abcc2/Mrp2 was accompanied by enhanced calcein excretion. Aminoguanidine attenuated the effects on transporter expression. Our data indicate that NO, produced locally by renal iNOS, regulates the expression of ABC transporters in vivo. Furthermore, we showed, for the first time, expression and subcellular localization of Abcb11/Bsep in rat kidney. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: ) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

ATF4重组慢病毒抑制C2C12细胞增殖并促凋亡

目的 构建人活性转录因子4(ATF4)慢病毒,探讨C2C12细胞成骨分化过程中ATF4基因慢病毒修饰对其增殖和凋亡的影响.方法 构建ATF4重组慢病毒载体质粒,然后与2个包装质粒共转入293T细胞中包装成ATF4慢病毒(LV-ATF4);用病毒感染C2C12细胞,并用流式细胞仪(FCM)检测BMP2诱导C2C12细胞分化时对其增殖凋亡的影响,免疫印迹法检测凋亡相关蛋白的表达,电子显微镜观察凋亡细胞的形态学结构变化.结果 成功构建和包装了ATF4重组慢病毒.FCM检测结果表明,BMP2+ LV-ATF4处理组S期细胞(14.89％)低于BMP2+ LV-GFP组(30.64％) (P ＜0.05);BMP2+ LV-ATF4处理组细胞凋亡率(31.06％)高于BMP2+ LV-GFP组(11.39％)(P＜0.05);凋亡相关蛋白的表达与FCM结果一致.结论 在BMP2诱导C2C12细胞成骨分化时,LV-ATT4慢病毒可促进C2C12细胞的凋亡,抑制其增殖.