Tracheobronchial involvement with Crohn's disease.

We report the case of a young woman with Crohn's disease of the bowel who presented with a purulent tracheobronchitis and life-threatening upper airway obstruction. Fibreoptic bronchoscopy demonstrated severe tracheal and upper bronchial pseudotumours and stenosis. The role of recent discontinuation of corticosteroids, for quiescent inflammatory bowel disease, in the development of endobronchial disease and the dramatic response in airway patency after reintroduction of prednisolone in this rare complication of Crohn's disease are discussed.     

纤支镜和透视下放置支架治疗肿瘤性重度气道狭窄

目的观察纤支镜联合透视导向下放置镍钛记忆合金支架治疗晚期肿瘤导致的气道狭窄的疗效。方法选取6例因晚期肿瘤所致气管或支气管重度狭窄的患者,在纤支镜联合透视导向下放置镍钛记忆合金支架。结果6例患者置入支架后呼吸困难立即缓解,一般情况好转,收到立竿见影的效果。3～7d复查纤支镜支架无移位,管腔通畅。结论使用镍钛记忆合金支架治疗晚期肿瘤引起的气道狭窄的疗效可即刻缓解气道狭窄和改善患者生活质量,方法简单,易行,疗效可靠。     

Bacterial tracheobronchitis. A rare cause of adult airway stenosis

Bacterial tracheobronchitis is a rare cause of airway stenosis in adults. This report describes a 73-year-old woman with a recent history of polysialadenitis, who presented with severe airway obstruction due to infection and stenosis of tracheal and bronchial tissue. Tissue culture of the bronchial mucosa showed growth of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE). Sputum culture showed growth of MRSE, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae and Enterococcus faecalis ; the same organisms were cultured from the salivary glands. Tracheostomy and antibiotic therapy were effective in controlling the disease.     

婴儿先天性大血管疾病合并气道狭窄的研究

目的 探讨婴儿先天性大血管疾病合并气道狭窄的围手术期评估方法及治疗方案。方法 回顾性分析2005年10月至2009年6月广东省人民医院收治的经纤支镜及胸部螺旋计算机断层扫描检查确诊为气道狭窄的大血管疾病患儿的一般临床资料及临床记录,纤支镜、心脏超声及胸部螺旋计算机断层扫描检查结果。结果 研究期内收治＜1岁的婴儿大血管疾...     

支气管镜下高压球囊气道成形术的临床现状

气道为气体进出的通道,气道发生狭窄可导致一系列的临床症状。气道狭窄的病因很多,在西方发达国家,气道狭窄以气管一支气管肺癌、支气管袖式切除、肺移植、气管插管为主要原因,而在我国气管一支气管肺癌、气管结核、气管切开是导致气道狭窄的主要原因。随着介入性技术的不断发展,支气管镜下高压球囊扩张成形术已经成为治疗气道狭窄,特别是治疗良性气道狭窄的有效办法。本文对气道狭窄的病因及支气管镜下高压球囊扩张成形术治疗良性气道狭窄在临床的应用、适应证及疗效的评价进行如下综述。     

Incorporated home-made long endotracheal tube: a useful option for treating mucus plugging following silicone stenting

Stenting is an effective method of treating airway stenosis. However, airway obstruction due to mucus plugging is problematic. Treatment of this has mainly been conservative. This report describes a patient with complicated tracheal stenosis treated with silicone hood stent, who experienced repeated episodes of airway obstruction due to sputum accumulation. A novel method of sputum clearance and self-care, using a long endotracheal tube within the silicone stent, is described. This procedure resulted in a stable and patent airway, and the patient was discharged smoothly after the procedure. No further respiratory symptom occurred during the follow-up period.     

经支气管镜球囊扩张术治疗良性中心气道狭窄临床分析

目的探讨经支气管镜球囊扩张技术治疗良性中心气道狭窄的操作方法、安全性及有效性。 方法选择2014年6月至2018年6月达州市中心医院呼吸内科收治的良性中心气道狭窄患者67例,其中结核性狭窄61例,气管损伤性狭窄6例,对不同原因导致的气道良性狭窄患者进行球囊扩张治疗,并必要时联合其他介入治疗措施如冷冻治疗等。治疗结束后对气促评分、KPS评分、肺功能(FEV₁)、气管狭窄程度和并发症发生情况进行评价。 结果所有患者均在气管镜直视下进行球囊扩张治疗,同时进行冷冻治疗。67例患者中,共进行球囊扩张治疗324次。经过球囊扩张治疗后,短期观察狭窄段支气管均有内径增大,气促评分增加,症状缓解。对球囊扩张后气道扩宽的瘢痕狭窄患者随访观察,有18例气道扩宽后再次发生瘢痕挛缩,发生再次狭窄。所有患者中,扩张治疗出现胸痛12例,黏膜少许撕裂2例,无严重不良反应发生。 结论良性中心气道狭窄支气管球囊扩张治疗,近期疗效良好,远期疗效有待进一步评估。     

Silicone airway stent for treating benign tracheoesophageal fistula

We used a silicone tracheal stent successfully to seal a huge benign tracheoesophageal fistula and restore airway patency after treatment with double metallic stenting of the trachea and esophagus failed. The patient was weaned from the ventilator 16 days after the procedure and after 7 months of ventilatory support.     

良性气道狭窄的处理方法

良性气道狭窄种类繁多,当病变累及范围过大或患者心肺功能差时,不能通过外科手术方式解除梗阻.内镜技术的进展为气道阻塞性疾病患者提供了大量的姑息性甚至治愈的方法,包括球囊扩张、电灼烧、激光消融、氩等离子体凝固技术、冷冻、腔内放疗、光动力治疗、支架植入等.但是没有随机试验比较不同治疗方法的效果,本文主要介绍几种良性气道狭窄性疾病及其处理方法.     

气管支气管支架置入术治疗气管狭窄178例临床分析

目的探讨气管支气管支架置入术治疗气管狭窄的临床疗效。方法选择我院2001年9月至2011年9月治疗的178例气管狭窄患者,在对气道状况进行综合评估的基础上,采用气管支气管支架置入术进行治疗,并对治疗效果、并发症、死亡情况进行分析。结果共放置支架192个,裸支架120个,覆膜支架72个。支架的放置于气管支架103个,右主支气管48个,左主支气管41个。患者在治疗前的气促症状评级为3～4级,治疗后显著改善(P<0.05)。体力状况也得到了明显的恢复(P<0.05)。术后发生气道感染29例,10例患者因肿瘤扩散导致气管再次堵塞,呼吸困难症状加重,重新安装支架。随访观察6个月,死亡62人,死亡原因包括呼吸衰竭、肺部感染、大咯血等,存活率为65.2%(116/178)。大部分存活患者的纤维支气管镜复查结果显示,支架可较好的上皮化,未发生脱落。结论气管支气管支架置入术治疗气管狭窄安全有效,为气管狭窄的治疗提供了一个新的选择。     

40例主气道狭窄患者诊治体会

目的 探讨主气道狭窄患者的病因及选择适当的治疗方式.方法 收集吉林大学第二医院40例主气道狭窄患者的病因,并观察其选择不同治疗方式的效果.结果 40例主气道狭窄患者中,总气管肿物15例(37.5％),气管内膜结核11例(27.5％),气管插管及切开后9例(22 5％),气管黏膜炎症3例(7.5％),气管淀粉样变1例(2.5％),食管癌术后放疗1例(2.5％).在治疗方式的选择上,除外保守治疗(19例),选择气管切开9例,球囊扩张6例,T管置入5例,冷冻治疗7例,氩气刀治疗6例.接受气管切开、球囊扩张、T管置入、冷冻治疗及氩气刀治疗的患者呼吸困难等症状均得到明显减轻.结论 气管插管及切开造成主气道狭窄的发病率有所上升.患者通过气管切开可迅速缓解症状,联合介入技术及T管置入术已成为除外外科手术治疗的有效方式.     

复发性多软骨炎致气道严重狭窄一例并文献复习

目的 总结复发性多软骨炎(RP)的临床表现以及气道受累的特点和治疗策略,提高对该病的认识.方法 报道1例RP合并严重气管狭窄的临床特点、诊治经过,并对该病进行文献复习.结果 患者为33岁女性,以咳嗽、声嘶、气短起病,3个月后确诊RP,此时已经出现严重的气管狭窄.糖皮质激素和免疫抑制剂治疗有效.结论 RP出现呼吸道受累并不少见,部分患者为首发症状.临床上应高度重视RP气道受累的早期诊治.否则预后不良.     

Airway stenting for the treatment of laryngotracheal stenosis secondary to thyroid cancer

Background and objective:   Airway stenting can be a valuable therapeutic option for symptomatic airway stenosis, but its role in the palliation of advanced thyroid cancers invading the upper airway is unclear. This study examined the hypothesis that durable and replaceable silicone stents would give better results than self-expanding metallic stents.
Methods:   A retrospective analysis was conducted of consecutive patients stented for laryngotracheal obstruction due to thyroid cancer. Stenting was performed via a rigid bronchoscope when airway patency after dilatation was ≤50% of normal. Symptomatic improvement, Hugh-Jones (H-J) classification, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (PS), and complications were analysed.
Results:   There were 37 stenotic lesions treated in 35 patients. The most common sites for these lesions were in the inclusive area extending from the cricoid cartilage to the first tracheal ring (26/37 lesions, 70%). Forty-five stents (12 silicone, 20 metallic, 13 T-tubes) were used in 43 interventions. All patients showed immediate symptomatic relief and significant improvement in both PS and H-J classifications. Critical complications were supraglottic stenosis (5/43 interventions, 12%) and, of those same five cases, stent migration was seen in all but one (4/45 implantations, 9%). As these complications occurred only in patients in whom the silicone stents had been placed in close proximity to the cricoid cartilage (5/10 patients, 50%), this emphasizes the unsuitability of silicone stents in such cases. The median survival time from stenting was 8 months. The 1-year survival rate was 40%.
Conclusions:   Airway stenting can achieve significant palliation in patients with thyroid cancer and airway obstruction. The study showed that for the most common lesions, the uncovered Ultraflex stent is associated with fewer critical complications than the silicone stents.     

结核性气道狭窄中SIRT1对气管成纤维细胞增殖速度及分化的影响研究

目的 观察沉默信息调节因子1(silent information regulator 1,SIRT1)在结核性气道狭窄气道增生肉芽组织中的表达及对气管成纤维细胞增殖速度与分化的影响.方法 免疫组化染色检测气道增生肉芽组织与正常组织中SIRT1与肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-...     

Metal airway stent implantation in children: follow-up of seven children

Long segment malacia of the trachea or main stem bronchi in children is not always suitable for surgical correction; patients may therefore remain ventilator-dependent and/or experience severe obstructive crises. We treated 7 children (ages, 4 months to 9 years) with extreme structural central airway obstruction with stent implantations. Six were mechanically ventilated; 5 had frequent life-threatening obstructive spells requiring deep sedation or paralysis. Diagnoses were: syndrome-associated tracheobronchomalacia (n = 4), malignancy infiltrating the carina (n = 1), congenital tracheal stenosis (n = 1), and tracheobronchial compression by a malpositioned aorta (n = 1). Six tracheal and 13 bronchial stents were endoscopically placed. The prostheses included mesh titan (n = 5), the newer shape memory material nitinol (n = 13), and 1 Y-shaped carina stent. Follow-up was reported for 7 weeks to 72 months. All patients showed marked improvement of their respiratory obstruction. Six children were weaned at least temporarily from ventilation. No significant bleeding, stenosis, or perforation was observed. Seven stents were changed after up to 14 months. Three children are well and at home. In 2 children airway stabilization was successful, but they later died from causes unrelated to stent placement, and 2 children died due to generalized airway disease. Soft metal mesh airway stents can offer a therapeutic option in life-threatening inoperable obstruction of the trachea and main stem bronchi in children.     

Husten bei Colitis ulcerosa

A 34-year-old female patient with known ulcerative colitis presented with attacks of cough and chest tightness. Bronchoscopy revealed severe tracheobronchitis with airway stenosis. Histological examination verified ulcerative-purulent tracheobronchitis. Further extraintestinal manifestations were erythema nodosum and iron deficiency anemia. Treatment with steroids, mesalazine, azathioprine, and iron resulted in complete remission: 3?months after initial presentation tracheobronchitis, erythema nodosum, and iron deficiency anemia had abated, and the patient was nearly free of symptoms.     

声门下气管狭窄患者Montgomery T管植入术的麻醉管理

目的:探讨声门下气管狭窄患者行Montgomery T管植入术的麻醉管理。方法:回顾并分析20例因"声门下气管狭窄"行Montgomery T管植入术患者的一般情况、临床特征、麻醉方法、手术操作及术后恢复等资料。结果:狭窄原因:气管插管12例,颈部气管外伤4例,气管内外肿瘤等3例。狭窄程度:Myer-Cotton分级Ⅰ级1例,Ⅱ级3例,Ⅲ级9例,Ⅳ级7例;9例患者术前气管镜检查显示气管塌陷。所有病例术前行气管切开,术中经硬镜操作,采用全凭静脉麻醉,麻醉过程平稳,麻醉通气方式转换顺利。术后出现咳嗽(80%)、咽痛(45%)、发热(45%)、排痰困难(40%)、呼吸困难(25%)、感染(10%)、气道梗阻(5%)和误吸(5%)等并发症,经积极处理均可改善。结论:声门下气道狭窄行Montgomery T管植入术时,全凭静脉麻醉能够维持稳定的麻醉深度和循环;根据手术步骤转换气管切开管、T管、喉罩控制通气或高频通气可保证氧气供应;围术期密切沟通、积极处理术后并发症有利于手术安全和患者康复。     

A narrative review of progress in airway stents

Background and ObjectiveAirway stents, used to restore airway patency, are mostly utilized by patients with malignant airway strictures, and are occasionally used in a range of other airway related diseases, including conditions which result in benign stenosis, malacia, and fistula. There has been an increasing number of airway stents that are being developed thanks to improvements in interventional therapy. However, the method of promoting airway stents for clinical application remains undetermined. Herein, we describe the recent advances in airway stents by reviewing the published studies, providing the reference for clinical decision-making and further research on airway stents.MethodsRelevant articles between January 1964 and November 2021 were obtained from PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases. The terms “metallic”, “silicone”, “drug-eluting", “biodegradable”, “radioactive”, “three-dimensional (3D)”, and “stents” were searched in different combinations.Key Content and FindingsIn this review, we focus on the latest evidence in terms of the application of various stents with novel materials and designs including novel metallic, novel silicone, drug-eluting, biodegradable, radioactive, and 3D stents for airway stenosis. Despite reducing the well-known complications of all current commercially available stents, novel stents are still in their infancy without a long track record of utility and safety, and remain some limitations. There are more steps to be taken before such stents enter routine clinical practice.ConclusionsA combination of 3D-printing method and biodegradable material may present a promising avenue of solving the existing problems pertaining to “classic” stents and has potential to become the main trend in the future.     

Factors predicting outcome following airway stenting for post-tuberculosis tracheobronchial stenosis

Background and objective: Silicone airway stents are used to widen narrowed airways in patients with post‐tuberculosis tracheobronchial stenosis (PTTS). After mechanical stabilization, stents can be removed from the majority of patients leaving restored airway patency. However, in a significant minority re‐stenosis develops post‐sten removal thus necessitating surgical intervention or long‐term stenting. In this study, we sought to establish prognostic factors for successful airway intervention in PTTS. Methods: We retrospectively investigated 71 patients who underwent silicone stenting due to PTTS. After stenting, bronchoscopic toileting and/or repositioning was performed during follow up. At 6–12 months after clinical stabilization, stents were planned to be removed. Patients with patent airways were followed if no further intervention was required. If restenosis developed, patients underwent re‐stenting or operation. Clinical parameters were analysed to determine favourable prognostic factors. Results: Stents were successfully removed in 40 patients at a median 12.5 months after insertion. In 27 patients, stent re‐insertion was carried out and four patients underwent surgical management. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that successful stent removal was independently associated with atelectasis <1 month before bronchoscopic intervention, and absence of complete lobar atelectasis. Conclusions: Airway intervention, including silicone stenting, can be successful in patients with PTTS, when the intervention is performed within 1 month of atelectasis and before complete lobar atelectasis.     

207例气管切开/气管插管后良性气道狭窄的疗效分析

目的 分析良性气道狭窄气管切开/气管插管后发生再狭窄采用球囊导管扩张加冷冻等综合治疗措施的疗效及安全性.方法 回顾性分析2005年8月至2014年12月住煤炭总医院的207例良性气道再狭窄患者,其中气管插管83例,气管切开124例.采用球囊导管扩张、CO2冷冻等综合治疗方法.结果 83例气管插管置管时间为(12.7±1.3)d,拔管后(30.3±4.1)d发生再狭窄;124例气管切开患者分别为(100.0±23.8)d和(73.2±12.8)d.气管插管组累及气管1区(87.7％),气管切开组累及气管Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区分别为63.7％、44.4％.气管插管组以瘢痕为主(57.9％),而气管切开组发生瘢痕和肉芽肿的百分比相似.气管插管组的形态以圆形为主(57.9％),不规则形占10.5％,而气管切开组分别为29.8％和41.1％,还有6例(4.8％)完全闭塞.气管插管组的治疗次数为(8.7±1.0)次,治愈时间为(4.0±0.4)个月,治愈率为89.5％;气管切开组分别为(6.7±0.5)次、(4.7±0.4)个月和72.6％.硬质镜在气管切开组比气管插管组使用率高.冷冻在2组中使用频率最高,分别达56.9％和49.9％,球囊导管扩张在气管插管组使用率达47.2％.结论 气管镜介入治疗在气管切开/气管插管后再狭窄的治疗中可发挥重要作用,冷冻和球囊导管扩张治疗是2种重要的治疗方法.