九昧羌活丸中白芷的测定

目的:建立九味羌活丸中白芷的检测方法.方法:采用薄层色谱法检测白芷特征斑点;高效液相色谱法同时测定白芷中欧前胡素和异欧前胡素的含量.结果:薄层鉴别斑点清晰,重现性好.高效液相色谱欧前胡素的线性范围是0.064～0.80μg(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率为98.90%,RSD为1.52%(n=9);异欧前胡素的线...     

HPLC法测定防芷鼻炎片中欧前胡素、异欧前胡素的含量

目的建立HPLC法测定防芷鼻炎片中欧前胡素、异欧前胡素含量的方法。方法采用AgilentExtend-C18色谱柱,以乙腈-水(47∶53)为流动相;检测波长为248nm,流速为1.0mL.min-1。结果欧前胡素进样量在0.0508～0.4064μg内与峰面积具有良好的线性关系(r=1.0000);异欧前胡素进样量在0.03265～0.2612μg内与峰面积具有良好的线性关系(r=1.0000)。欧前胡素的平均回收率为96.89%,RSD=1.28%;异欧前胡素的平均回收率为96.83%,RSD=1.21%。结论本方法简便、快速、准确,可作为防芷鼻炎片的定量分析方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方三七胶囊中欧前胡素与异欧前胡素

目的：测定复方三七胶囊中欧前胡素与异欧前胡素含量的方法。方法采用反相高效液相色谱法,Agilent 5HC-C18（2）柱,乙腈-水（44∶56）为流动相,流速为1.0mL· min -1,检测波长为300nm,柱温为35℃。结果制剂中其它组分与主峰有效分离,欧前胡素与异欧前胡素分别在1.076~21.52μg · mL -1（ r =0.9999）和0.5289~10.58μg · mL -1（ r =0.9999）线性关系良好,平均加样回收率（ n =9）为99.73%和100.15%,RSD分别为0.98%和1.00%。结论方法简便、准确,适用于测定复方三七胶囊中欧前胡素与异欧前胡素含量。     

白芷饮片质量研究

目的:白芷饮片的质量研究。方法:建立薄层鉴别方法和HPLC法测定白芷中2种成分的含量。结果:TLC色谱能同时检出欧前胡素和异欧前胡素;HPIC法测定欧前胡素和异欧前胡素的线性范围分别为0.02495～0.22455μg和0.01521～0.13689μg,平均回收率分别为99.72%(RSD为1.59%,n=6),97.69%(RSD为2.06%,n=6)。结论:定性、定量方法简便、准确,重现性好,能有效控制白芷饮片的内在质量。     

高效液相色谱波长切换法同时测定清凉膏药中7种成分的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱波长切换法测定清凉膏药中氧化前胡素、欧前胡素、异欧前胡素、梓醇、毛蕊花糖苷、焦地黄苯乙醇苷B1、马替诺皂苷的含量。方法采用Dikma Diamonsil C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6 mm,5μm),柱温25℃;采用甲醇-乙腈(3∶1)与0.1%磷酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速0.9 mL·min~(-1);氧化前胡素、欧前胡素、异欧前胡素的检测波长为310 nm,梓醇的检测波长为210 nm,毛蕊花糖苷、焦地黄苯乙醇苷B1、马替诺皂苷的检测波长为330 nm。结果氧化前胡素、欧前胡素、异欧前胡素、梓醇、毛蕊花糖苷、焦地黄苯乙醇苷B1、马替诺皂苷的线性范围分别为2.17～43.40 mg·L~(-1)(r=0.9991),1.76～35.20 mg·L~(-1)(r=0.9998),0.88～17.60 mg·L~(-1)(r=0.9993),3.26～65.20mg·L~(-1)(r=0.9996),2.37～47.40 mg·L~(-1)(r=0.9999),1.19～23.80 mg·L~(-1)(r=0.9995),1.46～29.20 mg·L~(-1)(r=0.9994);平均加样回收率分别为98.3%(RSD=1.4%)、97.6%(RSD=1.1%)、97.0%(RSD=1.5%)、100.0%(RSD=0.69%)、99.2%(RSD=0.99%)、97.4%(RSD=1.0%)、98.4%(RSD=0.89%)。结论该方法操作便捷、重复性好,可用于清凉膏药的的定量分析和质量评价。     

HPLC法同时测定肿痛安胶囊中5种成分的含量

目的建立同时测定肿痛安胶囊中:天麻素、升麻素苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷、欧前胡素和异欧前胡素含量的HPLC法。方法色谱柱:Phenomenex Luna C_(18)柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流速:1.0mL·min~(-1);柱温:25℃;流动相:甲醇-水梯度洗脱;检测波长:230nm;进样量:5μL。结果天麻素质量浓度在12.46～199.30μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,r_1=0.999 5,平均回收率为101.2%,RSD值为1.6%(n=6);升麻素苷质量浓度在12.07～193.20μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,r_2=0.999 7,平均回收率为100.1%,RSD值为1.8%(n=6);5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷质量浓度在8.12～129.90μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,r_3=0.999 8,平均回收率为99.1%,RSD值为1.7%(n=6);欧前胡素质量浓度在12.52～200.40μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,r_4=0.999 6,平均回收率为98.6%,RSD值为1.4%(n=6);异欧前胡素质量浓度在12.65～202.40μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,r_5=0.999 6,平均回收率为99.0%,RSD值为0.7%(n=6)。结论该方法简单、准确,可同时测定5种成分的含量,可用于肿痛安胶囊的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定元胡止痛片中3种活性成分的含量

目的:建立以高效液相色谱法同时测定元胡止痛片中延胡索乙素、欧前胡素和异欧前胡素含量的方法。方法:色谱柱为Zorbax Extend-C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(三乙胺调pH6.5,梯度洗脱),流速为1mL·min-1,柱温为25℃。结果:延胡索乙素、欧前胡素、异欧前胡素的检测浓度分别在10.2～51.0、2.5～12.5、2.2～11.0μg·mL-1(均r=0.9999)范围内与各自峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系;三者加样回收率分别为97.89%、101.77%、99.04%,RSD分别为0.8%、1.4%、1.3%(均n=9)。结论:本方法简便、快速、准确,可用于元胡止痛片的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定追风舒经活血片中4种成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定追风舒经活血片中羌活醇、异欧前胡素、蛇床子素和二氢欧山芹醇当归酸酯含量的方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Hypersil C18(200 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.05%冰醋酸溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为0.8 ml/min,检测波长为310 nm(羌活醇和异欧前胡素)、330 nm(蛇床子素和二氢欧山芹醇当归酸酯)。结果:羌活醇、异欧前胡素、蛇床子素和二氢欧山芹醇当归酸酯的线性范围分别为0.027 8⁰.556 0μg(r=0.999 5)、0.018 40.556 0μg(r=0.999 5)、0.018 4⁰.368 0μg(r=0.999 4)、0.059 20.368 0μg(r=0.999 4)、0.059 2¹.184 0μg(r=0.999 8)、0.012 61.184 0μg(r=0.999 8)、0.012 6⁰.252 0μg(r=0.999 3);四者精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<1%;平均加样回收率分别为98.69%(RSD=0.86%,n=6)、96.92%(RSD=0.62%,n=6)、99.13%(RSD=0.95%,n=6)、97.79%(RSD=1.38%,n=6)。结论:该方法准确、灵敏、重复性好,可用于追风舒经活血片的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定复方补骨脂酊中3种成分的含量

目的 建立HPLC法测定复方补骨脂酊中补骨脂素、异补骨脂素和欧前胡素的含量.方法 色谱柱为Thermo Syncronis C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇,乙腈-0.7％磷酸梯度洗脱,流速1.0mL·min-1,检测波长为300nm,柱温35℃.结果 补骨脂素、异补骨脂素和欧前胡素分别在4.0157 ～200.7846μg(r=1.0000)、4.0280～201.4000μg(r=1.0000)、0.7936～39.6806μg(r=1.0000)范围内线性关系良好;平均回收率(n=6)分别为106.17％ (RSD =0.8％)、101.56％ (RSD=1.3％)、102.64％ (RSD=1.1％).结论 该法简单准确、重复性好,为复方补骨脂酊的质量控制提供了一种准确可靠的检测方法.     

HPLC-CAD法测定川芎茶调散中绿原酸、阿魏酸、阿魏酸松柏酯、洋川芎内酯A、Z-藁本内酯、欧前胡素和异欧前胡素

目的建立高效液相色谱-电喷雾检测器(HPLC-CAD)法同时测定川芎茶调散中绿原酸、阿魏酸、阿魏酸松柏酯、洋川芎内酯A、Z-藁本内酯、欧前胡素、异欧前胡素。方法采用资生堂Capcell Pak MGⅡC18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:80%甲醇-10 mmol/L甲酸铵,梯度洗脱;体积流量:1.0 m L/min;柱温:40℃;CAD雾化器温度:35℃,采集频率:10 Hz,过滤常数:5.0;进样体积:20μL;稀释剂:70%甲醇。结果绿原酸、阿魏酸、阿魏酸松柏酯、洋川芎内酯A、Z-藁本内酯、欧前胡素、异欧前胡素的质量浓度分别在0.51～10.20μg/m L(r=0.999 4),0.53～10.60μg/m L(r=0.999 3),2.52～50.40μg/m L(r=0.999 5),5.05～101.00μg/m L(r=0.999 4),5.01～100.20μg/m L(r=0.999 8),1.02～20.40μg/m L(r=0.9995)、0.62～12.40μg/m L(r=0.9993)线性关系良好;平均回收率分别为99.46%、98.65%、98.48%、98.74%、98.60%、98.69%、98.58%,RSD值分别为1.62%、0.87%、1.03%、1.20%、1.25%、0.69%、0.66%。结论方法准确、重复性好,为川芎茶调散的质量研究提供了更加全面的方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.