2019年全球黄热病疫情概况

正12019年疫情回顾2019年,全球黄热病病毒传播范围扩大,经常在流动性强、黄热病免疫力低下人群中出现。巴西、尼日利亚和乌干达发生了暴发疫情,非洲(马里)和美洲(委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国)也确诊了更多病例,显示了黄热病通过森林传播和向易感人群蔓延的持续风险。虽然以前报告过传播的地区仍然存在较高风险,但是黄热病病毒传播的动态难以预测。例如,最近巴西南部黄热病传播类似于20世纪40年代的疫情传播模式。同样,黄热病也曾转移传播到尼日利亚北部地区。在病毒呈地方性流行传播的森林环境中,未接种疫苗、     

安哥拉黄热病暴发疫情现况及蔓延危险分析

自从2006年暴发黄热病疫情以来,西非的黄热病防控取得了重要进展.1.05亿人已接种黄热病疫苗,自2015年以来,西非未报告黄热病疫情.但是,2015年12月安哥拉暴发了大规模的城市型黄热病疫情,引起了在中非和东非大规模接种疫苗的关注.2010年以前,大多数黄热病暴发疫情报告来自西非12个国家(贝宁、布基亚法索、喀麦隆、科特迪瓦、加纳、几内亚、利比里亚、马里、尼日利亚、塞内加尔、塞拉利昂和多哥).疫苗接种战略实施后,开展了大规模预防接种运动和常规免疫接种,该地区的黄热病病例数显著减少了.     

黄热病监测和暴发应对:2010年10月病例定义的修订

黄热病是一种由感染的蚊虫传播给人类的急性出血性病毒性疾病.感染后可发生从轻微到严重的症状.目前没有特异性抗病毒疗法,严重病例的病死率为20%～50%.通过高效的YF-17D疫苗接种可以预防黄热病.     

人间鼠疫(2002和2003年)

全球人间鼠疫的病例数年复一年地保持着稳定，同其它感染性病原体相比较，可以认为其是微弱的。尽管如此，人间鼠疫仍然是世界范围的一个公共卫生问题。向WHO报告的官方数字比实际的病例数低得多，有以下几个原因：某些疾病流行国不愿意公布病例，部分病例因临床表现的特异性不强和实验室确诊手段的时常短缺而未作诊断。     

1例黄热病疫苗引发的嗜内脏损害反应患者的护理

本文报告了1例罕见的黄热病疫苗引发的嗜内脏损害反应患者的抢救与护理.重点总结了休克期护理,肝功能损害的护理,癫痫发作的护理,心理护理及隔离方面的经验和体会.     

2010年浙江省湖州市疟疾疫情监测分析

目的 了解浙江省湖州市2004-2010年疟疾疫情特征,为今后制订防治策略提供依据。 方法 用描述性流行病学方法对疫情资料进行统计分析。 结果 2004-2010年确诊疟疾85例,年平均发病率为0.43/10万,各年发病率在1/10万以下,2007年发病率最高。疟疾病例主要集中在6-10月,主要分布在吴兴区、德清县和安吉县,发病人群构成以民工、农民和学生为主,中青年人群发病较多;病原学分型以间日疟为主,占94.67%(82/85),3例恶性疟均为外地输入;感染来源以输入性病例为多,占68.24%(58/85),输入性病例中,安徽籍病例占75.0%(42/56)。 结论 当前湖州市疟疾疫情处于较低水平,近几年发病呈明显下降趋势,且以输入性疟疾病例为主,因此在灭疟后期加强流动人口和劳务输出人口管理和监测,做好传染源控制和抗复发治疗,是防制疟疾的关键措施。     

Yellow fever vaccine: past,present and future

Background: Yellow fever is a re-emerging infectious disease, as vector control and routine immunisation have dwindled in endemic areas in the last few decades. There is a constant threat of outbreaks in the large susceptible non-immune population of the megacities in tropical countries with an ongoing virus life cycle in the rainforests. For this population and for travellers to endemic areas, vaccination is the only effective protective measure against the disease and the spread of the virus. Objective/methods: We discuss the history of yellow fever vaccine development, and focus on practical aspects of vaccine safety, contraindications for vaccination, and future vaccine developments. Results/conclusions: Vaccination with the live attenuated yellow fever-17D vaccine (YF-17D) induces low-grade viraemia in half of the vaccinees and elicits protective neutralising antibody levels in 99%. Reports of serious adverse events in the elderly and immunocompromised, and the inability to produce large quantities of yellow fever vaccine at short notice in combination with limited vaccine stockpiles highlight the need for further study of this highly effective and safe vaccine.     

Yellow fever vaccine: past, present and future

BACKGROUND: Yellow fever is a re-emerging infectious disease, as vector control and routine immunisation have dwindled in endemic areas in the last few decades. There is a constant threat of outbreaks in the large susceptible non-immune population of the megacities in tropical countries with an ongoing virus life cycle in the rainforests. For this population and for travellers to endemic areas, vaccination is the only effective protective measure against the disease and the spread of the virus. OBJECTIVE/METHods: We discuss the history of yellow fever vaccine development, and focus on practical aspects of vaccine safety, contraindications for vaccination, and future vaccine developments. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination with the live attenuated yellow fever-17D vaccine (YF-17D) induces low-grade viraemia in half of the vaccinees and elicits protective neutralising antibody levels in 99%. Reports of serious adverse events in the elderly and immunocompromised, and the inability to produce large quantities of yellow fever vaccine at short notice in combination with limited vaccine stockpiles highlight the need for further study of this highly effective and safe vaccine.