Role of MR in the differentiation of IgG4-re-lated from non-IgG4-related hepatic inflamma-tory pseudotumor

BACKGROUND:Hepatic inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) is classified into 2 types based on IgG4 stain: IgG4-related and non-IgG4-related; the two types differ not only in their patho-logical characteristics, but also in the clinical features. This study aimed to investigate the MR character of hepatic IPT, and differentiate the IgG4-related IPT from the non-IgG4-re-lated IPT. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with 27 histologically proven hepatic IPTs were retrospectively analyzed. Ten lesions were diagnosed as IgG4-related IPT, and the other 17 as non-IgG4-related IPT. The MR signal features on T1, T2-weighted, dynamic-enhanced, and diffusion-weighted im-aging were evaluated and compared. RESULTS: The dominant lesions were subcapsularly distrib-uted (n=17, 63.0%) with clear boundary (n=20, 74.1%), and showed progressive enhancement pattern (n=21, 77.8%) with diffuse homogeneous (n=12, 44.4%) or heterogeneous (n=8, 29.6%) hyperintensity, accompanied by delayed capsule-like enhancement (n=17, 63.0%) and central nonenhanced areas (n=18, 66.7%). Morphological features (P>0.05) were not suf-ficient to differentiate IgG4-related IPT from non-IgG4-relat-ed IPT; the wash-out pattern was only found in 2 IgG4-related IPT, while the progressive enhancement pattern was more common in the non-IgG4-related lesions (n=16) (P=0.022). During portal and delayed phases, iso-/hypoenhanced lesions were only seen in 3 IgG4-related IPT, and circular-enhanced lesions (n=5) existed exceptionally in the non-IgG4-related group with significant differences (P=0.029 and 0.027). Most IgG4-related IPTs had lower apparent diffusion coefficient compared with the liver parenchyma (n=6), while most non-IgG4-related IPTs had higher apparent diffusion coeffi-cient value (n=13) (P=0.046). CONCLUSIONS: Although MR images of hepatic IPT have certain characteristics, they are not enough to differentiate IgG4-related IPT from non-IgG4-related IPT. The enhance-ment pattern, signal features on portal and delayed phases, and the apparent diffusion coefficient value of the lesion may be helpful for the diagnosis.     

消化道肿瘤CT动脉造影分析83例

目的:总结消化道肿瘤CT动脉造影情况,探讨CT动脉造影诊断消化系统疾病价值．方法:选CT等其它法已明确和未明确的消化道肿瘤性患者83例,采用Seldinger技术经股动脉插管,行CT动脉造影,肝脏肿瘤同时行CT门脉造影．分析影像所见并与超声、CT、MRI等比较,结合临床探讨CT动脉造影诊断消化道肿瘤价值．结果:CT等已明确诊断肝癌的42例患者中,35例新发现卫星灶或周边小灶．14例临床疑肝癌,CT、彩超无异常,通过CT动脉造影10例诊断早期肝癌,2例弥漫性肝癌,2例正常．10例结肠癌患者,CT等方法未见肝转移,CT动脉造影发现7例有早期肝转移．7例肝占位待查患者,6例符合肝癌,1例符合血管瘤．6例疑胆囊癌患者,4例确诊胆囊癌．2 例胰腺癌患者,CT动脉造影显示明显强化．2例胃癌患者可清楚显示病变范围、血运程度及与周围脏器关系．结论:CT动脉造影可发现超声、CT等其它法不能发现的卫星小灶或肝内其它小癌灶,对诊断早期肝癌特殊敏感,对显示肝内早期转移灶和定性诊断优于其它影像技术,CT动脉造影更能准确显示病灶血运情况、病变范围及与邻近脏器关系．     

Inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver associated with Crohn's disease

Inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) of the liver is a rare, benign lesion that is characterized by proliferating fibrous tissue infiltrated by inflammatory cells. The exact etiology of IPT remains unclear. Although the association of IPT with systemic inflammatory disorders has been established, a specific link with Crohn's disease is rare. We report two cases of IPT associated with Crohn's disease. Both patients were elderly males who presented with abdominal pain and jaundice. At the time of presentation, both had active Crohn's disease that was undiagnosed. Computed tomography demonstrated a liver mass, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography revealed biliary strictures in both patients. Given their symptomatic jaundice and concern for cholangiocarcinoma, they underwent abdominal surgical exploration and pathology results revealed IPT. They were subsequently diagnosed with Crohn's disease. Following treatment of Crohn's disease, there was significant improvement in their overall clinical status. An underlying diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease should be considered in patients with IPT.     

Two cases of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with intrapancreatic metastasis

There are no standardized diagnostic criteria for intrapancreatic metastasis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Here, we report two cases of patients with PDAC who were pathologically diagnosed as harboring intrapancreatic metastasis. In both cases, the main lesions were located in the pancreatic body, and no other lesion was detected preoperatively. The patients were diagnosed with pancreatic body cancers and distal pancreatectomy was performed. Pathological findings revealed microscopic cancer nests, which had connections to neither the main lesion nor the premalignant lesion in the pancreatic tail parenchyma. In both cases, the histological type of the daughter lesion was quite similar to that of the main lesion. Hence, we diagnosed the daughter lesions as metastatic foci in the pancreas. Although intrapancreatic metastasis of PDAC has been regarded as a poor prognostic factor, few reports of intrapancreatic metastasis are available. This article reports two such cases and provides a review of the literature.     

Xanthogranulomatous choledochitis: a previously undescribed mass lesion of the hepatobiliary and ampullary region

Solid liver and pancreatic masses are commonly neoplastic in nature; however, inflammatory lesions mimicking carcinoma are at times encountered in these sites. We report two cases of previously undescribed inflammatory mass lesions of the liver and pancreas that originated in the biliary tract. Detailed clinical and histologic evaluations were performed in two patients who underwent right partial hepatic lobectomy and Whipple's resection for presumed hepatic and pancreatic neoplasms. In case 1, with a remote history of cholecystectomy and recent extraction of a stone from the common bile duct, a liver mass in segment 6 was discovered incidentally. In case 2, a periampullary pancreatic mass was diagnosed radiographically following papillotomy and stent insertion for stricture and biliary calculous disease. The histologic findings in both cases were similar, localized around a part of the biliary tract, and consisted of inspissated bile, acute and chronic inflammation, abundant lipid-laden macrophages, fibrosis, and giant cell reaction. No neoplasm was identified. On the basis of the close resemblance of these features to those seen in xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis, the lesions seen here were termed xanthogranulomatous choledochitis. In conclusion, xanthogranulomatous choledochitis is a benign inflammatory process involving the biliary tract that can form a mass lesion within the liver or pancreas and thus mimic a neoplasm. Extensive sampling of the lesion is required to rule out an underlying neoplastic process. In our patients a propensity to form lithogenic bile and a prior history of biliary tract operative procedure were present.     

Inflammatory pseudotumors of the liver: prevalence and clinical impact in surgical patients

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Progress in diagnostic imaging has increased the number of focal liver lesions detected and reports of an occasional finding of inflammatory pseudotumors of the liver are becoming numerous. To estimate their prevalence and clinical impact in surgical series we evaluate retrospectively our experience. METHODOLOGY: Four hundred and three patients carriers of a total of 717 focal liver lesions underwent liver resection consecutively in our Department from October 1995 to August 1999. All these patients underwent surgery. RESULTS: After surgical resection, 3 patients each proved to be carrying an IPT nodule accounting for 0.7% of all patients and 0.4% of all focal liver lesions. One inflammatory pseudotumor was only disclosed intraoperatively in a patient with an hepatocellular carcinoma. The other 2 accounted for 20% of the patients whose preoperative diagnoses were wrong. The operative procedures for the inflammatory pseudotumor nodules were: wedge resection, because the inflammatory pseudotumor was considered a new malignancy, a limited resection and a left extended hepatectomy with bilioenteric anastomosis, distal gastrectomy and lymphoadenectomy in one patient each. Inflammatory pseudotumors accounted for 33% of wrong indication for surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience shows that, despite the low prevalence of hepatic inflammatory pseudotumors, their impact in the appropriate management of patients with focal liver lesions is not irrelevant.     

Hepatic actinomycosis: Report of one case and analysis of 32 previously reported cases

Hepatic actinomycosis is rare,with few published cases.There are no characteristic clinical manifestations,and computed tomography(CT)shows mainly low-density images,making clinical diagnosis difficult,and leading to frequent misdiagnosis as primary liver cancer,metastatic liver cancer or liver abscess.Diagnosis normally requires examination of both the aetiology and pathology.This article reports one male patient aged 55 who was hospitalized because of repeated upper abdominal pain for more than 2 mo.He exhibited no chills,fever or yellow staining of the skin and sclera,and examination revealed no positive signs.The routine blood results were:haemoglobin 110 g/L,normal numbers of leukocytes and neutral leukocytes,serum albumin 32g/L,negative serum hepatitis B markers and hepatitis C antibodies,normal tumour markers(alpha-fetoproteinand carcinoembryonic antigen).An abdominal CT scan revealed an 11.2 cm×5.8 cm×7.4 cm mass with an unclear edge in the left liver lobe.The patient was diagnosed as having primary liver cancer,and left lobe resection was performed.The postoperative pathological examination found multifocal actinomycetes in the hepatic parenchyma,which was accompanied by chronic suppurative inflammation.A focal abscess had formed,and large doses of sodium penicillin were administered postoperatively as anti-infective therapy.This article also reviews 32 cases reported in the English literature,with the aim of determining the clinical features and treatment characteristics of this disease,and providing a reference for its diagnosis and treatment.     

结直肠癌脾转移3例

目的:探讨结直肠癌脾转移的临床特征及诊治.方法:回顾分析河北医科大学附属唐山工人医院2003-2008年3例结直肠癌脾转移的临床特征、诊断、治疗及预后.结果:3例结直肠癌脾转移患者,1例结肠癌术后行PET/CT检查确诊,其余2例均诊断为脾脓肿,2例行脾切除术,1例行剖腹探查术确诊,术后2 wk死亡1例,其余2例已存活2...     

垂体腺瘤合并Rathke囊肿27例并文献复习

目的分析垂体腺瘤合并Rathke囊肿的临床特征与治疗方法。 方法回顾性分析自2010年1月至2018年12月在哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院神经外科二病房收治的27例行经鼻蝶窦入路手术切除垂体腺瘤合并Rathke囊肿患者的临床资料。所有患者均在术前、术后行垂体MRI检查及内分泌检查。由经验丰富的病理学专家对取出的标本作出病理诊断,以确保功能型垂体腺瘤的精确分类。观察患者术后的病情变化并且记录术后第1天和第7天的内分泌结果。结合27例垂体腺瘤合并Rathke囊肿的临床资料并结合相关文献进行分析。 结果垂体腺瘤合并Rathke囊肿的临床症状与垂体腺瘤类似;MRI在垂体区均发现两种质地不同的信号（一侧为实质性病变,一侧为囊性病变）,这两种信号之间有或无明显的间隔,且增强可见实性病变增强而囊性病变未增强;27例患者病变全切,术中可见实质性肿瘤和半流质Rathke囊肿内容物;随访期间,1例合并泌乳素型的垂体腺瘤患者复发,泌乳素增高,其余患者均未复发,且激素水平均恢复正常。 结论垂体腺瘤合并Rathke囊肿罕见,症状与垂体腺瘤相似,确诊依赖于病理。MRI垂体区囊性和实性病变共存,应考虑垂体瘤合并Rathke囊肿可能,经蝶窦入路切除术可有效治疗该病。     

Inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver and peripheral eosinophilia in autoimmune pancreatitis

AIM: Inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) of the liver is a rare benign lesion, the etiology of which remains obscure. It is not associated with any particular diseases apart from phlebitis and Crohn's disease. METHODS: A middle-aged male with hepatic IPT and peripheral eosinophilia associated with autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) was selected for this study and review of literature. RESULTS: A 59-year-old male was admitted with obstructive jaundice, marked eosinophilia (1 343/mm3) and hypergammaglobulinemia (4 145 mg/dL). Imaging techniques revealed dilatation of the intrahepatic bile duct, stenosis of the common bile duct with diffuse wall thickening, gallbladder wall thickening, irregular narrowing of the pancreatic duct, and swelling of the pancreatic parenchyma. Multiple liver masses were also demonstrated and diagnosed as IPT by biopsy specimens. Six months later, the abnormal features of the biliary tree remarkably improved by the oral administration of prednisolone, and the liver masses disappeared. The swelling of the pancreatic head also improved. The peripheral eosinophil count normalized. IPT associated with AIP, as we know, has not been reported in the literature. The clinical features of the present case mimicked those of pancreatic cancer with liver metastasis. This case deserves to be documented to prevent misdiagnosis of similar cases.     

Four cases of inflammatory pseudotumor]

We report four cases that were pathologically diagnosed, after surgical resection, as inflammatory pseudotumors (IPT) of the lung in patients admitted to Fukuoka University Hospital between 1985 and 2001. On chest radiographs, one patient had a solitary nodular shadow, while the other three had multiple nodular shadows. Chest computed tomography (CT) was performed in 3 patients. All had at least one nodule attached to the pleura. In one case, multiple nodules that had been noted five years before and had disappeared later without treatment, had reappeared two months before admission. The tentative preoperative diagnosis was primary or metastatic lung cancer. Precise diagnosis of IPT totally depends on histological examination after surgical resection. IPT sometimes tends to grow aggressively, although it is histologically benign. Complete resection is the only treatment to avoid relapse.     

江西省14例脑型血吸虫病临床特点

目的探索脑型血吸虫病的临床特点。方法选择2010年3月至2016年3月江西省寄生虫病防治研究所临床部治疗的14例脑型血吸虫病人的临床资料进行分析。结果 14例患者中12例诊断为慢性型,2例诊断为急性型,血清、脑脊液均为血吸虫抗体阳性。嗜酸性粒细胞增高者10例,百分比为5.1%~60.3%。Kato-Katz法粪检查见血吸虫卵7例。13例行内科治疗,12例治愈,1例好转;1例手术切除病灶。结论脑型血吸虫病主要表现为癫痫、头痛、头昏、发热等。头颅MRI特征性影像呈簇状聚集融合成团块状。脑型血吸虫病口服吡喹酮治疗可以取得很好的预后。     

Laterally spreading tumors--experience based on 138 consecutive cases

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Laterally spreading tumors (LST) are flat elevated neoplastic lesions with diameters equal to or greater than 10 mm. The treatment results of 138 lesions in 131 patients are presented here as a part of a retrospective analysis. METHODOLOGY: Two gastroenterology centers participated in the study in the period from 1/2002-12/2006. During colonoscopy, each superficial lesion was classified according to the Paris endoscopic classification. Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) lift and cut was employed. Treatment was considered successful when both endoscopic and histo-pathological criteria of complete resection were fulfilled. RESULTS: A total of 138 LST in 131 patients were diagnosed. Average LST diameter was 25 mm. A total of 5 (3.6%) lesions in 4 patients were referred for primary surgery. One patient was treated with argon plasma coagulation only. EMR was attempted for 132/138 (95.7%) of all LST and was successful in 125 (90.6%) cases. Complications occured in 16/132 (12.1%) patients. Severe complications, defined as decession, emergency surgery, emergency endoscopy and transfusion of eryhrocyte concentrate occured in 5/132 (3.8%). One (0.7%) 69 year-old-male patient died on the third day following EMR due to complications of acute myocardial infarction. CONCLUSION: LST lesions could be efficiently treated with EMR lift and cut method with a reasonable rate of complications.     

Angioma-like liver lesions in patients with chronic liver disease]

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate in our healthcare area the clinical, ultrasonographic, and evolutionary features of patients with chronic liver disease and angioma-like liver lesions on ultrasonography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study amongst patients seen at the Ultrasonography Unit, Gastroenterology Department between January 2000 and June 2004. Included in the study were patients that presented with clinical and/or laboratory complaints consistent with chronic liver disease of any etiology, and those in which abdominal ultrasounds revealed the existence of at least one angioma-like liver lesion. All relevant epidemiological, clinical, ultrasonographic, and evolutionary data were carefully collected and recorded. RESULTS: In the course of our study, 58 patients were diagnosed with chronic liver disease and angioma-like liver lesions, of which 13 showed clinical, laboratory, ultrasonographic, and/or histological signs of liver cirrhosis. In 50% of patients these lesions were less than 10 mm in diameter, and in most cases were located in the right hepatic lobe. During an average follow-up period of 35 months (6-168 months) we verified that, in two patients, these lesions, initially interpreted as angiomas were in fact malignancies (one hepatocellular carcinoma and one metastatic adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder). In both cases, the patients were cirrhotic. Thus, our study revealed that 15% of lesions found in cirrhotic patients initially interpreted as angiomas were actually malignant.CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed that, in patients with chronic liver disease, particularly in cirrhotic patients, a considerable percentage of ultrasonographic lesions originally interpreted as angiomas are in fact malignant tumors.     

Hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the stomach: A report of three cases

Hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the stomach (HAS) is a rare form of gastric cancer that has unique clinicopathological features and an extremely poor prognosis. Here, we report on three patients with suspected gastric cancer who were referred to our hospital. Gastrointestinal fiberscopy on the three patients revealed two lesions in the antrum and a third lesion in the gastroesophageal junction. The alpha fetoprotein (AFP) serum levels were markedly elevated in all cases. At the time of diagnosis, two cases were advanced stages with lymph nodes and/or liver metastases. Two patients underwent exploratory laparotomy. A total gastrectomy was performed on the operable lesion, and an expanded gastrectomy was completed in the case with hepatic metastases. Histopathological analysis revealed that the tumors displayed two pathological changes:hepatoid-like foci and adenocarcinomatous. Furthermore, the tumor cells were immunohistochemically positive for AFP, alpha-1 antitrypsin, and alpha-1 antichymotrypsin. All three patients received chemotherapy. The follow-up duration ranged from 8-36 mo. Our experience and previous published studies have suggested that HAS is an aggressive type of adenocarcinoma. However, radical surgery and chemotherapy may positively impact clinical outcomes.     

细菌性肝脓肿58例

目的:总结分析细菌性肝脓肿的临床特征及相关实验室检查结果,为该病的诊断和合理治疗提供依据.方法:总结我院2000-06/2011-12的58例确诊细菌性肝脓肿患者的临床资料,回顾性分析该病的临床特征、实验室检查、影像学、病原学及治疗特点.结果:58例细菌性肝脓肿患者最常见的临床表现为畏寒发热(94.8%)及右上腹痛(58.6%).糖尿病(46.5%)为最常见的合并症.血清碱性磷酸酶(77.6%)、白细胞(70.7%)和纤维蛋白原(60%)升高最常见.最常见的细菌为肺炎克雷伯菌(17.2%).脓肿多为单个(86.2%),肝右叶居多(81.1%).所有患者均选用联合抗生素治疗,其中26例患者(44.8%)行穿刺抽脓或置管引流,3例患者(5.2%)行手术治疗,1例患者(1.7%)死亡.结论:患者临床表现为畏寒发热、右上腹痛时应高度警惕细菌性肝脓肿可能,尤其是糖尿病、胆管疾病及恶性肿瘤患者.病原学仅在部分患者出现阳性结果,而血清碱性磷酸酶、白细胞和纤维蛋白原升高更常见,可能对临床诊断具有提示意义.抗感染结合穿刺抽脓或置管引流是临床安全有效的治疗手段.     

Amebic liver abscess: presentation of 4 cases

We report four patients with amebic liver abscess diagnosed in our hospital between January 1985 and January 1990. Mean patient age was 40 years. All patients had previously travelled to an endemic area. Fever, weight loss, right-upper-quadrant pain and hepatomegaly were the most frequent clinical manifestation. Two patients had a history of diarrhea. Diagnosis was made by epidemiology, clinical manifestation, ultrasonic scanning and computerized tomography and serologic test. Two patients received metronidazole exclusively and two patients required percutaneous catheter drainage under ultrasound guidance.     

33例球形肺炎的临床和影像学特征分析

目的　探讨球形肺炎的影像学特点。方法 对33例经临床或病理确诊的球形肺炎进行回顾性分析。结果 球形肺炎X线主要表现:(1)圆形或椭圆图形;(2)病灶中央密度高,边缘密度较低,呈晕圈样改变;(3)病灶纹理明显增粗,即“胡须征”;(4)早期应用有效抗生素常可完全消失。CT主要表现:(1)球形肺炎CT层面多呈楔形或方形;(2)病灶边缘毛糙,边缘不规则,但较模糊;(3)病变周围血管纹理增粗,增多,但无僵直;(4)好发于背段或外侧野;(5)累及胸膜时接触面广且厚;(6)密度均匀,可有空洞,无钙化。结论 球形肺炎有一定的影像学特点,但有时其征象与肺结核,周围形肺癌鉴别困难,需依赖临床及病理。     

Spontaneous regression of an inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver

Inflammatory pseudotumors (IPT) have been described for virtually every site in the body but is rare in the liver. The clinical presentation of hepatic IPT is unspecific, patients complain of fever, malaise, weight loss and often of symptoms related to a mass effect. Routine imaging procedures are not sufficient to make the diagnosis and a biopsy is necessary to differentiate IPT from neoplasms. The course of the disease is unpredictable and in most of the reported cases the patients underwent resection or were medically treated. We report a patient with a histologically proven IPT of the liver that regressed spontaneously over several months without any specific treatment.