Virtual cystoscopy: the evaluation of bladder lesions with computed tomographic virtual cystoscopy

Purpose

Our objective was to assess the accuracy of computed tomographic virtual cystoscopy (CTVC) in the detection of urinary bladder lesions.

Methods

Twenty-five patients were examined using CTVC. Bladder scanned using multislice CT at a slice thickness of 1 mm. The data were transferred to a workstation for interactive navigation using surface rendering. Findings obtained from CTVC were compared with results from conventional cystoscopy and with pathological findings.

Results

Thirty-eight lesions were identified. The smallest was 0.2 × 0.3 cm; the largest was 7 × 4.5 cm. Both CTVC and conventional cystoscopy were used. Conventional cystoscopy detected the same number of lesions that were detected by CTVC. On morphological examination, 26 of the lesions were polypoid, 7 were sessile and 5 were bladder wall-thickening. While one of the polypoid lesions was reported as an inverted papilloma, 2 of the 5 lesions that were identified as wall-thickening were malignant and 3 were benign. The sensitivity of using CTVC to identify neoplasias was 100%; the accuracy was 89%.

Conclusion

Although the definitive diagnosis of some suspected urinary bladder tumours is only possible with conventional cystoscopy and biopsy, CTVC is a minimally invasive technique which provides beneficial information about urinary bladder lesions.     

Fluorescence and white light cystoscopy for detection of carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder

ObjectivesTo understand the additional benefits of HAL compared with conventional cystoscopy at the patient level and to explore relationships of urine cytology and CIS.MethodsWe reanalyzed pooled data from 3 phase III studies comparing hexaminolevulinate (HAL, Hexvix) fluorescence cystoscopy with white light (WL) cystoscopy for detecting CIS.ResultsOf 551 patients, 174 had at least one CIS lesion detected by HAL, WL, or random biopsy. The CIS detection rate of HAL was 0.87 vs. 0.75 for WL (P = 0.006). By multivariate Poisson regression, female patients had fewer CIS lesions (P < 0.0001) while older patients (≥65) had a higher number of CIS lesions detected by HAL (P = 0.04). HAL was less likely to detect CIS in patients previously treated with chemotherapy or BCG (P = 0.01 and 0.03, respectively), after adjusting for age. CIS was unifocal in 44% and multifocal in 56%. Multifocal CIS was associated with positive cytology more frequently than unifocal (65% vs. 45%; P = 0.016) whereas a negative cytology was more frequently associated with unifocal CIS. Patients with positive urine cytology had twice as many CIS lesions detected by HAL as patients with negative urine cytology (P = 0.02).ConclusionsHAL cystoscopy had a higher CIS detection rate than WL cystoscopy. The average number of CIS lesions detected was associated with baseline clinical characteristics. Cytology was positive more frequently in multifocal CIS suggesting that HAL may be particularly useful in this setting to optimize detection of the extent of CIS.     

Computed tomographic evaluation of pear-shaped bladder

Computed tomography (CT) was used to distinguish between pelvic lipomatosis and idiopathic inferior vena caval thrombosis as a cause of a pear-shaped bladder seen on intravenous urography. The findings on CT were explicit in explaining the patient's clinical problem.     

Photodynamic cystoscopy for detection of bladder tumors.

The use of a photodynamic fluorescence marker for diagnosis of tumors is an intriguing concept to improve thoroughness of surgical tumor resection. Complete surgical resection of multifocal bladder tumors and flat lesions as carcinoma in situ is known to be difficult, and thus a source of recurrencies. We report on the recent experience with the intravesical application of the photosensitizer prodrug 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), which is a nontoxic physiological heme substrate. Initial results from fluorescence diagnosis using krypton laser light and recent results with a modified incoherent light source constantly showed a 25% increase in urothelial tumor detection compared with white light endoscopy. Because of the high sensitivity, the number of biopsies could be decreased constantly compared with routine random biopsies taken under white light endoscopy. The results show about 25% to 30% of cases with fluorescent lesions, which are histologically benign. 5-ALA is a promising tool for diagnosis of bladder cancer. The outcome of the initial study of 5-ALA in urology in Germany is positive and is continued by prospective multicenter clinical studies to prove the hypothesis of reduction of tumor recurrence with this method. 5-ALA-based fluorescence endoscopy is strongly recommended for further clinical testing.     

Efficacy of voided urinary cytology and ultrasonography compared to cystoscopy in the detection of urinary bladder cancer

Introduction

Painless hematuria is the presenting symptom in 85–90% of patients with bladder cancer.

Computed tomographic staging of anterior mediastinal neoplasms.

Sixty patients with anterior mediastinal neoplasms undergoing computed tomography before surgical exploration were entered in a prospective study to assess the value of computed tomography in the preoperative staging of anterior mediastinal tumours. Correct prediction of location, size, and tissue density was obtained in all 60 cases. Correct identification of the nature of the tumours was achieved by computed tomography in 37 of the 54 previously undiagnosed cases. Particular attention was given to the evaluation of the relation of the tumour to adjacent mediastinal structures, to predict the feasibility of radical surgical procedures. Overall sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in identifying resectability were 46%, 85%, and 64%, with positive and negative predictive indices of 78% and 58%. Capsulated or highly invasive lesions were clearly distinguished, and the presence or absence of infiltration of mediastinal vessels, pericardium, and chest wall was correctly recognised in most cases. It is suggested that the evaluation of anterior mediastinal neoplasms should include computed tomography because of its accuracy in predicting size, location, and tissue density of the neoplasm. Computed tomography may suggest, often with good reliability, the histological type of the tumour and its relation to contiguous mediastinal structures, thus contributing to the choice of the appropriate surgical approach or route for biopsy.     

静脉尿路造影辅助CT仿真内窥镜诊断膀胱肿瘤

目的　探讨IVU造影辅助CT仿真内窥镜 (CTVC)诊断膀胱肿瘤的临床价值。　方法　经IVU、CT仿真内窥镜检查 2 2例膀胱肿瘤病人 ,获得的图像信息与膀胱镜所见及手术结果比较分析。　结果　 2 2例病人经CTVC发现浅表乳头状瘤 18个 ,结节、团块乳头状瘤 11个 ,浸润性肿瘤1个。肿瘤直径最小 3.0mm。与膀胱镜检查及手术结果完全符合。根据CTVC图像结合断层CT扫描分析参照膀胱镜分型将膀胱肿瘤分为 3型 :(1)浅表乳头状瘤 ,(2 )结节、团块状乳头状瘤 ,(3)浸润性肿瘤。　结论　CTVC是一种新的无创检查方法 ,可以显示直径 >3.0mm突入膀胱的肿瘤和肿瘤表面特征、肿瘤与输尿管口及膀胱颈的关系、膀胱粘膜情况 ,对膀胱肿瘤诊断有较高的实用价值     

Diagnostic efficacy of fluorescence cystoscopy for detection of urothelial neoplasms.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A major problem diagnosing bladder cancer using conventional white-light cystoscopy is that flat and tiny papillary neoplasms can be overlooked. Fluorescence cystoscopy is based on the detection of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX)-induced fluorescence in urothelial neoplasms through the topical administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). The diagnostic efficacy of fluorescence cystoscopy in urothelial neoplasms was evaluated in this study. The focus of this investigation was to ascertain whether fluorescence cystoscopy could make a major contribution to staging and improving the choice of adjuvant therapy after transurethral resection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A series of 62 patients with suspected bladder cancer were investigated by fluorescence cystoscopy. An intravesical instillation of ALA was conducted 2 hours prior to fluorescence. A total of 274 tissue samples were obtained from the fluorescing and nonfluorescing areas of the bladder. RESULTS: The sensitivity and negative predictive value of fluorescence cystoscopy were 98.0% and 94.7%, respectively, but the specificity was low (42.9%). Among a total of 148 lesions of urothelial neoplasm, 58 foci (dysplasia in 5, carcinoma in situ in 19, stage Ta in 15, T1 in 15, above T2 in 4) that were invisible under white-light cystoscopy were detected by fluorescence cystoscopy. The final histopathologic status was changed in 45% of patients (28/62) according to this technique. Among these patients, eight (13%) needed additional therapy, including a radical cystectomy in one patient and intravesical therapy in 10. CONCLUSIONS: The ALA-based fluorescence cystoscopy technique is a safe and simple procedure that enhances the detection of flat and papillary urothelial neoplasms. Moreover, it will be able to provide useful information that will enable proper staging and appropriate further treatment.     

Computed tomography of gas-filled bladder Method of staging bladder neoplasms

Current methods of staging bladder carcinoma have many disadvantages. A new method of staging bladder tumors employing computed tomography (CT) of the gas filled bladder is presented. Representative cases are demonstrated. Direct visualization of the extent of the tumor and adjacent soft tissue structures is possible. CT scanning of the gas filled bladder is a promising new method for staging bladder tumors and following their response to therapy.     

螺旋CT仿真膀胱镜在膀胱肿瘤诊断中的应用

目的：探讨螺旋CT仿真膀胱镜（CTVC）在膀胱肿瘤诊断中的应用和临床价值。方法：使用GE Hispeed CT/i螺旋CT扫描机对38例可疑膀胱肿瘤患者行平扫，增强扫描后再延迟扫描（层厚3－5mm)，螺距1．5mm，重建率60．0％－66．6％，并利用GE AW3．1工作站Navigator软件生成仿真内窥镜影像。结果：CTVC检查的准确度为94．4％，特异度为99．9％，敏感度为96．0％，CTVC对病变形态的显示与纤维膀胱镜和标本具有良好的对应性，结论：CTVC是一种新的非侵袭检查手段，有一定的临床使用价值。     

Inflammatory pseudotumor of the urinary bladder diagnosed using 3D-CT cystoscopy

Inflammatory pseudotumor of the urinary bladder is a rare benign entity of the submucosal stroma that can easily be mistaken for a malignant neoplasm both clinically and histologically. We report a case of an inflammatory pseudotumor of the urinary bladder in which 3D-CT cystoscopy aided in the diagnosis. A 38-year-old man presented with persistent miction pain, penile pain, and dysuria despite symptomatic treatment at another hospital. Cystoscopic examination, MRI and 3D-CT cystoscopy revealed a 3.0 X 3.0 cm wide-based nonpapillary tumor located at the anterior dome of the urinary bladder. Transabdominal biopsy and transurethral resection were performed and the tumor was suspected to be transitional cell carcinoma. A partial cystectomy and urachus excision were then performed for suspected urachal tumor based upon the radiological examinations. Careful examination of the specimen revealed an inflammatory pseudotumor. We discuss 20 cases of inflammatory pseudotumor of the urinary bladder including ours.     

膀胱镜下膀胱肿瘤激光切除术与电切术的临床疗效对比研究

目的:探讨膀胱镜下膀胱肿瘤激光切除术与电切术的临床疗效及安全性。方法:选择2012年11月至2014年8月行膀胱肿瘤激光切除或电切术的163例患者,其中85例行激光切除术(激光组),电切组78例,对比分析两组手术时间、术中出血量、并发症发生率、术后导尿管留置时间、术后住院时间及随访情况。结果:163例均顺利完成手术,激光组与电切组手术时间[(24.2±2.4)min vs.(29.7±2.4)min]、术后留置导尿管时间[(2.83±0.96)d vs.(3.19±0.91)d]差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),激光组闭孔神经反射发生率低于电切组,术中出血量[(19.5±3.7)mL vs.(26.5±2.3)mL]低于电切组。两组患者术后均随访36个月,Kaplan-Meier生存曲线显示两组无瘤生存率差异无统计学意义(P=0.406),术后3年总体复发率差异无统计学意义。结论:与传统膀胱肿瘤电切术相比,激光切除的手术时间短,并发症发生率低,可作为膀胱镜下膀胱肿瘤切除术安全、可靠的替代术式,并且激光切除术可获取完整的术后病理组织,对于判断预后及后续治疗方案的制定具有重要作用。     

Up-regulation of glucosylceramide synthase in urinary bladder neoplasms

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationships between the clinicopathologic features and the expression of GCS in bladder cancer.Methods and materialsUsing immunohistochemistry and Western blotting method, 75 bladder cancer specimens were tested for expression of GCS. The correlation of GCS with clinicopathologic features of the patients was analyzed in combination with clinical data. Statistics analyses were done with SPSS 13.0 software, χ² test, Fisher's exact test, Kaplan-Meier method, Log-rank test.ResultsHigh and low level expression of GCS explored by immunohistochemistry were 61.3 (46/75) and 39.6 (29/75), respectively. The high expression group (n = 46) showed a significant correlation with high histologic grade (P = 0.021) and tended to show (P = 0.045) that up-expression of GCS was positive related to BNs with lymph node metastasis among the various clinicopathologic characteristics. The overall 5-year survival and disease-free survival rates were 39.5% and 18.4%, respectively. Mean overall survival time was 60.3 months for the low expression group and 45.1 months for the high expression group. Mean disease-free survival was 36.2 months for the low-expression group and 27.3 months for the high-expression group.ConclusionOur study suggested that up-regulation of GCS might make an aggressive choice of surgical therapy. A high expression of GCS seemed to be an indicator of poor prognosis.     

窄波成像电子膀胱软镜在膀胱肿瘤诊断中的应用价值

Objective To study the sensitivity and specifity for detection of bladder tumor by Narrow-band imaging flexible cystoscopy compared with WLI flexible systoscopy. Methods Between February 2009 and July 2009, NBI flexible cystoscopy and conventional WLI flexible cystoscopy with the same instrument (Olympus Exera Ⅱ endoscopy system) were both performed on 31 patients highly suspect of bladder neoplasm with same observed time and in a randomized sequenced paradigm. Every suspect mucosa lesion was biopsied in both NBI and WLI image to compare the diagnostic accuracy between them. Results Twenty-eight patients(90%) were pathologically bladder urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC). Of 28 patients 3 were Tis, 15 were Ta, 7 were T1, and 3 were T2. Twenty were low grade carcinom, 8 were high grade carcinoma and 16 had multiple tumors, 12 had a single tumor.Of 73 biopsied lesions, 61 were diagnosed UCC under WLI image with 84% sensitivity, while 80 of 91 diagnosed under NBI image with 88% sensitivity. WLI detected 23 patients with bladder UCC while NBI detected all 28 patients. NBI detected 19 additional UCC lesions in 15 of 28 patients, as compared with WLI(P＜0. 05). Conclusion NBI flexible cystoscopy can detect more bladder urothelial cell carcinoma than WLI flexible cystoscopy.     

窄波成像电子膀胱软镜在膀胱肿瘤诊断中的应用价值

Objective To study the sensitivity and specifity for detection of bladder tumor by Narrow-band imaging flexible cystoscopy compared with WLI flexible systoscopy. Methods Between February 2009 and July 2009, NBI flexible cystoscopy and conventional WLI flexible cystoscopy with the same instrument (Olympus Exera Ⅱ endoscopy system) were both performed on 31 patients highly suspect of bladder neoplasm with same observed time and in a randomized sequenced paradigm. Every suspect mucosa lesion was biopsied in both NBI and WLI image to compare the diagnostic accuracy between them. Results Twenty-eight patients(90%) were pathologically bladder urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC). Of 28 patients 3 were Tis, 15 were Ta, 7 were T1, and 3 were T2. Twenty were low grade carcinom, 8 were high grade carcinoma and 16 had multiple tumors, 12 had a single tumor.Of 73 biopsied lesions, 61 were diagnosed UCC under WLI image with 84% sensitivity, while 80 of 91 diagnosed under NBI image with 88% sensitivity. WLI detected 23 patients with bladder UCC while NBI detected all 28 patients. NBI detected 19 additional UCC lesions in 15 of 28 patients, as compared with WLI(P＜0. 05). Conclusion NBI flexible cystoscopy can detect more bladder urothelial cell carcinoma than WLI flexible cystoscopy.