Graves病合并烟雾病4例临床及病因分析

目的探讨烟雾病(Moyamoya disease)合并Graves病的发病机制及二者之间的关系。方法对4例烟雾病合并Graves病的临床资料进行回顾性分析,记录烟雾病和Graves病的临床特点。结果Graves病合并烟雾病在女性更常见(本报道为100%);Graves病均先于烟雾病发病;随着甲状腺功能的改善,烟雾病的症状得到明显改善。结论Graves病作为脑血管病的一种诱因,在临床治疗上应该引起重视。     

1例朊蛋白病患者的护理

朊蛋白病是具有传染性的朊蛋白所致的散发性CNS变性疾病,具有传染性又缺乏核酸的致病因子引起.分人类朊蛋白病和动物朊蛋白病.人类软蛋白病分:CJD、Kuru病、GSS综合征、致死性家族性失眠症.动物朊蛋白病分:羊瘙痒病、传染性水貂脑病、麋鹿&骡鹿慢性消耗病、牛海绵状脑病.     

强迫症和强迫型人格障碍关系的研究进展

综述近年来关于强迫症和强迫型人格障碍共病的研究,包括共病率、共病对患者临床特征的影响及共病的临床意义。     

双相情感障碍共病其他精神障碍的研究进展

双相情感障碍可共病多种精神疾病,共病增加了临床症状的复杂性,是导致误诊、漏诊的一大因素,本文介绍双相情感障碍常见的几种共病疾病,从共病率、共病的可能机制、共病的相互影响三方面分别探讨目前的研究进展,帮助临床医师更新观念,及时识别共病的疾病,降低误诊率,早期给予患者规范的治疗。     

朊蛋白病百年历史回顾

人们首次认识并报道朊蛋白病可追溯至1922年克雅氏病的提出。一百年来, 从对临床症状的困惑到典型组织病理学改变的描述, 从提出"朊蛋白假说"到发现朊蛋白病相关基因, 人们对朊蛋白病的认识在不断加深, 朊蛋白病也逐渐成为一组少见的传染性致死性退行性脑病的总称, 主要包括克雅氏病及其变异型、Kuru病、Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker综合征、家族性致死性失眠等。本文现从克雅氏病的发现入手, 详述朊蛋白病特征性病理改变的发现、传染性的验证、朊蛋白及PRNP基因的发现, 以及朊蛋白病多种亚型的临床表现、病理改变、基因突变类型等, 拟通过回顾朊蛋白病的研究历史, 帮助临床同道更深入地了解该病诊断治疗的进展及困境。     

线粒体肌病伴脂质沉积

目的 :为了了解线粒体肌病与脂质累积性肌病的关系 ,我们观察了 2 9例线粒体肌病和 36例脂质累积性肌病的临床表现和肌肉病理改变 ,分析二者之间的异同和相互关系。方法 :应用组织学和组织化学方法 ,对 6 5线粒体肌病和脂质累积性肌病的肌肉活检标本进行观察。结果 :2 9例线粒体肌病或线粒体肌脑病肌肉活检中 ,12例伴有脂滴轻 -中度增多。 36例脂质累积性肌病中 ,绝大多数表现为单纯肌病 ,6例合并周围神经病 ,9例肌肉活检除脂滴大量堆积在纤维内以外 ,有不典型的 RRF。结论 :部分线粒体肌病和脂质累积性肌病的肌肉组织中可见线粒体异常和脂滴增多并存 ,说明线粒体异常会导致不同程度的脂肪代谢障碍。脂肪代谢障碍是导致肌肉无力的一个重要原因     

《抑郁障碍共病——理论与实践》出版

<正>东南大学附属中大医院心理精神科主任袁勇贵主任撰写的《抑郁障碍共病——理论与实践》一书近期已由东南大学出版社出版。该书重点介绍了抑郁障碍共病的系列研究(特别是焦虑和抑郁、抑郁和痴呆的共病问题),并对临床上近年来逐渐引起关注的抑郁障碍与ADHD共病、人格障碍共病、物质障碍共病进行了介绍。是国内第一部研究抑郁障碍共病的专著,既有全面、系统的临床现象学描述,又对共病的发病基础进行国内外最新研究进展和临床治疗的详细介绍;既保证了内容的全面     

《抑郁障碍共病——理论与实践》出版

<正>东南大学附属中大医院心理精神科主任袁勇贵主任撰写的《抑郁障碍共病——理论与实践》一书近期已由东南大学出版社出版。该书重点介绍了抑郁障碍共病的系列研究(特别是焦虑和抑郁、抑郁和痴呆的共病问题),并对临床上近年来逐渐引起关注的抑郁障碍与ADHD共病、人格障碍共病、物质障碍共病进行了介绍。是国内第一部研究抑郁障碍共病的专著,既有全面、系统的临床现象学描述,又对共病的发病基础进行国内外最新研究进展和临床治疗的详细介绍;既保证了内容的全面     

代谢性肌病的循证治疗

目的评价代谢性肌病之临床治疗方案及可能出现的药物不良反应,为其循证治疗制定最佳方案。方法以代谢性肌病（metabolic myopathy）、线粒体肌病（mitochondrial mypathv）、脂质沉积性肌病（lipid storage myopathy）、糖原贮积病（glycogen storage dieases）、内分泌性肌病（endocrine myopathy）、药物毒性肌病（drug toxicity myopathy）、治疗（treatment）等中英文词汇为检索词,检索美国国立医学图书馆（PubMed）、英国Cochrane图书馆、ClinicalKey数据库、国家科技图书文献中心等数据库中有关代谢性肌病（包括线粒体肌病、脂质沉积性肌病、糖原贮积病、内分泌性肌病、药物毒性肌病）治疗相关临床指南、系统评价、随机对照试验、临床对照试验、回顾性病例分析和病例观察研究,采用Jadad量表进行文献质量评价。结果经筛选共纳入28篇文献（临床指南6篇、系统评价5篇、随机对照试验10篇、临床对照试验7篇）,其中23篇为高质量文献（≥4分）、5篇为低质量文献（〈4分）。对其治疗原则、不同方法获得的疗效及安全性评价显示：（1）糖原贮积病主要采用α-葡糖苷酶替代治疗,同时进食高蛋白饮食,运动前服用少量果糖,逐渐减少患者体力活动。（2）脂质沉积性肌病可补充肉碱,运动前或运动时补充碳水化合物,日常低脂饮食。（3）线粒体肌病可予辅酶Q10、B族维生素、维生素K、维生素C等,适当的有氧运动结合力量训练可以更安全、有效地提高患者的运动耐受性。（4）内分泌性肌病需首先治疗原发病。（5）药物毒性肌病需停用致病药物。结论代谢性肌病多为遗传性疾病,其治疗的根本出路是基因治疗;内分泌性肌病和药物毒性肌病需治疗原发病或停用致病药物。鉴于此,需借助循证医学方法为代谢性肌病提供最佳临床证据。     

代谢性肌病的循证治疗

目的评价代谢性肌病之临床治疗方案及可能出现的药物不良反应,为其循证治疗制定最佳方案。方法以代谢性肌病(metabolic myopathy)、线粒体肌病(mitochondrial myopathy)、脂质沉积性肌病(lipid storage myopathy)、糖原贮积病(glycogen storage dieases)、内分泌性肌病(endocrinemyopathy)、药物毒性肌病(drug toxicity myopathy)、治疗(treatment)等中英文词汇为检索词,检索美国国立医学图书馆(PubMed)、英国Cochrane图书馆、ClinicalKey数据库、国家科技图书文献中心等数据库中有关代谢性肌病(包括线粒体肌病、脂质沉积性肌病、糖原贮积病、内分泌性肌病、药物毒性肌病)治疗相关临床指南、系统评价、随机对照试验、临床对照试验、回顾性病例分析和病例观察研究,采用Jadad量表进行文献质量评价。结果经筛选共纳入28篇文献(临床指南6篇、系统评价5篇、随机对照试验10篇、临床对照试验7篇),其中23篇为高质量文献(≥4分)、5篇为低质量文献(4分)。对其治疗原则、不同方法获得的疗效及安全性评价显示:(1)糖原贮积病主要采用α-葡糖苷酶替代治疗,同时进食高蛋白饮食,运动前服用少量果糖,逐渐减少患者体力活动。(2)脂质沉积性肌病可补充肉碱,运动前或运动时补充碳水化合物,日常低脂饮食。(3)线粒体肌病可予辅酶Q10、B族维生素、维生素K、维生素C等,适当的有氧运动结合力量训练可以更安全、有效地提高患者的运动耐受性。(4)内分泌性肌病需首先治疗原发病。(5)药物毒性肌病需停用致病药物。结论代谢性肌病多为遗传性疾病,其治疗的根本出路是基因治疗;内分泌性肌病和药物毒性肌病需治疗原发病或停用致病药物。鉴于此,需借助循证医学方法为代谢性肌病提供最佳临床证据。     

The neuroendocrinology of stress and the pathophysiology and therapy of depression and anxiety

Clinical and preclinical studies have gathered substantial evidence that stress response alterations play a major role in the development of major depression, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The stress response, the hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical (HPA) system and its modulation by corticotropin-releasing hormones (CRH),corticosteroids,and their receptors, and the roles of natriuretic peptides and neuroactive steroids are described. We review the role of the HPA system in major depression, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder and its possible relevance for treatment. Impaired glucocorticoid receptor function in major depression is associated with an excessive release of neurohormones such as CRH, to which a number of signs and symptoms characteristic of depression can be ascribed. In panic disorder, a role of central CRH in panic attacks has been suggested. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is causally involved in sodium lactate-induced panic attacks. Furthermore, preclinical and clinical data on its anxiolytic activity suggest that nonpeptidergic ANP receptor ligands may be potentially useful in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Post-traumatic stress disorder is characterized by a peripheral hyporesponsive HPA system and elevated CRH concentrations in the CSF. This dissociation is probably related to an increased risk of this disorder. We further review recent data that describe an important role of GABA(A)-receptor modulatory,3 alpha-reduced neuroactive steroids in major depression, anxiety, and its treatment. Antidepressants are effective in both depression and anxiety disorders and have major effects on the HPA system,especially on glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors. Normalization of HPA system abnormalities is a strong predictor of the clinical course, at least in major depression and panic disorder. Currently,CRH-R1 or glucocorticoid receptor antagonists and ANP receptor agonists are being studied and may provide future treatment options more closely related to the pathophysiology of these disorders.     

Polymorphisms of DRD4 and DRD3 and risk of avoidant and obsessive personality traits and disorders

We investigated whether polymorphisms of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) and polymorphisms of the dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) were associated with personality disorder symptomatology rather than with personality traits such as novelty seeking. DNA was obtained from 145 depressed patients in a clinical trial. These patients were assessed for the presence of personality disorder symptoms and disorders. The 2-repeat allele of the DRD4 exon III polymorphism was associated with increased rates of avoidant and obsessive personality disorder symptomatology. The T,T genotype of the DRD4 -521 C>T polymorphism was also associated with increased rates of avoidant and obsessive personality disorder symptomatology. The Gly9,Gly9 genotype of the DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism was associated with increased rates of obsessive personality disorder symptomatology. None of these three polymorphisms were associated with novelty seeking or other temperament traits on the Temperament and Character Inventory. Our results suggest that genetic polymorphisms of DRD4 and DRD3 may well be associated with personality traits, and that conflicting findings to date may arise from the problem of phenotype definition.     

沙盘游戏疗法在地中海贫血患儿心理干预中的应用

本文目的是对沙盘游戏疗法在地中海贫血患儿心理干预中的应用进行综述,以期为地中海贫血患儿的心理康复提供参考。地中海贫血是以珠蛋白生成障碍为主要特征的遗传性疾病,由于长期输血治疗,患儿存在较多的心理和行为问题。沙盘游戏疗法作为一种有效、实用的儿童心理治疗方法,对提高地中海贫血患儿的康复效果、改善生存质量有重要的临床意义。     

癫痫共病抑郁的机制及临床诊疗

本文目的是探讨癫痫共病抑郁的可能机制及临床诊疗。癫痫是一种常见的、慢性的、致残性的神经疾病,癫痫患者生活质量下降,存在明显的负性情绪,常伴发各种精神疾病。癫痫与抑郁具有共同的神经生物学基础,可能存在共同的发病机制。本文从癫痫共病抑郁的发病机制、临床诊断及治疗方面予以总结归纳。     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Seclusion and restraint and prediction of violence

The authors studied the use of seclusion and restraint on an inpatient unit in a state psychiatric hospital. Of 69 randomly selected inpatients, 51% experienced seclusion or restraint at least once. More psychotic than nonpsychotic patients required seclusion or restraint. However, neither psychosis/nonpsychosis nor voluntary/involuntary admission status predicted the likelihood of violent threats or actions. Patients experiencing seclusion and restraint showed a nonsignificant trend toward longer mean length of stay in the hospital. The frequency of patient behavior leading to seclusion or restraint appeared to be directly related to the stimulation caused by the presence of many staff members and other patients.     

Comparison of trigeminal and spinal modulation of pain and nociception

Modulation of pain and nociception by noxious counterstimulation, also called "diffuse noxious inhibitory controls" or DNIC-like effect, is often used in studies of pain disorders. It can be elicited in the trigeminal and spinal innervation areas, but no study has previously compared effects in both innervation areas. Therefore, we performed a study comparing DNIC-like effects on the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) and the nociceptive blink reflex as well as the respective pain sensations. In 50 healthy volunteers, the blink reflex elicited with a concentric electrode and the NFR were recorded before and after immersion of the contralateral hand in cold water. Responses were recorded as the subjective pain sensation and the reflex size. The cold water immersion of the contralateral hand elicited a reduction of both subjective pain sensation and reflex amplitude following the stimulation of both reflexes. However, there were no strong correlations between the individual reductions of both subjective pain sensation and reflex amplitude for both reflexes, and neither when results of the two reflexes were compared with each other. The dissociation between DNIC-like effects on pain and on nociception, which had been found previously already for the NFR, implies that both effects need to be studied separately.