老年患者肺部感染病原菌及耐药性分析

目的：了解老年患者肺部感染的病原菌分布及其耐药性。方法：对182例老年肺部感染患者痰细菌及药敏试验进行分析。结果：共分离出细菌203株，其中G^-杆菌159株，占78．1％，主要为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌及铜绿假单胞菌等；G^-球菌44株，占21．9％，主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌及屎肠球菌等；真菌48株，主要为白色念球菌。药敏试验结果示不同病原菌对抗菌药物多重耐药率高，三种主要的G^-杆菌对头孢唑啉、哌拉西林、氨苄西林的耐药率均大于70％，尤其对氨苄西林的耐药率达96％～100％，肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌对三代头孢菌素的耐药率大于50％，铜绿假单胞菌对多种抗生素耐药，耐药率大于70％。G^＋球菌虽非老年患者肺部感染的主要致病菌，但耐药性表现突出。结论：老年患者肺部感染的病原菌以肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌为主，真菌感染已非少见。     

945株病原菌的药物敏感试验分析

目的：探讨株州地区近年来致病菌的耐药状况。方法：收集我院2002年1～12月，临床送检标本中培养分离的945株病原菌的药物敏感试验资料进行分析。结果：G^ 菌220株，占23．2％，对头孢唑啉、万古霉素等药敏感；对红霉素、阿齐霉素等药耐药率较高；G^-菌517株，占54．7％，对亚胺硫霉素，阿米卡星等药敏感，对哌拉西林、氨苄西林等药耐药率较高。真菌210株，占22.1％。结论：致病菌以G^-菌为主，G^ 菌明显下降；G^-菌对大环内酶类药物普遍耐药。     

糖尿病足缺血性溃疡的病原菌耐药性分析及控制策略

目的探讨糖尿病足缺血性溃疡的病原菌分布，耐药情况及控制策略。方法采用回顾性方法对完整的糖尿病足缺血性溃疡资料72例进行分析。结果72例细菌培养共检出细菌90株，其中革兰阴性杆菌（G^-杆菌）57株，占63．3％，革兰阳性球菌（G^＋球菌）23株，占25．6％，酵母样真菌10株，占11．1％。大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌是常见致病菌。绝大多数G^-杆菌对氨苄西林完全耐药，对哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、第三代头孢含酶抑制刑厦碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药性较低，铜绿假单胞菌耐药情况严峻。G^＋球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林／舒巴坦、苯唑西林、头孢唑林的耐药率均达到100％，对万古霉素的耐药率最低。肠球菌对多数抗生素耐药，已发现1株耐万古霉素的粪肠球菌。结论糖尿痛足溃疡以G^-杆菌感染居多，耐药情况严峻，强调应重视细菌培养厦抗生素敏感试验，合理使用抗生素，降低耐药率。     

1598株临床常见细菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的：了解临床常见细菌的分布及其对目前常用抗生素的耐药情况，使临床医生熟知病原菌的耐药水平及变迁规律。为临床合理选用抗生素提供参考依据。方法：对分离的1598株致病菌，采用Micro Scan auto SCAN-4型全自动细菌鉴定分析仪作细菌鉴定和药敏试验。结果：1598株细菌中，革兰氏阳性菌(G^ 菌)651株占40．8％，革兰氏阴性菌(G^-菌)947株占59．2％。在G^ 菌中，耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)107株占金黄色葡萄球菌的66．5％，凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌339株占葡萄球菌的67．9％，其中73．4％为凝固酶阴性耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRCNS)；在G^-中，检出产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌141株占G^-菌的14．9％，其中大肠埃希氏菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌产ESBLs的检出率分别为31．6％和22．9％。结论：细菌耐药性问题非常严重，多重耐药菌株占有较大比例。临床治疗细菌感染应依据药敏结果尽可能的选择敏感和窄谱的抗生素。     

ICU室呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌分析

目的：分析呼吸机相关性肺炎病原学构成及耐药情况，为临床治疗提供依据。方法：对我科ICU室收集的68例机械通气患者，其中34例发生下呼吸道感染的致病菌及药敏结果进行回顾性调查。结果：检出致病菌70株，其中革兰阴性细菌(G^-菌)占69％(48株)，革兰阳性细菌(G^ 菌)占18％(13株)，真菌占13％(9株)；前四位致病菌分别为铜绿假单胞菌(25株)，金黄色葡萄球菌(10株)、肺炎克雷白氏菌(8株)、白色念球菌(9株)。药敏结果显示这类菌株耐药现象严重。结论：机械通气并发相关肺炎感染病原菌以G^-菌为主，呈多重耐药，临床上应合理使用抗生素。     

湘雅医院2001年住院病人感染的细菌组成及耐药性分析

目的：分析我院2001年住院病人临床分离株革兰阴性茵的组成及耐药状况。方法：用MicroScan SA-4自动微生物鉴定及药敏测试系统进行细菌鉴定和药敏分析，并用该系统的计算机统计软件进行数据统计。结果：在革兰阴性(G^-)杆菌中分离率居前五位的是铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃稀氏菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌及阴沟肠杆菌，对G^-杆菌耐药率最低的抗生素是亚胺培南、舒普深，耐药率最高的抗生素是氨苄西林。在革兰阳性(G^ )球菌中分离率居前五位的是凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)、肠间链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌和微球菌，对G^ 球菌耐药率最低的抗生素是万古霉素，其次是亚胺培南，耐药率最高的抗生素是青霉素、阿齐霉素及红霉素。结论：铜绿假单胞茵、大肠埃稀杆菌是湘雅医院2001年临床住院病人中最常见的G^-杆菌，凝固酶阴性葡萄球茵、肠球菌及金黄色葡萄球菌是最常见G^ 球菌，亚胺培南和万古霉素分别是G^-杆菌和G^ 球菌的最佳选药．     

痰液常见病原菌培养及抗生素的合理使用

目的 了解临床分离的呼吸道常见病原菌对抗生素的耐药性状况，为临床合理用药提供依据。方法 肉汤稀释法测MIC，通过Sceptor数码分析系统完成鉴定和药敏实验。结果 在1260份痰标本中，培养出444株致病菌，其中G-杆菌160株，G^ 球菌196株，真菌88株。G^-杆菌以铜绿假单胞菌为主，占36．39／6；G^ 球菌以葡萄球菌为主，占71．4％；金葡萄球占总检出率的31．5％。由此推测下呼吸道感染以感染葡萄球菌为主。结论 抗生素敏感率下降，耐药现象较为严重，应该引起医药学界重视。     

泌尿系感染常见致病力群及其耐药性的变迁

目的 了解近3年泌尿系感染常见致病菌菌群变迁及耐药性变化。方法 将534例中段尿培养阳性者按年份分3组进行菌群分析，和对常用抗生素耐药性对比研究。结果 G^-菌所致泌尿系感染率为76.54%、69.90%和61.70%（P＜0.01），G^ 菌分别为16.05%、19.3%和25％（P＜0.05），真菌分别为7.41%，10.8%和13.3%（P＜0.05）。G^ 菌对常用抗生素的耐药率在20％－80％之间，且随年份而上升。G^-菌对丁胺卡那和头孢他啶，G^ 菌对万古霉素和呋喃妥因的敏感性较高。结论 G^ 菌及真菌感染有上升趋势。常用抗生素的敏感性下降，耐药现象严重，应引起临床医生高度重视。     

粤北二院10年检出病原菌分布及其耐药性分析

目的：粤北二院1990-1999年检出细菌的分布及对抗生素耐药情况进行分析，为临床抗感染治疗提供参考。方法：各科室送检的标本按常规进行细菌培养鉴定，K—B纸片法作药敏试验。结果：10年间共检出细菌2690株。革兰阳性菌(G^ )、革兰阴性菌(G^-)和真菌所占的比率分别为52.1％、45.7％和2.2％，其中凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)占24、5％，金黄色葡萄球菌为21.5％，肠球菌为5.4％；大肠埃希氏菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌和肠杆菌属占比率分别为18.2％、10.3％、7.8％和2.6％。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)占64．0％，且多重耐药性，而万古霉素无耐药性；G^-杆菌呈不同程度耐药。其中铜绿假单胞菌对卡那霉素、复方新诺明的耐药率最高，分别为90.5％和81.9％。结论:临床感染的主要病原菌为G^ 球菌且以CNS和金黄色葡萄球菌占绝对优势；G^-杆菌大多为大肠埃希氏菌，其次为肺炎克雷伯氏菌和铜绿假单胞菌；主要病原菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率较高。     

92例老年患者尿路感染致病菌及其耐药性分析

目的：研究老年人尿路感染临床分离菌的耐药情况。方法：采用纸片扩散法对1999年1月—2004年1月老年人尿路感染的92例患者致病菌及其耐药性进行临床观察、分析。结果：92例患者共培养出致病菌13种共100株,G^-杆菌中大肠埃希氏菌、克雷伯氏菌和变形杆菌对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松耐药率低于40％,对丁胺卡那霉素耐药率均低于40％,对阿莫西林-舒巴坦的耐药率均大于50％,G^＋球菌中葡萄球菌对于头孢噻肟钠耐药率不超过20％,大多数G^-杆菌和G’球菌对喹诺酮类的耐药率达到70％以上。结论：老年人尿路感染的细菌耐药性严重、应定期监钡4细菌的耐药趋势,以指导用药。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.