罗哌卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞的研究进展

罗哌卡因是第一个纯左旋异构体局麻药，1999年被引进我国，目前在我国多用于外周神经阻滞和硬膜外腔阻滞麻醉，但是在国外已是官方认证的蛛网膜下腔阻滞用药，且自引入我国以来就不断有学者进行了罗哌卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞的动物实验和临床研究，现就国内外罗哌卡因用于蛛网膜下腔阻滞的研究情况作一综述。     

罗哌卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞在剖宫产术中的应用

目的观察不同浓度罗哌卡因用于蛛网膜下腔阻滞剖宫产术的麻醉效能、母婴安全和相关不良反应。方法采用随机双盲法,将60例剖宫产手术的足月单胎产妇均分为三组：0．5％罗哌卡因组（L1组）,0．75％罗哌卡因组（L2组）和0．5％布比卡因组（C组）。记录蛛网膜下腔阻滞后产妇的感觉阻滞和运动阻滞的起效和持续时间、麻醉质量评价、恶心呕吐等不良反应及术中HR、BP、SpO2和新生儿1min和5min Apgar评分。结果L1和L2组比C组起效慢,阻滞平面低,平面固定时间长。L2组感觉阻滞时间比L1组和C组长。L2组和C组肌松评分优于L1组。运动神经阻滞改良Bromage评分,L1组〈k组〈C组（P〈0．05）。三组术中低血压及其他不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义。结论0．75％罗哌卡因用于蛛网膜下腔阻滞剖宫产时,其麻醉效能弱于0．5％布比卡因,而强于0．5％罗哌卡因,三者均具有较好的安全性。     

罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉用于剖宫产术的效果

目的探讨罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉用于剖宫产术的效果。方法随机将蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉下择期行剖宫产术的88例产妇分为2组,各44例。对照组应用0.75%罗哌卡因,观察组采用0.75%罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼。比较2组的麻醉效果。结果观察组达到阻滞平面的时间短于对照组,镇痛维持时间长于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组新生儿5 min Apgar评分、心率、平均动脉压,以及不良反应发生率,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 0.75%罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼行蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉用于剖宫产术,麻醉效果良好、术中血流动力学稳定、不良反应少、安全性较高。     

甲磺酸罗哌卡因注射液用于蛛网膜下腔阻滞的临床观察

甲磺酸罗哌卡因注射液是酰胺类长效局麻药，海南斯达制药有限公司研制。规格：10m1：119．2mg，说明书上没有写明可用于蛛网膜下腔阻滞，有关这方面的资料报道不多。我们通过有关资料的学习探讨后，制定了甲磺酸罗哌卡因在蛛网膜下腔阻滞实施方案，从2008年7—12月施行了84例麻醉。将临床观察的体会报道如下。     

罗哌卡因用于蛛网膜下腔阻滞的实验研究

目的：观察不同浓度不同剂量罗哌卡因注入犬的蛛网膜下腔后，脊髓，神经根早期超微结构及脊髓组织髓钙含量的变化。方法：杂种犬18只，雌雄兼有，体重10kg左右，随机分为三组，A组为对照组6只，生理盐水2ml，B组6只，0.5％罗哌卡因2ml(10mg)，C组6只，1％罗哌卡因2ml(20mg)，动物麻醉后对氯胺酮，芬太尼间断静脉注射射维持麻醉。于L3－4穿刺，注入生理盐水或罗哌卡因，于注药后3h，迅速处死动物后，取L1－2脊髓及神经根，每组随机取1mm3脊髓前角组织和神经根，固定于2．5％戊二醛磷酸缓冲液中行透射电镜观察脊髓及神经根超微结构的改变。并采用原子吸收分光光度法测脊髓组织钙含量。结果：（1）C组脊髓组织钙离子含量明显高于A，B两组。（2）A，B两组电镜标本正常，神经膜完整，脊髓标本显示线粒体，内质网完整。C组神经膜分层，部分断裂，脊髓组织线粒体肿胀，部分空泡变性，内质网肿胀。结论：1％浓度的罗哌卡因用于蛛网膜下腔可以造成脊髓缺血损伤，所以诮地蛛网膜下腔还需谨慎。     

罗比卡因蛛网膜下隙阻滞用于剖宫产的量-效关系

目的　探讨罗比卡因在剖宫产蛛网膜下隙阻滞中的量 效关系。方法　 6 0例行择期剖宫产术的初产妇随机分为三组 ,分别接受 10、15、2 0mg的同容量 (3ml)、同比重 (1.0 2 2 ,37℃ )罗比卡因腰麻液 ,观察温度觉、痛觉及下肢运动阻滞的起效和持续时间、温度和痛觉的最高阻滞平面、腹肌松弛度、新生儿Apgar评分及脐动脉血血气、低血压、心动过缓及神经系统不良反应 (术后 4 8h内 )发生情况。结果　温痛觉及下肢运动阻滞时间随剂量增加而逐渐延长 (P <0 0 5 ) ;Ⅰ组Bromage评分明显低于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;腹肌松弛度Ⅱ、Ⅲ组优于Ⅰ组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;其余指标三组间无统计学差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;三组均未观察到明显神经系统不良反应。结论　 15mg罗比卡因重比重腰麻液应用于剖宫产蛛网膜下隙阻滞 ,可达较完善的临床效果 ,且较安全     

罗哌卡因与布比卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞的比较研究

罗哌卡因（Ｒｏｐｉｖａｃａｉｎｅ，Ｒｏｐ）是一种新型长效酰胺类局部麻醉药，心脏毒性低于布比卡因（Ｂｕｐｉｖａｃａｉｎｅ，Ｂｕｐ）［１］，多用于神经阻滞和硬膜外阻滞［２］，本文比较研究了０．７５％Ｒｏｐ与０．７５％Ｂｕｐ在蛛网膜下腔阻滞的起效、维持时间、麻醉最高平面等。资料与方法一般情况　２０例拟在蛛网膜下院阻滞下择期行下腹部及其以下手术的患者，ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级，其中男１１例，女９例。年龄２０～６３岁，体重５５～７０ｋｇ，身高１５３～１８Ｉｃｍ。随机分为２组，每组１０例。方法及观察指标　患者入手术室…     

老年经尿道前列腺切除术患者罗哌卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞的量效关系

罗哌卡因是一种新型的长效酰胺类局麻药,其中枢神经系统及心血管系统毒性较低,运动神经阻滞程度轻,术后恢复快,更适合于老年人麻醉[1]。罗哌卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞用于老年经尿道前列腺切除术(TURP)文献已有报道,但对其     

生理盐水硬膜外容量扩张对剖宫产蛛网膜下腔阻滞时0.75%罗哌卡因半数有效剂量的影响

目的探讨硬膜外注生理盐水10 ml进行硬膜外容量扩张(EVE)对剖宫产产妇0.75%罗哌卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞(简称腰麻)半数有效剂量(ED_(50))的影响。方法足月单胎初产妇60例,体重50～80 kg, ASAⅡ级,孕期37周。采用随机数字表法将产妇分为两组:EVE组(E组)和对照组(C组),每组30例。两组均在超声引导下行L_(3-4)间隙腰麻,蛛网膜下腔给予0.75%罗哌卡因后,E组硬膜外推注生理盐水10 ml, C组不给予任何液体。序贯法0.75%罗哌卡因初始剂量为10 mg,根据上一例产妇的镇痛效果,上调或下调下一例产妇所需罗哌卡因剂量,上调或下调的浓度梯度为1 mg。观察腰麻效果,采用Probit回归分析计算罗哌卡因的ED_(50)及ED_(95)。结果 C组0.75%罗哌卡因腰麻的ED_(50)为12.050 mg(95%CI 11.215～12.953 mg),ED_(95)为13.683 mg(95%CI 12.816～15.692 mg);E组0.75%罗哌卡因腰麻的ED_(50)为9.915 mg(95%CI 9.321～10.471 mg),ED_(95)为11.548 mg(95%CI 10.878～13.255 mg)。结论剖宫产产妇0.75%罗哌卡因腰麻的ED_(50)为12.050 mg(95%CI 11.215～12.953 mg),硬膜外生理盐水10 ml容量扩张能使其用量减少约17.7%。     

Comparative dose-response study of hyperbaric ropivacaine for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery in singleton versus twin pregnancies

Study objectiveIt is controversial whether local anesthetic dose requirement for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery differs between patients with singleton and patients with multiple gestation pregnancies. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the ED₅₀ and ED₉₀ for hyperbaric ropivacaine used for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery in patients with singleton pregnancies versus patients with twin pregnancies.DesignProspective, randomized, comparative dose-finding study.SettingOperating room, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine.Patients100 patients with singleton pregnancies (Group S) and 100 patients with twin pregnancies (Group T) presenting for scheduled cesarean delivery under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia were enrolled in the study.InterventionsPatients in Group S or Group T were randomly allocated to receive 9.5, 11, 12.5, 14 or 15.5 mg of hyperbaric ropivacaine intrathecally. A dose was considered effective when it achieved a bilateral sensory block level at the T6 dermatome or above within 10 min after intrathecal injection, there was no numerical rating scale (NRS) pain score ≥ 3 intraoperatively, and there was no requirement for epidural supplementation at any time during anesthesia and operation. Values for ED₅₀ and ED₉₀ for ropivacaine were determined using probit regression. The difference in ropivacaine dose requirement between patients with singleton pregnancies and patients with twin pregnancies was assessed by calculating relative median potency.MeasurementsSuccess rates for different intrathecal doses of ropivacaine, side effects and neonatal outcomes were recorded.Main resultsThe estimated (95% confidence interval) values for ED₅₀ and ED₉₀ of intrathecal ropivacaine in patients with singleton pregnancies were 11.2 (10.2 to 12.0) mg and 15.7 (14.4 to 18.3) mg, respectively. The values for ED₅₀ and ED₉₀ in patients with twin pregnancies were 10.5 (9.5 to 11.3) mg and 14.8 mg (13.6 to 17.0) mg, respectively. The estimate of relative median potency for ropivacaine between patients with singleton and twin pregnancies was 0.94 (95% confidence interval 0.83 to 1.04).ConclusionPatients with singleton and twin pregnancies have similar dose requirement for hyperbaric ropivacaine used for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery in the setting of combined spinal-epidural (CSE) anesthesia, no opioids, low weight cohort, insertion with the patients in the right lateral position, and norepinephrine boluses.     

剖宫产术患者左旋布比卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞的量效关系

目的 确定剖宫产术患者左旋布比卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞的量效关系.方法 择期剖宫产术患者印例,年龄25～35岁,体重60～90 kg,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为4组(n=15),于L3,4蛛网膜下腔穿刺成功后,分别注射左旋布比卡因7.5 mg(L1组)、10 mg(L2组)、12.5 mg(L3组)和15 mg(L4组),均用5%葡萄糖稀释至3 ml,注药时间30 s.采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评价切皮即刻患者疼痛程度,0分为无痛,10分为剧痛.VAS评分=0分为镇痛有效;VAS评分≥1分为镇痛无效,硬膜外追加1%利多卡因5～10 ml.采用Probit法计算50%和95%患者镇痛有效的左旋布比卡因剂量(ED50和ED95)及其95%可信区间.结果 左旋布比卡因的ED50及其95%可信区间为9.0(7.8～9.9)mg,ED95及其95%可信区间为13.2(11.6～17.6)mg.结论 剖宫产术患者左旋布比卡因蛛网膜下腔阻滞的ED50和ED95分别为9.0、13.2 mg.     

Combined spinal epidural anesthesia for emergency cesarean section

BACKGROUND: We performed a retrospective analysis to evaluate the usefulness of combined spinal epidural anesthesia (CSEA) in emergency cesarean section compared with conventional spinal anesthesia. METHODS: A retrospective chart analysis of patients who had undergone emergency cesarean section over a 7 year period was performed. We extracted at random 150 patients planned by spinal anesthesia, and 150 patients planned by separate-needle CSEA. Patient's data were gathered and analyzed according to the anesthetic technique used. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the two groups in age, weight, and BMI. Although the time to incision and the time to delivery were significantly faster in spinal anesthesia group than in CSEA group, there was no significant difference in Apgar score between the groups. Moreover, failure of anesthesia and post-dural puncture headache were higher in spinal group than in CSEA group. CONCLUSIONS: CSEA is useful as anesthesia for an emergency cesarean section.     

Hyperbaric bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia in cesarean section

The efficacy and safety of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine (Sensorcaine, Astra) was evaluated in 22 patients undergoing elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. The dose varied from 7.5 to 10 mg, (depending on the patient's height) which was significantly lower than previously reported. Patients were placed in head-down tilt immediately after subarachnoid injection. The mean spread of analgesia was to T3, which was reached in 10-15 min. Regression was complete in 258 +/- 16 min. Complete motor paralysis of lower extremities occurred in only two patients. Complete recovery of motor function in all patients was evident in less than 2.5 h. All infants were vigorous at birth and there were no serious maternal complications. The incidence of hypotension was 4.5%, the lowest reported as a consequence of spinal anesthesia in this group of patients. A technique involving the use of reduced doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine (0.5%) in conjunction with head-down tilt appears to be useful for spinal anesthesia for cesarean section.     

Paresthesia in various spinal anesthesia techniques for cesarean section

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of paresthesia with different spinal puncture techniques using a 27-gauge Whitacre needle. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Spinal puncture was performed in 224 elective cesarean sections using different techniques in this single-blind, prospective trial. Patients were randomized to 4 groups: group 1, combined epidural and subarachnoid puncture using an introducer needle; group 2, combined epidural and subarachnoid puncture without an introducer; group 3, subarachnoid puncture with an introducer; and group 4, subarachnoid puncture with an introducer to within a few millimeters of the dural sac, at which point the introducer was withdrawn. RESULTS: Paresthesia developed in 23, 11, 16 and 5 patients in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Various nerve roots were affected. In 2 and 11 cases the fourth and fifth lumbar nerve roots were affected; in 29 and 13 cases, the first and second sacral nerve roots were involved. In comparison with group 4, the risk of paresthesia was 7, 2.5 and 4 times greater in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Combined epidural-subarachnoid puncture leads to a higher incidence of paresthesia in comparison with simple spinal puncture, probably because the lumbar puncture is performed on a dural sac that has been previously deformed due to the "tent effect" caused by the epidural needle. Fewer cases of paresthesia occur when the subarachnoid puncture is slow and steady and the introducer needle is withdrawn millimeters before it reaches the dural sac.     

Accelerated idioventricular rhythm during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section

During cesarean section under regional anesthesia various anomalies of the electrocardiogram are reported such as bradycardia, supraventricular and ventricular premature beats, supraventricular paroxysmal tachicardia, S-T depression non-significant for myocardial ischemia and second degree atrioventricular block. We describe two cases of accelerated idioventricular rhythm in patients undergoing elective cesarean section with spinal anesthesia of which we have not found mention in the literature. This arrhythmia is not dangerous and does not usually evolve into ventricular fibrillation. During spinal anesthesia, however, it can exacerbate hypotension and, if misdiagnosed, a further administration of ephedrine can increase the duration of accelerated idioventricular rhythm. When necessary, for example in symptomatic hypotension or severe bradycardia, atropine is advised in order to inhibit vagal tone and increase the activity of the sino-atrial node, obtaining a pharmacological overdrive. This therapy is appropriate even if the frequency of the accelerated idioventricular rhythm is high.