大剂量氨甲蝶呤持续静脉滴注后四氢叶酸钙解救方案的研究

大剂量氨甲蝶呤(HD-MTX)结合四氢叶酸钙(LCV)解救目前已成为治疗儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)的重要方案之一。由于LCV与ALL的预后存在相关性,故目前国内外的LCV用量呈减少趋势。我们对1g／m^2MTX持续静脉滴注(简称静滴)36h、3g／m^2和5g／m^2持续静滴24h的3种HD—MTX方案前瞻性地制定了根据MTX血浆浓度进行的个体化LCV解救方案,通过对毒性反应的分析以及与文献的对照了解其临床的可行性。     

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目的研究不同的庇护所预防方案对儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)的治疗作用以及其副反应。方法2001-03—2003-03在首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院住院治疗的ALL患儿259例,标危组122例,以大剂量甲氨蝶呤(HD-MTX,每次3g/m2)治疗,共1089例次;高危组137例,共765例次;高危组HD-MTX治疗,分为2组,A组60例方案同标危组,B组77例采用HD-MTX(每次3g/m2,用3次),半年后颅脑放疗18Gy。所有患儿中用药方法分为连续6h静滴MTX(814例次),24h连续静滴MTX(1040例次)两组。结果高危组患儿与标危组患儿相比肝功能损害、骨髓抑制以及感染较高(均P<0·05);高危组中A组与B组的庇护所预防效果差异无显著性意义(P>0·05),连续6h静滴MTX与连续24h静滴,两组间MTX的副反应以及排泄延迟发生率无显著性意义(P>0·05)。结论在精确对ALL危险度分型的基础上,一部分高危患儿可以取消颅脑放疗,24h连续静滴HD-MTX可以取代6h静滴是安全可行的。     

大剂量甲氨蝶呤治疗儿童白血病临床研究

目的　进一步改善大剂量甲氨蝶呤 (HD MTX)治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病 (ALL)的治疗效果 ,减少毒副作用。方法　 2 9例ALL患儿共接受了 86例次HD MTX(每次 3g/m2 或 5g/m2 )治疗 ,连续 2 4h静滴 ,然后进行临床观察。结果　① 5 6例次接受 3g/m2 剂量的患儿在用药后 4 4h、6 8h的血MTX浓度分别为 (0 97± 1 2 4 )μmol/L和 (0 35± 0 2 8) μmol/L ,30例次接受 5 g/m2 剂量的患儿在 4 4h、6 8h血MTX浓度为 (1 5 9± 2 13) μmol/L和 (0 6 5± 0 83) μmol/L。② 5g/m2 组粘膜损害、骨髓抑制方面较 3g/m2 组发生率略高 ,但从恢复时间看 ,两组无明显差异。③ 2 4h连续静滴毒副作用没有见到明显的增加。结论　大剂量MTX(每次 3g/m2 、5 g/m2 )连续 2 4h静滴治疗ALL是安全的     

大剂量甲氨蝶呤治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病的不良反应

目的研究大剂量甲氨蝶呤(HD-MTX)加四氢叶酸钙(CF)解救方案治疗儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)的不良反应。方法82例ALL患儿进行139例次的HD-MTX加CF治疗。根据44 h MTX血药质量浓度分为A组(44 h MTX浓度≤1.0 mmol/L),B组(44 h MTX浓度>1.0 mmol/L)。对用药前后两组患儿不良反应观察,并进行对照研究。结果骨髓抑制、肝功能损害、胃肠道反应、感染发生率两组比较无显著性差异。但随着血药质量浓度增加,皮肤黏膜损害、心电图异常和心肌酶谱异常、神经系统症状发生率均显著增加,两组比较有显著性差异。结论HD-MTX加CF治疗儿童白血病时,不良反应较为常见,个体差异较大,应加强个体化治疗。     

大剂量甲氨碟呤治疗的毒性反应及其防治

目的降低联合化疗中大剂量甲氨碟呤(HD-MTX)的毒性反应。方法对28例小儿急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)或非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤(NHL)评估心、肝、肾功能正常后行88次HD-MTX5g／m2静滴24h,出入量各>3000ml／(m2·24h),尿pH7~8,毒性严重者出入量各达5000ml／(m2·24h),维持尿pH7.5~8。在开始用药后36h应用四氢叶酸(LV)解救。结果副作用要表现为消化道反应和骨髓抑制。平均每次HD-MTX5g／m2后LV解救11次、总量221.2mg／m2,LV剂量是MTX的4.4％、终止解救时间86h。结论在肾功能良好的基础上,确保水化和尿液碱化;严密观察早期毒性反应,调整LV的解救剂量、次数、时间,在无MTX血浓度监测条件下,做好以Ⅰ举措,HD-MTX(5g／m2)是安全的。     

儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病治疗中甲氨蝶呤血药浓度和脑脊液浓度的相关性

目的探讨儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)大剂量甲氨蝶呤(HDMTX)治疗时甲氨蝶呤(MTX)血浆和脑脊液浓度的水平,以及同给药剂量、不良反应发生情况之间的关系。方法回顾性分析2015年1月-2017年1月在我院小儿血液科住院治疗的30名ALL患儿,共117例次HDMTX治疗。依据CCLG-ALL2008方案危险度分层,分成两组,A组:MTX为2g/m~2,B组:MTX为5g/m~2,进行多个时间点血药浓度和MTX开始后0. 5 h脑脊液药物浓度检测,对取得的药物浓度数据进行统计分析。结果 (1)B组患儿各时间点平均血药浓度和MTX开始后0.5 h脑脊液浓度均高于A组(P <0.05);(2)B组患儿骨髓抑制、肝功损害及口腔溃疡的发生率明显高于A组(P<0.05),其他不良反应的发生率差异无显著性(P>0. 05);两组患儿MTX开始后0.5h脑脊液药物浓度和血药浓度成正相关(P<0.01)。结论 (1)血浆和脑脊液MTX浓度同MTX给药剂量正相关。(2)MTX剂量越高,骨髓抑制、肝功损害、黏膜损害越严重,其他不良反应则无明显差异。(3)血药浓度决定MTX开始后0.5 h脑脊液浓度。     

大剂量甲氨蝶呤治疗儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病79例毒副作用临床观察

目的观察大剂量甲氨蝶呤(HD-MTX)治疗儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)所致毒副作用的临床特点。方法 79例ALL患儿按诊断标准分为标危组(MTX使用剂量为3g/m~2)和中高危组(MTX使用剂量为5g/m~2),接受HD-MTX治疗。在MTX开始36h后予亚叶酸钙解救,检测42~48h MTX血药浓度,同时观察患儿HD-MTX治疗后的毒副作用。结果 79例ALL患儿接受HD-MTX化疗后,发生中性粒细胞减少、血红蛋白降低和血小板减少的分别为52例(66%)、43例(54%)和10例(13%),发生肝脏毒性、黏膜损害和胃肠道反应者各为24例(30%)、29例(37%)和16例(20%),无一例发生肾脏毒性。42~48h MTX血药浓度与毒副作用的发生风险差异有显著性(P0.05)。比较标危组与中高危组MTX使用毒副作用的发生风险差异无显著性(P0.05)。结论 HD-MTX治疗ALL时毒副作用多为骨髓抑制、胃肠道反应、黏膜损害和肝脏毒性。毒副作用的发生与MTX血药浓度有关联,未发现使用3g/m~2和5g/m~2的MTX剂量与毒副作用的发生风险存在关联。     

大剂量甲氨蝶呤治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病

目的探讨大剂量甲氨蝶呤(HD-MTX)治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)在基层医院的可行性。方法对8例ALL患儿进行56次HD-MTX治疗,MTX剂量3 g/m2,同时水化碱化4 d,滴注MTX 36 h后开始四氢叶酸钙解救,首剂30 mg/m2,以后15mg/m2,1次/6 h,共8次。并观察其不良反应及疗效。结果接受HD-MTX治疗8例中,出现骨髓抑制(26/56次)占46.4%,消化道反应(24/56次)占42.9%,肝功能损害(13/56次)占23.2%,黏膜损害(12/56次)占21.4%,感染(5/56次)占8.93%,皮疹(3/56次)占5.36%,心脏损害(2/56次)占3.57%,出现肺弥漫性间质性浸润影、头痛各1例。主要不良反应发生率与HD-MTX疗程前后差异无显著性。随访8例ALL,仅1例发生中枢神经系统白血病(CNSL),该例为高危儿,发生时间为骨髓缓解(CR)后12个月。结论在基层医院不具备MTX监测及层流室条件下,只要在化疗前准备工作完善,水化碱化合理,四氢叶酸钙解救及时,HD-MTX治疗仍是安全可行的。     

大剂量甲氨蝶呤治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病

目的研究3g/m2和5g/m2甲氨蝶呤(MTX)治疗急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)的血、脑脊液MTX浓度和不良反应。方法ALL患儿43例共接受98例次MTX3g/(m2·次)或5g/(m2·次)治疗,对两剂量组进行MTX血药质量浓度、脑脊液浓度及不良反应比较。结果1.MTX44、66h血药质量浓度与23hMTX血药质量浓度明显相关(P<0.05);2.不同个体间及同一个体不同时间使用同一给药方案血药质量浓度、脑脊液浓度水平差异较大;3.两剂量组不良反应发生率无明显差异(P>0.05),骨髓抑制、肝功能损害的MTX血药质量浓度无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论对于标危、高危ALL分别采用3、5g/(m2·次)的剂量是合理的,无严重不良反应发生。     

不同剂量四氢叶酸钙对大剂量甲氨蝶呤化疗大鼠肠黏膜的保护作用

目的 探讨不同剂量四氧叶酸钙(CF)对大剂量甲氨蝶呤(HD-MTX)化疗大鼠肠黏膜的保护作用.方法 6 周龄Wistar大鼠60只随机分为5组,每组12只.A组:正常对照组,腹腔注射9 g/L盐水;B组:1?解救组(即CF解救剂量为MTX总量的1%,下同);C组:2?解救组;D组:8% CF解救组;E组:空白对照组,不予CF解救.B～E组均腹腔注射MTX(120 mg/kg),B～D组于腹腔注射MTX 12 h后肌注CF解救,1次/6 h,共7次.于最后一次肌注CF 18 h后杀死大鼠,取其空肠标本观察形态,切片观察测定绒毛长度隐窝深度.结果 A组肠壁厚弹性好,绒毛密集、排列整齐;B～E组肠壁充血水肿变薄,小肠绒毛变短,隐窝深度变浅.E组最重,B组次之.B～E组与A组比较有统计学差异(Pa＜0.05);C、D与B、E组比较有统计学差异(Pa＜0.05);C、D组比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论 MTX可致大鼠黏膜损害,CF解救可减轻其黏膜损害,过度降低CF解救剂量达不到解救目的.     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.