重症肌无力患者sTNFRs的初步研究

目的探讨可溶性肿瘤坏死因子受体(sTNFRs)与重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)的关系。方法应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测76例不同临床类型的MG患者(MG组)和48名健康对照者(NC组)血清sT-NFRs水平,同时检测MG患者血清中乙酰胆碱受体抗体(AchRab)水平。并对MG患者病情按徐氏评分法进行量化。结果 (1)MG患者血清sTNFRs水平明显高于NC组(P0.01,及P0.05);其中病程1年组患者sTNFR1水平明显高于病程6个月组(P0.05);(2)绝对许氏评分≥31分者sTNFRs水平明显高于评分≤15分患者(P0.01,及P0.05)。结论 sTNFRs参与了MG的免疫发病过程,血清sTNFRs水平可反映MG患者的病情。     

重症肌无力患者血清sICAM-1、IL-18及IFN-γ水平的监测

目的探讨可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1(sICAM-1)、白细胞介素-18(IL-18)及干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)与重症肌无力(MG)的关系.方法应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法动态监测45例不同类型的MG患者(MG组)和25名健康者(NC组)血清sICAM-1、IL-18及IFN-γ水平,并对MG患者病情按许贤豪评分法进行量化.结果MG患者血清sICAM-1及IL-18水平均明显高于NC组(P＜0.01),经皮质类固醇治疗后两者水平均明显下降(P＜0.01);MG组和NC组血清均未检测到IFN-γ;病程＜6个月组患者sICAM-1水平明显高于病程＞1年组(P＜0.01);MG患者血清IL-18水平与许贤豪绝对评分呈明显正相关(r=0.767)且具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论血清sICAM-1及IL-18水平可望成为观察MG患者疾病活动性、病情和免疫疗效有一定意义的参数.     

急性Guillain-Barre综合征患者血清sIL-2R和sIL-6R水平的测定

目的探讨可溶性白细胞介素2受体(sIL-2R)和可溶性白细胞介素6受体(sIL-6R)在急性Guillain-Barre综合征(GBS)发病中的作用.方法采用ELISA方法测定32例GBS患者和30名正常对照者血清sIL-2R及sIL-6R 水平. 结果 GBS患者血清sIL-2R和sIL-6R水平明显高于正常对照组(P<0.01,P<0.05),重型和极重型患者明显高于轻型及中型患者(P<0.01,P<0.05),且随着病情的好转,两种受体水平也逐渐下降,与治疗前比明显下降(均P<0.05).结论 sIL-2R和sIL-6R水平的高低可作为判断GBS病情变化的指标之一.     

抑郁症首次发病维吾尔族、汉族患者血清白介素-2、6及其可溶性受体水平的对照研究

目的:探讨抑郁症首次发病的维吾尔族(维族)、汉族患者血清白介素(IL)-2、IL-6及其可溶性受体(sIL-2R、sIL-6R)水平的变化。方法:对117例首次发病的抑郁症患者(抑郁症组,维族亚组57例,汉族亚组60例)给予文拉法辛治疗4周。治疗前后采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)-17项评定病情,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清IL-2、IL-6及sIL-2R、sIL-6R水平;并与性别、年龄相匹配的正常对照组(维族、汉族各55例)比较。结果:抑郁症维族及汉族亚组HAMD评分治疗后较治疗前显著下降(P均0.01),两亚组间差异无统计学意义。抑郁症组治疗前血清IL-2、IL-6及sIL-2R、sIL-6R水平明显高于正常对照组(P均0.01),且IL-2、sIL-6R水平在维族与汉族亚组间差异有统计学意义(P均0.01);治疗后血清IL-2、IL-6及sIL-2R、sIL-6R水平较治疗前明显下降(P均0.01)。结论:维族和汉族抑郁症患者均有免疫失调;文拉法辛治疗能改善抑郁症病情及免疫失调。     

急性脑血管病患者血清NO、sIL—2R含量变化及临床意义

目的：探讨急性脑血管病（ACVD）患者血清中一氧化氮（NO）和可溶性白细胞介素2受体（sIL-2R)水平的动态变化及临床意义。方法：NO采用分光光度比色法测定；sIL-2R采用ELISA双抗体夹心法测定。结果：急性脑血管病患者急性期血清NO和sIL-2R均显著高于正常对照组（P＜0.01)，并且依神经功能缺损积分重型组明显高于轻型组（P＜0.05)；两周后复查，好转组NO较急性期显著下降，接近正常对照组（P＞0.05)，而sIL-2R较急性期下降，但仍高于正常对照组（0.05＞P＞0.01)。结论：NO参与了脑缺血再灌注的损伤过程；急性脑血管病患者存在着免疫激活，检测NO和sIL-2R对判断ACVD病情、推测预后有重要临床价值。     

急性脑梗死患者血清脂蛋白(a)、超敏C反应蛋白水平的改变及其临床意义

目的 探讨急性脑梗死(ACI)患者血清脂蛋白(a)[Lp(a)]和超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平的改变及其临床意义.方法 采用免疫比浊法和免疫散射比浊法检测101例ACI患者、40名正常对照者(NC组)的血清Lp(a)和hs-CRP水平.对ACI患者进行美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NISSH)评分；比较不同NIHSS评分患者的血清Lp(a)和hs-CRP水平.对ACI患者的血清Lp(a)与hs-CRP水平相关性进行分析.结果 ACI组血清Lp(a)和hs-CRP水平均明显高于NC组(均P＜0.05).ACI组NIHSS评分＜5分、5～15分和＞15分3个亚组之间血清Lp(a)、hs-CRP水平的差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05)；NIHSS评分越高的亚组,其血清Lp(a)、hs-CRP水平越高.血清Lp(a)与hs-CRP水平之间呈正相关(r=0.457,P＜0.05).结论 ACI患者的血清LP(a)和hs-CRP水平明显增高.并且Lp(a)和hs-CRP在ACI发病中可能有相互协同作用.     

重症肌无力患者外周血单个核细胞凋亡调控基因Bcl-2 mRNA的表达及意义

目的探讨重症肌无力(MG)患者外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)凋亡调控基因Bcl-2mRNA表达水平与MG的关系。方法应用RT-PCR半定量方法检测45例MG患者(MG组)和30名健康对照组(NC组)PBMCBcl-2mRNA表达的相对含量,对MG患者病情按许贤豪绝对及相对评分法进行量化,激素治疗4周后测定Bcl-2mRNA表达水平。结果(1)MG患者PBMCBcl-2mRNA表达相对含量[(0.513±0.038)%]明显高于NC组[(0.371±0.045)%](P<0.05)。(2)病情以许贤豪绝对及相对标准评分为:轻、中、重及极重组,其PBMCBcl-2mRNA的相对含量分别为(0.466±0.047)%、(0.557±0.029)%、(0.561±0.052)%和(0.637±0.041)%,后3者明显高于轻度组患者(均P<0.05);Bcl-2mRNA的相对含量与其MG患者病情绝对评分呈明显正相关(r=0.767),且具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。(3)激素治疗后各组Bcl-2mRNA表达相对含量分别为(0.256±0.033)%、(0.475±0.045)%、(0.487±0.027)%和(0.481±0.051)%,与治疗前比较均明显降低(P<0.01);治疗后各组病情评分分别为4.29±1.70、20.12±10.79、27.29±11.50和32.20±16.80,均明显下降(P<0.01)。结论肾上腺皮质激素治疗后,MG患者随病情好转,伴PBMC的Bcl-2mRNA升高,提示:检测PBMC的Bcl-2mRNA有可能作为反映MG患者病情及免疫疗效的参数。     

血清乙酰胆碱受体抗体阳性的全身型重症肌无力患者血浆补体活化产物水平及其临床意义

目的研究重症肌无力(MG)患者血浆补体活化产物C3a、C5a和s C5b-9的水平及免疫治疗前、后的变化,并分析其临床意义。方法收集40例乙酰胆碱受体(ACh R)抗体阳性的全身型MG患者(MG组)免疫治疗前、后及40例健康体检者(对照组)的血浆标本,采用ELISA方法检测C3a、C5a和s C5b-9的浓度,比较组间差异,并分析其与MG患者QMG评分、MMT评分及ACh R抗体水平的相关性。结果 MG组血浆C3a和s C5b-9的浓度均高于对照组(P0.01);经免疫治疗后,MG组血浆C3a、C5a和s C5b-9浓度均降低;血浆C3a浓度与QMG评分(r=0.57,P0.01)、MMT评分(r=0.38,P=0.03)均呈正相关;而C3a、C5a和s C5b-9浓度与ACh R抗体水平均无明显相关。结论 MG患者血浆补体活化产物水平高于正常人群,经免疫治疗后可显著降低,C3a水平增高与病情严重程度相关,可能成为判断病情的亚临床指标。     

急性脑梗死患者血清脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2水平的改变及其与病情的关系

目的 研究急性脑梗死(ACI)患者血清脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2(LP-PLA2)水平的改变及其与病情的关系.方法 91例ACI患者按照美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分分为轻型ACI组(NIHSS评分＜4分)、中型ACI组(4～15分)、重型ACI组(＞15分).应用酶联免疫吸附法测定ACI患者及31名正常对照者的血清LP-PLA2水平.ACI患者NIHSS评分与血清LP-PLA2水平的关系用Spearman相关分析.结果 ACI组的血清LP-PLA2水平显著高于正常对照组(P＜0.01);重型ACI亚组血清LP-PLA2水平又显著高于中型ACI亚组和轻型ACI亚组(均P＜0.01).经Spearman相关分析,ACI患者的NIHSS评分与血清LP-PLA2水平呈正相关(r=0.485,P＜0.001).结论 ACI患者的血清LP-PLA2水平显著升高,病情越重者升高越明显.     

血清血管生成素1水平与急性脑梗死发病、病情严重程度及90 d预后的关系

目的探讨血清血管生成素1(Ang-1)水平与急性脑梗死发病、病情严重程度及90 d预后的关系。方法对132例急性脑梗死患者(病例组)及108名健康体检者(对照组)进行血清Ang-1水平检测,同时采集相关的临床资料。病例组入院时进行NIHSS评分,将NIHSS评分5分者定义为病情轻度组,5~15分为病情中度组,≥16分为病情重度组。病例组90 d后随访行mRS评分,将mRS评分≤2分者定义为预后良好组,2分者定义为预后不良组。结果病例组吸烟史、高血压病、糖尿病、心房纤颤的比例明显高于对照组,血清Ang-1水平明显低于对照组(均P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,糖尿病及血清Ang-1水平均与急性脑梗死的发病密切相关(均P0.01)。病情轻度组患者血清Ang-1水平[(1.12±0.35)ng/ml]与病情中度组[(0.96±0.39)ng/ml]、病情重度组[(0.76±0.49)ng/ml]比较,差异有统计学意义(P=0.003)。进一步分析显示,急性脑梗死患者病情严重程度与血清Ang-1水平呈负相关(r=-0.267,P=0.002)。预后不良组患者的入院时NIHSS评分、高血压病、糖尿病、心房纤颤的比例均明显高于预后良好组,而血清Ang-1水平明显低于预后良好组显著降低(均P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,入院时NIHSS评分及血清Ang-1水平均与急性脑梗死患者90 d预后密切相关(均P0.01)。结论急性脑梗死患者的血清Ang-1水平较低,且血清Ang-1水平与急性脑梗死的发病、病情严重程度及90 d预后均密切相关。     

视频脑电图在小儿癫痫诊断中的应用

目的评价视频脑电图(video-EEG)在小儿癫诊断中的应用价值。方法对126例具有发作性症状的患儿进行连续8h的包括清醒、睡眠、诱发试验及必要的认知测验的视频脑电图监测。结果经发作期视频脑电图证实,39例初诊为癫性发作的患儿中14例(35%)为非癫性发作;15例其他症状发作中13例(86%)为非癫性发作。64例样放电患儿中51例(80%)确定发作类型,22例(34%)确定癫类型。视频脑电图可发现短暂轻微的癫发作及样放电引起的一过性认知损伤。结论视频脑电图在排除非癫性发作、确定癫性发作的类型、评价脑电-临床关系方面可提供准确可靠的证据,进一步提高癫的临床诊断水平。     

Role of glutathione in repair of free radical damage in hippocampus in vitro.

Depletion of glutathione (GSH), an intrinsic antioxidant, increases vulnerability to free radical damage in a number of cell systems. This study investigates the role of GSH in limiting electrophysiological damage and/or recovery from free radical exposure in slices of guinea pig hippocampus. Synaptic potentials (PSPs) and population spikes (PSs) were recorded from field CA1. Free radicals were generated from 0.006% peroxide through the Fenton reaction. Analysis of the input-output curves showed that peroxide treatment decreased PSPs and impaired ability of the PSPs to generate PSs as previously reported. Recovery was nearly total within a half hour. Treatment with 5 mM buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) for 2 h depleted hippocampal GSH to 79.2% of control values. The extent of free radical damage was not increased. Recovery, however, was only partial. GSH was further depleted by oxidation with diamide or covalent bonding with dimethyl fumarate (DMF) immediately before and during the peroxide treatment. Neither diamide nor DMF treatment in BSO-incubated tissue enhanced peroxide-induced electrophysiological deficits. Following these treatments, however, tissue showed little recovery from free radical damage. We conclude that glutathione is essential for repair processes in hippocampal neurons exposed to oxidative damage.     

Neuroprotective properties of memantine in different in vitro and in vivo models of excitotoxicity

The pathogenesis of stroke, trauma and chronic degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), has been linked to excitotoxic processes due to inappropriate stimulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R). Attempts to use potent competitive NMDA-R antagonists as neuroprotectants have shown serious side-effects in patients. As an alternative approach, we were interested in the anti-excitotoxic properties of memantine, a well-tolerated low affinity uncompetitive NMDA-R antagonist presently used as an anti-dementia agent. We explored in a series of models of increasing complexity, whether this voltage-dependent channel blocker had neuroprotective properties at clinically relevant concentrations. As expected, memantine protected neurons in organotypic hippocampal slices or dissociated cultures from direct NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. However, low concentrations of memantine were also effective in neuronal (cortical neurons and cerebellar granule cells) stress models dependent on endogenous glutamate stimulation and mitochondrial stress, i.e. exposure to hypoxia, the mitochondrial toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) or a nitric oxide (NO) donor. Furthermore, memantine reduced lethality and brain damage in vivo in a model of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI). Finally, we investigated functional rescue (neuronal capacity to migrate along radial glia) by memantine in cerebellar microexplant cultures exposed to the indirect excitotoxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP). Potent NMDA-R antagonists, such as (+)MK-801, are known to block neuronal migration in microexplant cultures. Interestingly, memantine significantly restored the number of neurons able to migrate out of the stressed microexplants. These findings suggest that inhibition of the NMDA-R by memantine is sufficient to block excitotoxicity, while still allowing some degree of signalling.     

Knowledge of management of epilepsy in young adults in Jordan

PURPOSE: Nationwide studies on public knowledge of epilepsy have been undertaken in several countries, but not in Jordan. The purpose of this study was to evaluate knowledge of the management of epilepsy in Jordan. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed during the period February-June 2005 on 16,044 individuals selected randomly to represent all regions of Jordan. Respondents were interviewed and asked to complete a five-item questionnaire testing their knowledge of the management of epilepsy. RESULTS: Most of the individuals (77.9%) agreed that patients with epilepsy are best treated in a specialized hospital for neurological diseases. Although the largest percentage of the sample (86.7%) agreed that the best person to treat epilepsy is a neurologist, others believed that a hypnotherapist (25.4%) or a religious healer (22.6%) is. As an immediate measure during an attack of epilepsy, most respondents (82.6%) agreed that protecting the patient's head is most important. During the postseizure period, 45.8% of respondents believed that offering the patient water or a cold or hot drink is appropriate. Two-thirds of the respondents (66.2%) agreed that epilepsy can be treated with drugs. Responses of the participants to the five items significantly differed with respect to age, gender, level of education, and occupation. CONCLUSION: Jordanians are reasonably well informed about most aspects of the management of epilepsy, but there is still a need for public education about this disorder.