苦荞的HPLC指纹图谱分析

目的:建立苦荞的HPLC指纹图谱分析方法。方法:采用岛津ODS柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈–水(含2%的醋酸),梯度洗脱,检测波长280 nm,流速:1 mL.min-1。采用《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2004A)版》,计算不同产地苦荞样品的HPLC指纹图谱的整体相似度。结果:共有12个共有峰,16批被测样品的色谱指纹图谱的整体相似度在0.927～0.999。结论:该指纹图谱检测方法简便、重现性好,可作为苦荞药材质量控制的重要方法。     

银黄注射液指纹图谱的建立及质量相关性研究

目的建立银黄注射液的指纹图谱。方法使用ZORBAXSB-C18色谱柱,流动相：乙睛-0.1%磷酸溶液进行梯度洗脱,检测波长为318nm,流速为1.00mL·min-1,柱温为25℃。结果利用2004年A版《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统》计算软件生成银黄注射液指纹图谱,确定12个共有峰,各峰分离度良好,符合指纹图谱检测要求。结论该方法简便、准确、重复性好,为评价银黄注射液质量提供依据。     

祖师麻注射液指纹图谱的建立及质量相关性研究

目的建立祖师麻注射液中紫丁香苷、祖师麻甲素的含量测定方法。方法使用Agilent ZORBAXSB-C18色谱柱,流动相：乙腈-0.05%磷酸溶液进行梯度洗脱,变化检测波长223、327nm,流速为1.00mL.min-1,柱温为30℃。结果利用2004年A版《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统》计算软件生成祖师麻注射液指纹图谱,共有17个特征峰,各峰分离度良好,符合指纹图谱检测要求。结论采用HPLC指纹图谱技术可以有效地控制祖师麻注射液的质量。     

荷叶HPLC-UV指纹图谱研究

目的采用HPLC法建立荷叶药材的指纹图谱。方法 Ultimate XB-C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为0.1%甲酸+0.2%三乙胺溶液(A)-乙腈(B)进行梯度洗脱,检测波长254 nm,体积流量1.0 mL.min-1,柱温35℃。结果建立了荷叶的HPLC-UV的指纹图谱,指定出11个共有指纹峰,共指认3个共有峰的结构并对不同产地和不同采收时期荷叶的相似度进行了比较。结论本方法操作简便,快速,重现性好,为荷叶的鉴别和质量控制提供有效依据。     

消癌平注射液高效液相色谱指纹图谱的建立

目的建立消癌平注射液高效液相色谱（HPLC）指纹图谱分析方法方法色谱柱为Diamonsil（钻石）C18柱（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）,以A（甲醇）：B（磷酸盐缓冲液）为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1．0mL／min,检测波长为327nm,柱温为25℃,进样量为20μL。结果在消癌平注射液中检测到9个共有指纹峰,各峰分离度良好,以绿原酸峰为参照物峰,各共有峰相对保留时间和相对峰面积的RSD均符合要求结论所建立的高效液相色谱指纹图谱方法具有较好的精密度、稳定性和重现性,可用于消癌平注射液的质量控制     

熟三七饮片的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的:建立熟三七饮片的HPLC指纹图谱,为其鉴别及质量控制提供依据。方法:采用HPLC方法,XAqua C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μ)色谱柱,流动相:乙腈-水(梯度洗脱),流速:1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长203 nm,柱温25℃。采用"中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统"软件对图谱进行处理。结果:建立了熟三七饮片的指纹图谱,确定了16个共有峰,各熟三七样品指纹图谱与对照指纹图谱相似度均在0.9以上。结论:该方法具有重复性好、特征性强、方法简便等特点,可用于熟三七饮片的品质评价。     

经典名方泽泻汤UPLC指纹图谱的建立

目的 建立泽泻汤的UPLC指纹图谱.方法 采用ACQUITYUPLC?BEHC18色谱柱(2.1mmx50mm,1.7 μm),以乙腈(A)-水(B)作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,柱温35℃,流速0.3mL·min-1,全波长扫描,以泽泻醇B为参照峰,分析15批次泽泻汤的UPLC指纹图谱,并使用中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统...     

广西产赪桐的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的 研究广西产赪桐的HPLC指纹图谱.方法 采用Hypersil C18色谱柱(250 mm ×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为0.1％磷酸-甲醇,梯度洗脱,检测波长320 nm,柱温25℃,流速1.0 mL· min-1;将色谱图导入《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2004A版)》软件中,生成对照图谱,并进行相似度评价和聚类分析.结果 建立了含12个共有峰的赪桐特征指纹图谱,不同产地赪桐特征图谱的相似度均＞0.9.结论 所建指纹图谱反映了同一产地赪桐中化学成分的趋同,可用于赪桐药材的质量控制.     

广西产柿叶的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的 采用HPLC研究广西产柿叶的指纹图谱.方法 采用ThermoC18色谱柱(250 mm× 4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.05％磷酸梯度洗脱,检测波长210 nm,流速0.9 mL· min-1,分析时间70 min.分析了12批柿叶药材的HPLC指纹图谱.应用中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2004A...     

生脉注射液HPLC指纹图谱的建立

目的:建立生脉注射液的HPLC指纹图谱。方法:采用Waters Symmetry ShieldTMRP18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-水为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1 mL.min-1,检测波长203 nm,柱温30℃。结果:本色谱条件下生脉注射液各成分得到了良好分离,指纹图谱由23个特征峰组成。结论:所建立的指纹图谱分离效果好,信息量大,可作为生脉注射液的指纹图谱使用,以便更好地控制该产品的质量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.