中下段胆管癌的诊断和鉴别诊断

目的　探讨中下段胆管癌的诊断和鉴别诊断。方法　对 18例术前误诊为中下段胆管癌资料进行回顾性分析。结果　本组 9例经ERCP、6例MRCP、以及PTC、T管胆道造影、CT各 1例确定胆管狭窄部位。 16例经手术探查确定诊断 ,分别为 :胆总管损伤 3例 ,胆囊管与胆总管汇合点过低伴结石嵌顿 2例 ,胆囊癌转移灶 2例 ,胰腺癌 2例 ,胰腺结核 2例 ,慢性胰腺炎、胆总管结石、壶腹癌、十二指肠癌和腹腔结核各 1例 ;2例经随访治疗分别确定为腹腔结核和硬化性胆管炎。结论　单凭胆管狭窄的影像学资料难以将中下段胆管癌与许多病变相鉴别。应研究其术前和术中的诊断方法 ,提高诊断准确率 ,以便选择最适当的治疗方案     

磁共振胆胰管成像在决定胆源性胰腺炎胆道探查中的指导作用

目的　探讨胆源性胰腺炎中磁共振胆胰管成像 (MRCP)在决定胆道探查中的作用。方法　回顾性分析 1995～ 2 0 0 2年间两阶段胆源性胰腺炎行胆道探查的病例资料 :1995～ 1999年 46例无MRCP检查 ,术前B超提示胆囊结石、胆总管结石及胆管扩张 ;2 0 0 0～ 2 0 0 2年 3 0例术前经MRCP检查提示胆囊结石、胆总管结石及胆管扩张或胆总管下段狭窄。结果　第一阶段术中探查及术后T管造影显示无结石 ,无胆总管下段梗阻或十二指肠乳头狭窄 2 8例 (60 .9% ) ;第二阶段术中探查及术后T管造影显示无结石 ,无胆总管下段梗阻或十二指肠乳头狭窄 7例 (2 3 .3 % )。第二阶段经MRCP指导的胆道探查阴性率较第一阶段明显为低 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　胆源性胰腺炎应严格掌握胆道探查指征 ,术前MRCP检查可显著降低术中胆总管探查阴性率 ,MRCP有助于判断胆源性胰腺炎是否需行胆道探查。     

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先天性胆管扩张症亦称先天性胆管囊肿,其病因目前认为主要是胰胆管合流异常,是一种比较少见的临床疾病,典型临床表现为黄疸、腹痛、腹部包块,常伴有胆管炎、胰腺炎、癌变等并发症。超声诊断通常作为首选检查方法,磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)结合CT检查是目前最为常用的诊断和术前评估方法。囊肿彻底切除+肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术是目前最为推崇的手术方式,但对于肝内胆管的囊肿,目前认为肝移植可能是最终有效的选择。     

胆总管继发结石病人胆囊管形态的变化

目的 分析胆囊结石继发胆道结石病例胆囊管结构的特点,为腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆道探查术提供术式判断的指证.方法 回顾性分析108例腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆囊切除加胆管探查术病例的术前影像检查结果,同时结合术中胆囊管形态、直径和扩张的情况,分析胆囊管结构变化特点.结果 术前B超检查显示108例病人均有胆囊结石,胆总管扩张75例,胆囊管扩张21例,胆总管结石76例.磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)检查发现胆总管扩张81例,有明显结石图像的52例,胆囊管扩张36例,发现9例胆囊管异位走行.CT检查显示胆总管扩张45例,有明显结石影的42例,胆囊管扩张19例.胆囊管有明显扩张的病例中,胆囊管和胆总管之间的夹角多呈钝角(22/24例);此夹角呈锐角的病例胆囊管扩张的少(2/28).胆囊管扩张明显的病例胆囊管形态常短粗(24/24),胆囊管细长的病例中胆囊管扩张的少.结论 MRCP对胆囊管的形态和走行有明显的判断和指导作用.胆囊管和胆总管之间的夹角呈钝角,胆囊管短粗的病例,其胆囊管扩张明显.     

Association of extrahepatic bile duct duplication with pancreaticobiliary maljunction and congenital biliary dilatation in children: a case report and literature review

We herein report a case of cystic-type congenital biliary dilatation (CBD) in whom an extremely rare anomalous duplication of the common bile duct and pancreaticobiliary maljunction were diagnosed intraoperatively by meticulous surgical manipulations via conventional open surgery. By performing a dissection at the outer epicholedochal layer of the cyst, a thin cord-like structure shown to be the distal part of the common bile duct was identified. A further exploration revealed that the most distal (extra- and intrapancreatic) part of the common bile duct was duplicated, and each branch of the duct was connected to the main and accessory pancreatic ducts. The experience with our case and a literature review showed that extrahepatic bile duct duplication is generally associated with pancreaticobiliary maljunction and CBD. We conclude that an extremely careful exploration with delicate and meticulous surgical manipulation is essential to identify these morphological anomalies and prevent intraoperative and postoperative complications of CBD, such as pancreatic duct injury or pancreatitis.     

Triple cancer of gallbladder,common bile duct and papilla of Vater: Report of a case and review of literature

Introduction and importanceSynchronous malignancies of gallbladder and biliary tree are together rare entity whose pathogenesis is yet unknown. We report the case of a triple synchronous cancer of 3 distinct location: gallbladder, common bile duct (CBD) and papilla of Vater.Case presentationAn 84-years-old woman, was admitted to our Hospital with clinics features of obstructive jaundice.Dilatation of the biliary tree and CBD without evidence of gallstones was seen at US. CT scan confirmed distal CBD obstruction.An endo-US showed a nodule of the head of pancreas infiltrating the lower CBD.Finally, hepatic-MRI displayed a gallbladder malignancy with invasion of CBD.Preoperative staging showed 3 diagnostic suspicions: carcinoma of CBD on CT, pancreatic carcinoma on endo-US and malignancy of gallbladder on MRI.A cephalic duodenopancreatectomy and radical gallbladder resection was performed.Final pathology revealed 3 distinct location of moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas: Gallbladder, CBD and Vater's papilla.Microscopic examination didn't detect any direct continuity between the 3 tumors. Metastases were identified in the pancreaticoduodenal, peri-hepatic and peri-gastric lymph nodes.Clinical discussionLiterature displayed 22 cases of synchronous malignancies of gallbladder and CBD and 1 case of triple cancer with associated Vater's papilla carcinoma.In most of these cases, an association with an anomalous pancreatic-bile duct junction was reported.Although the real incidence remain unknown, it was reported to occur in 5–10% of CBD cancers.ConclusionSuspicion of such combination of cancer should be remembered, especially when preoperative investigations don't allow a precise localization of tumor in the biliary tree.     

肝外胆管梗阻性疾病的MRCP诊断价值

目的探讨磁共振胆胰管成像技术对肝外胆管梗阻性疾病的诊断价值。方法对52例经病理或随访证实的肝外胆管梗阻性疾病患者的MRCP资料进行回顾性分析,总结良恶性肝外胆管梗阻的不同MRCP表现。结果52例中,MRCP均能够准确测定胆管扩张程度和梗阻的水平,其中良性梗阻27例,MRCP主要表现为胆管均匀扩张及逐渐狭窄,肝外胆管较肝内胆管扩张明显,肝内胆管呈“枯树枝状”;恶性梗阻25例,MRCP主要表现为胆管截断,胆胰管扩张,出现“双管征”,肝内外胆管扩张一致。恶性梗阻患者的肝内外胆管扩张程度明显大于良性梗阻者。结论MRCP作为一种无创的影像检查方法,对肝外胆管梗阻性疾病的诊断具有较高准确性,     

Value of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in demonstrating major bile duct injuries following laparoscopic cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND: Conventionally, recognition of bile duct injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy largely relies on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC). However, these invasive procedures are not without risk. Preliminary experience with use of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) to identify these injuries is reported. METHODS: The medical records of five patients who had undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy and had suspected major bile duct injuries were reviewed. All five patients underwent MRCP, followed by conventional cholangiography: either ERCP or PTC, or both. The findings of MRCP and conventional cholangiography were compared. RESULTS: Four patients had proven bile duct injuries. The remaining patient had gallstones dislodged into the common bile duct (CBD) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, which presented as transient jaundice mimicking a bile duct injury. The MRCP images were of higher diagnostic value than conventional cholangiographic images in four patients with frank bile duct injury. For these patients, ERCP showed only the cut-off sign of the CBD, and PTC was needed to visualize the upper biliary system. MRCP, however, demonstrated the entire biliary system proximal and distal to the amputated or stenotic sites simultaneously. In the remaining patient with dislodged gallstones, the two techniques yielded similar diagnostic information. CONCLUSION: This preliminary study suggests that MRCP is an ideal diagnostic test whenever bile duct injury following laparoscopic cholecystectomy is suspected.     

The challenge of therapy for pancreatitis-related common bile duct stricture

: Opinions regarding the appropriate clinical management of pancreatitis-related common bile duct (CBD) stricture vary considerably. : Nineteen patients with chronic pancreatitis and proven stricture of their CBD were included in this study. Their mean duct diameter was 16 mm, bilirubin was 8.4 mg/dL, and alkaline phosphatase was 784 mlU/mL. : Five patients initially treated with endoscopic biliary stent placement are doing well at a mean follow-up of 7 months with only 1 patient requiring a biliary-enteric bypass. Four patients underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy and the other 10 patients underwent a biliary-enteric bypass. Mean bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase at 13 months after therapy were 0.9 mg/dL and 144 mlU/mL. : An endoscopically placed biliary stent will relieve obstruction due to the stricture for several months and allow the inflammatory process to follow its natural course. In patients with long-standing permanent biliary stricture, pancreatitis limited to the head of the pancreas, duodenal obstruction, or suspected pancreatic head carcinoma, pancreaticoduodenectomy is the operation of choice. Biliary-enteric bypass in association with gastric or pancreatic bypasses should be reserved for patients with severe inflammatory changes preventing a safe pancreaticoduodenectomy.     

儿童先天性胆管扩张症的诊断与治疗

目的:探讨儿童先天性胆管扩张症(CBD)的临床、病理、影像特点及治疗.方法:回顾性分析58例经影像学检查、手术和病理证实CBD患儿的临床资料.结果:58例均出现临床症状,主要表现为腹痛、黄疸、腹部肿块,部分患者合并发热、呕吐症状.CT(45例)、超声(40例)、MRCP(17例)检查均显示胆管扩张;11例MRCP诊断为胰胆管合流异常(PBM).57例成功进行术中胆道造影,影像和手术分型:Ⅰ型43例,其中囊状35例,8例表现为梭型或柱形;Ⅱ型2例;Ⅳ型13例;未发现Ⅲ型患者.58例患儿术后病理显示CBD囊壁纤维组织增生,囊肿壁内衬上皮部分或全部脱落,40例囊壁伴有炎症,39例慢性胆囊炎.53例行一次性囊肿切除肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,5例先行胆道外引流后二次肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,术后短期均无严重并发症发生.随访1～9年,患儿无胆道梗阻、胆管炎、肠梗阻和胆道肿瘤发生.结论:超声检查、术中造影、CT和MRCP均对儿童CBD诊断有一定价值;MRCP为CBD合并PBM首选诊断方法;儿童CBD的治疗应早期采用肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术.     

少见胆囊管变异一例分析

目的 探讨胆囊管变异对胆囊切除术前诊断及手术方案的影响.方法 回顾性分析四川大学华西医院肝脏血管外科近期收治的1例胆囊管变异病人的术前诊断及术中术后处理临床资料.结果 该例术前MRCP显示胆总管梭形扩张,怀疑胆总管内隔膜形成.经ERCP检查发现胆囊管细长,经肝总管后方在肝总管左侧与其并行低位汇合从而构成MRCP上胆总管异常改变.明确诊断后为避免胆道损伤采用开腹胆囊切除术.结论 胆囊管汇人位置、走形方向及形态变异较多,术前对于诊断有疑问的胆囊结石或非结石性胆囊炎病人联合应用MRCP及ERCP能显著提高胆囊管变异的诊断正确率.为避免胆道损伤,对于胆囊管变异者开腹胆囊切除优于腹腔镜胆囊切除术.     

Familial occurrence of congenital bile duct dilatation

The occurrence of congenital bile duct dilatation (CBD) in both a mother and her daughter was recently experienced at Niigata University Hospital and Niigata Shimin Hospital. Bile duct dilatation with anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal junction (AP-BDJ) was disclosed in both. Intrahepatic bile duct dilatation was only in the mother. Removal of dilated bile duct, cholecystectomy, and hepaticojejunostomy were performed in both. Fourteen cases of CBD from seven families were collected from literature and discussed.     

胆道癌栓与胆道结石的影象学特点分析

目的 探讨原发性肝癌或转移性肝癌所致的胆道癌栓与胆道结石在CT片、MRCP上的不同影象学特点。方法 60例患者均经ERCP检查证实为胆管结石或胆管癌栓,在此前提下,回顾性分析60例患者CT片、MRCP的影像学特点。结果男性36例,女性24例,胆管结石患者为40例（占66％）,胆管癌栓患者为20例（占34％）。CT检查对胆管癌栓的符合率82．4％,对胆管结石的符合率88．6％,MRCP检查在胆管癌栓的诊断符合率为94％,对胆管结石的诊断符合率为96％。综合ERCP,CT,MRCP的影像学检查所见,胆道癌栓表现为有局部胆管膨胀性扩张,肝内胆管多呈“软藤症样扩张”表现,对胆管的阻塞可以是不完全性的,造影剂可以部分通过,胆管壁也较光滑,这与胆管癌时管腔的完全阻塞及胆管壁僵硬变形有所不同;往往无胆道结石的病史,肿瘤标志物显著升高,肝内或其他部位可查见肿瘤。而胆道结石无局部胆管膨胀性扩张,肝内胆管多呈“枯树枝样扩张”,易有胆道完全梗阻,往往有胆道结石的病史,肿瘤标志物无或轻度升高,扩张的胆管在取石后往往恢复正常;肝内或其他部位往往无肿瘤存在。结论 胆道癌栓与胆道结石的判断是结合病史、ERCP、CT片、MRCP片的综合判断,ERCP对表现不典型病例不仅能对病变进行诊断,且可以进行针对性治疗。     

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??Rational option and evaluation of imaging assessment methods before cholecystectomy LIANG Ting-bo??LOU Jian-ying . Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery??the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Uninversity School of Medicine??Hangzhou 310003??China
Corresponding author??LIANG Ting-bo??E-mail??liangtingbo@zju.edu.cn
Abstract Cholecystectomy is one of the most commonly used abdominal surgical procedures. The difficulty level of cholecystectomy is different for each individual patient because of the high incidence of anatomically aberrant biliary ducts that tends to result in biliary duct injuries. Preoperative imaging assessment of gallbladder functions, anatomically aberrant biliary ducts, characteristics of gallbladder lesions, and its relationship with adjacent organs are critical modalities in order to avoid unnecessary gallbladder removals and disastrous complications. Ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance cholangio pancreatography (MRCP) are most commonly used tools for the preoperative evaluation of gallbladder diseases. Being an accurate, highly sensitive, noninvasive, repeatable and inexpensive modality in detecting gallstones and solid lesions, ultrasonography should be routinely performed before cholecystectomies. MRCP may be useful to evaluate common bile duct (CBD) stones and bile duct variations and reduce the event of biliary duct injuries and residual CBD stones. Contrast enhanced CT is indicated for gallbladder cancer staging and differential diagnosis of solid gallbladder lesions.     

胆囊切除术前影像学评估方法合理选择及评价

胆囊切除术是腹部外科最常见的手术之一,手术难易程度个体差异大,胆道变异发生率高,存在胆管损伤等潜在风险。如何在术前通过影像学检查正确地评估胆囊的功能、解剖和变异,胆囊病变部位、大小、性质以及和周围结构的关系等显得异常重要,以避免不必要的胆囊切除和手术并发症。超声、CT和磁共振胰胆管造影（MRCP）是最常用的胆囊切除术前影像检查方法,各有优劣。超声检查对胆囊结石和胆囊病变诊断正确性高,简便经济且可重复性强,为胆囊切除术前的必备检查项目。MRCP可排除胆管解剖变异和胆管结石等情况,减少术中胆管损伤和术后结石残余等并发症,可以作为胆囊切除术前的常规检查项目。增强CT主要用于胆囊占位性病变的鉴别诊断,尤其是胆囊癌的术前评估。     

Primary yolk sac tumor of the common bile duct

Yolk sac tumor (YST) is a germ cell neoplasm usually arising from the gonads. Extragonadal YST has been reported in the mediastinum, retroperitoneum, liver, and pelvis. Primary YST of the common bile duct (CBD) has not been previously reported. We describe an 11-month-old girl with a YST arising from the CBD who presented with obstructive jaundice. Imaging studies revealed an intraluminal CBD mass with intrahepatic biliary dilatation and extraluminal infiltration of the head of the pancreas. A complete resection was carried out, and postoperative chemotherapy with cisplatin, etoposide and bleomycin was administered.     

Surgical treatment for anomalous arrangement of the pancreaticobiliary duct with nondilatation of the common bile duct

Background/purpose

For anomalous arrangement of the pancreaticobiliary duct (AAPBD) with nondilatation of the common bile duct (CBD), the optimal surgical procedure remains controversial. The authors investigated which procedure would be most effective for AAPBD with nondilatation of the CBD.

Methods

The authors encountered 60 children with AAPBD in our institution between 1979 and 2002. Six of the 60 were classified as the nondilated type (CBD diameter; less than 8 mm), whereas the other 54 were classified as the dilated type (CBD diameter; more than 9 mm). Amylase levels in serum, CBD, and gallbladder were examined. Cellular activity of the resected gallbladder was examined for the incidence of hyperplasia and Ki-67 labeling index (Ki-67 LI).

Results

The amylase level in the nondilated type was elevated as in the dilated type. Epithelial hyperplasia of the gallbladder was present in 4 of the 6 with the nondilated type (67%). 10 of the 20 with the dilated type (50%), and none of the 6 controls (0%). The Ki-67 LI of the dilated type was significantly higher than that of control.

Conclusions

A free reflux of pancreatic juice into the biliary system was found regardless of dilatation, and cellular proliferative activity of the gallbladder mucosa was increased in both the nondilated and dilated type. Therefore, excision of the extrahepatic bile duct including cholecystectomy is recommended for AAPBD with nondilatation of the CBD.     

Prospective evaluation of a selective approach to cholangiography for suspected common bile duct stones

INTRODUCTION

Common bile duct (CBD) stones can cause serious morbidity or mortality, and evidence for them should be sought in all patients with symptomatic gallstones undergoing cholecystectomy. Routine intra-operative cholangiography (IOC) involves a large commitment of time and resources, so a policy of selective cholangiography was adopted. This study prospectively evaluated the policy of selective cholangiography for patients suspected of having choledocholithiasis, and aimed to identify the factors most likely to predict the presence of CBD stones positively.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Data from 501 consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for symptomatic gallstones, of whom 166 underwent IOC for suspected CBD stones, were prospectively collected. Suspicion of choledocholithiasis was based upon: (i) deranged liver function tests (past or present); (ii) history of jaundice (past or present) or acute pancreatitis; (iii) a dilated CBD or demonstration of CBD stones on imaging; or (iv) a combination of these factors. Patient demographics, intra-operative findings, complications and clinical outcomes were recorded.

RESULTS

Sixty-four cholangiograms were positive (39%). All indications for cholangiogram yielded positive results. Current jaundice yielded the highest positive predictive value (PPV; 86%). A dilated CBD on pre-operative imaging gave a PPV of 45% for CBD calculi; a history of pancreatitis produced a 26% PPV for CBD calculi. Patients with the presence of several factors suggestive of CBD stones yielded higher numbers of positive cholangiograms. Of the 64 patients having a laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE), four (6%) required endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for retained stones (94% successful surgical clearance of the common bile duct) and one (2%) for a bile leak. Of the 335 patients undergoing LC alone, three (0.9%) re-presented with a retained stone, requiring intervention. There were 12 (7%) requiring conversion to open operation.

CONCLUSIONS

A selective policy for intra-operative cholangiography yields acceptably high positive results. Pre-operatively, asymptomatic bile duct stones rarely present following LC; thus, routine imaging of the biliary tree for occult calculi can safely be avoided. Therefore, a rationing approach to the use of intra-operative imaging based on the pre-operative indicators presented in this paper, successfully identifies those patients with bile duct stones requiring exploration. Laparoscopic bile duct exploration, performed by an experienced laparoscopic surgeon, is a safe and effective method of clearing the bile duct of calculi, with minimal complications, avoiding the necessity for an additional intervention and prolonged hospital stay.     

胆道镜检查中发现胰管开口的临床意义

目的探讨胆道镜检查中发现胰管开口的临床意义。方法测量分析１６例病人的胆总管、胰管直径、胰管开口直径、胰胆管夹角、胰胆管共同通道长度，胆汁中淀粉酶含量。结果与结论胆道镜检查中能看到胰管开口的原因是这类病人的胰管较粗，胰胆管夹角较大，共同通道较长。本组１６例病人胆汁中淀粉酶含量有１４例高于２００温氏单位，可能存在胰胆返流，这与胆总管囊肿和胆管癌及胆管结石的形成可能有关。在给这类病人行胆道手术时，为防止胰胆返流，应尽可能将胆总管下段横断。     

Surgical treatment of congenital dilatation of the bile duct with special reference to late complications after total excisional operation

The surgical treatment of 100 cases with congenital dilatation of bile duct with special reference to late complications was analyzed. There were no deaths nor occurrences of malignancy. Among 91 patients who had undergone the standard operation, namely total excision of the dilated extrahepatic bile duct and reconstruction after Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy, there were one early complication (pancreatic juice leakage) and five late complications (four intrahepatic gallstones and one liver abscess). The cause of intrahepatic gallstone formation after a total excisional operation was attributed to the remaining intrahepatic bile duct dilatation and the stenosis located between the intrahepatic bile duct dilatation and the common hepatic duct. Accordingly, these results support the total excisional procedure for this condition; however, with regard to the cases associated with cystic dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts, completely free bile drainage from the dilated intrahepatic biliary system should be performed at the radical operation.