CPSIT_p7通过激活JNK/ERK信号通路诱导宿主细胞炎症

目的初步探讨鹦鹉热嗜衣原体蛋白CPSIT_p7对宿主细胞炎症反应的调节作用及其分子机制。方法佛波酯(PMA)处理THP-1细胞过夜,诱导其分化为贴壁的巨噬细胞,之后用CPSIT_p7蛋白刺激贴壁细胞,或先用30μmol/L ERK抑制剂PD98059、JNK抑制剂SP600125和p38抑制剂SB202190分别预处理贴壁细胞,再用CPSIT_p7蛋白处理贴壁细胞;Western blot检测ERK、JNK和p38磷酸化水平,ELISA检测各种炎症因子的表达水平。结果 0~10μg/ml CPSIT_p7蛋白刺激PMA诱导的THP-1细胞24 h后,随着CPSIT_p7质量浓度升高,IL-6、IL-1β、IL-8及TNF-α的含量呈剂量依赖性增加;10μg/ml的CPSIT_p7处理细胞0、6、12、24和36 h,在24 h时IL-6、IL-8及IL-1β表达水平达到高峰,而TNF-α在12 h就达到高峰;CPSIT_p7蛋白处理细胞后其ERK和JNK磷酸化水平显著升高,p38磷酸化水平改变不明显;JNK和ERK抑制剂能明显降低CPSIT_p7蛋白诱导的IL-6、IL-1β、IL-8及TNF-α表达。结论 CPSIT_p7通过JNK/MAPKs和ERK/MAPKs信号传导途径诱导THP-1产生IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8及TNF-α炎症因子,与p38/MAPKs信号传导通路无关。     

依达拉奉经MAPKs通路对脂多糖激活的小胶质细胞Sirt3表达调控

目的 探究依达拉奉对LPS激活的小胶质细胞Sirt3和MAPKs通路相关蛋白的作用及其调控机制。方法 采用Western blot和免疫荧光双标染色检测LPS激活的BV2小胶质细胞中Sirt3和MAPKs通路相关蛋白ERK1/2、P38、JNK及p-ERK1/2、p-P38和p-JNK的表达;检测ERK1/2通路抑制剂处理后p-ERK1/2和Sirt3的表达。结果 LPS激活的BV细胞中Sirt3、p-ERK1/2、p-P38和p-JNK表达显著增高,依达拉奉能促进Sirt3和p-ERK1/2过表达,并降低p-P38和p-JNK表达;ERK1/2抑制后p-ERK1/2和Sirt3的蛋白表达降低。依达拉奉可促进激活的BV2细胞中Sirt3和p-ERK1/2过表达,并下调过表达的pP38和p-JNK。结论 依达拉奉可调节BV2细胞中MAPKs信号通路并促进Sirt3生成,可能经ERK/Sirt3通路发挥抗炎作用。     

LPS诱导胰腺癌细胞Panc-1表达B7-H1

目的: 研究胰腺癌细胞株Panc-1在应用脂多糖(LPS)刺激前后B7-H1表达的变化,并探讨其可能的分子机制。方法: LPS刺激以及丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPKs)的特异性抑制剂处理Panc-1细胞前后,应用Western blotting检测MAPKs信号通路中p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38)、细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶(ERK)和c-Jun氨基端激酶(JNK)磷酸化水平的变化,real-time PCR和Western blotting检测B7-H1 mRNA和蛋白的表达变化。结果: LPS刺激后B7-H1的表达显著上调,p38、ERK和JNK的磷酸化水平也明显上调,加入MAPKs特异性的抑制剂后,LPS诱导的p38、ERK和JNK的磷酸化被抑制,并且在p38和ERK的抑制剂处理后,B7-H1的表达也明显被抑制,而在JNK的抑制剂处理后B7-H1的表达没有显著变化。结论: LPS可以诱导胰腺癌细胞株Panc-1表达B7-H1,并且p38和ERK的活化在LPS诱导的B7-H1的表达过程中起着重要作用。     

H2S通过MAPK信号通路影响缺血再灌注损伤大鼠回肠上皮细胞凋亡

 目的: 建立大鼠肠缺血再灌注(I/R)损伤模型,研究H₂S对I/R损伤大鼠回肠上皮细胞凋亡、MAPK信号通路表达的影响。方法: 30只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术(sham)组、I/R组、I/R+NaHS组。建立大鼠肠I/R损伤模型。再灌注前10 min时经大鼠尾静脉注入100μmol/kg NaHS,随后按1 mg·kg^-1·h^-1输注直到再灌注2 h。RT-PCR检测回肠组织ERK、JNK和p38MAPK的mRNA表达,Western blot检测回肠组织p-ERK、p-JNK、p-p38MAPK、p-NF-κB P65的蛋白水平。TUNEL染色检测回肠上皮细胞凋亡。敏感硫电极法测定血、回肠组织匀浆中的H₂S浓度。结果: I/R组的H₂S浓度、ERK、mRNA、p-ERK均低于sham组和I/R+NaHS组,JNK mRNA、p38MAPK mRNA、p-JNK、p-p38MAPK、p-NF-κB P65和凋亡指数高于sham组和I/R+NaHS组。结论: H₂S通过下调ERK的mRNA表达及磷酸化,上调JNK、p38MAPK mRNA的表达,促进JNK、p38MAPK、NF-κB磷酸化,从而减轻I/R损伤大鼠的回肠上皮细胞凋亡。     

多发性骨髓瘤中MAPK信号通路对BLyS表达的调控研究

目的 研究多发性骨髓瘤(MM)细胞中丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路的表达及活化情况,探讨MAPK信号通路对MM细胞B淋巴细胞刺激因子(BLyS)表达变化的影响及对MM细胞增殖与存活的影响,并初步探讨MAPK信号通路在IFN-γ(MM重要的促生长因子)上调MM细胞BLyS表达过程中的作用.方法 应用Western blot方法检测MM细胞中蛋白ERK、p-ERK、JNK、p-JNK、p38及p-p38的表达情况;应用RT-PCR及Western blot检测MAPK信号通路对BLyS表达的影响;应用WST-1法检测靶向JNK的MAPK信号通路抑制剂SP600125对MM细胞增殖与存活的影响.结果 MM细胞株中,除了ERK、JNK及p38的表达外,还有活化蛋白p-JNK的表达;靶向JNK的MAPK信号通路抑制剂SP600125可下调MM细胞BLyS的表达,其激动剂茴香霉素(anisomycin)可上调BLyS的表达;IFN-γ可上调MM细胞BLyS的表达,SP600125可部分抵消IFN-γ对BLyS的上调作用;SP600125可抑制MM细胞的增殖与存活.结论 MM细胞中有JNK/SAPK信号通路的活化;JNK/SAPK信号通路的活化程度与BLyS的表达高低呈正相关;JNK/SAPK信号通路在IFN-γ上调MM细胞BLyS表达过程中发挥重要作用.     

抑制AQP4降低大鼠脊神经节ERK表达,减轻坐骨神经结扎导致神经病理性疼痛

目的探讨AQP4抑制剂对坐骨神经结扎导致的神经病理性疼痛的作用及其可能机制。方法制作大鼠坐骨神经慢性压迫性损伤(CCI)模型,采用热痛刺激仪测量热痛感受性潜伏期,Western blot和免疫荧光(双重染色)方法检测ERK, JNK, p38表达。结果神经损伤可诱导ERK, JNK, p38信号分子表达及卫星胶质细胞活化,AQP4抑制剂TGN-020则削弱ERK,JNK和p38信号分子及卫星胶质细胞的活化;p-ERK和GFAP共表达的细胞在损伤后明显增多,TGN-020则显著降低这一表达。结论抑制AQP4减轻坐骨神经结扎导致的神经病理性疼痛与抑制神经节卫星胶质细胞活化和MAPK信号通路活化相关。     

梅毒螺旋体膜蛋白Tp0971激活MAPKs和NF-κB诱导巨噬细胞分泌TNF-α和IL-1β

目的:探讨梅毒螺旋体(Tp)膜蛋白Tp0971诱导巨噬细胞分泌TNF-α和IL-1β的分子机制。方法:课题组前期表达的Tp0971重组蛋白为研究对象,将不同浓度的重组Tp0971刺激巨噬细胞,分别采用ELISA和实时定量PCR检测TNF-α和IL-1β的分泌及其mRNA的表达。采用Western blot检测丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPKs) p38,ERK1/2以及JNK1/2的磷酸化,并用相应的抑制剂处理观察TNF-α和IL-1β的变化。同时采用Western blot观察核转录因子κB(NF-κB)的核转位情况,并采用抑制剂处理观察其在介导TNF-α和IL-1β分泌中的作用。结果:ELISA结果显示,重组Tp0971能在0.5～10μg/ml剂量范围内诱导巨噬细胞分泌TNF-α和IL-1β。并能促进其mRNA表达,采用转录抑制剂放线菌素D(Act D)或翻译抑制剂放线菌酮(CHX)处理后,TNF-α和IL-1β的转录和分泌水平显著降低。Tp0971也可诱导p38,ERK1/2以及JNK1/2磷酸化,采用其相应的抑制剂处理后,TNF-α和IL-1β分泌明显减少。Western blot结果也显示Tp0971能诱导NF-κB p65亚基核转位,采用NF-κB抑制剂PDTC处理后,TNF-α和IL-1β分泌水平降低。结论:Tp0971激活MAPKs和NF-κB诱导巨噬细胞分泌TNF-α和IL-1β。     

MAPKs在anti-β2GPI/β2GPI刺激THP-1细胞表达TF过程中的作用探讨

目的:探讨丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPKs)在anti-β2 GPI/β2 GPI复合物诱导单核细胞株THP-1表达组织因子(TF)中的活化及其作用。方法:利用荧光定量PCR(Real-time PCR)、TF活性试剂盒等分别检测anti-β2 GPI/β2 GPI复合物诱导THP-1细胞表达TF mRNA及TF活性,Western blot检测细胞表达p38、磷酸化-p38(p-p38)、ERK1/2、磷酸化-ERK1/2(p-ERK1/2)、JNK、磷酸化-JNK(p-JNK)的情况。进一步采用p38、ERK1/2、JNK抑制剂(SB203580、U0126、SP600125)观察是否能阻断anti-β2 GPI/β2 GPI复合物诱导THP-1细胞表达TF。结果:Anti-β2 GPI/β2 GPI复合物(100μg/ml)能够显著增强THP-1细胞表达TF,并使p-p38、p-ERK1/2、p-JNK水平显著升高(P<0.05 vs control);其引发的MAPKs磷酸化具有时间效应性,均在刺激30分钟时达到高峰;对应的特异抑制剂SB203580(10μmol/L)、U0126(5μmol/L)、SP600125(90 nmol/L)单独或合并处理THP-1细胞后,anti-β2 GPI/β2 GPI复合物诱导细胞TF mRNA表达及TF活性的效应明显被阻断(P<0.01 vs control)。结论:Anti-β2 GPI/β2 GPI复合物诱导THP-1细胞表达TF过程中,MAPKs被激活进而发挥重要作用。     

葫芦素E通过抑制MAPKs/NF-κB通路减轻哮喘小鼠气道炎症

目的:探讨葫芦素E对哮喘小鼠气道炎症及MAPKs和NF-κB信号通路的影响。方法:将40只健康小鼠随机分成对照组、模型组、葫芦素E低剂量组、葫芦素E高剂量组和地塞米松组。用卵清蛋白致敏法制备哮喘模型,观察各组支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中炎症细胞分类计数、肺组织炎症细胞浸润以及BALF中白细胞介素4(IL-4)、IL-5、IL-13及干扰素γ(IFN-γ)含量的变化;测定肺组织中磷酸化JNK(p-JNK)、磷酸化ERK1/2(p-ERK1/2)、磷酸化p38 MAPK(p-p38 MAPK)和磷酸化NF-κB p65(p-p65)的含量。结果:与正常组比,模型组BALF中炎症细胞数量明显增加,并且MAPKs和NF-κB信号通路相关蛋白活性显著增强。我们发现高剂量葫芦素E可减轻哮喘小鼠气道炎症反应,并明显抑制MAPKs和NF-κB信号通路相关蛋白活性。病理组织学结果显示,模型组小鼠肺组织内有杯状细胞及支气管黏膜上皮细胞增生,肺泡内有炎症细胞浸润,管腔狭窄;各剂量葫芦素E处理组病理改变均较模型组显著减轻。结论:葫芦素E可以减轻哮喘小鼠气道炎症反应,其机制可能与抑制MAPKs和NF-κB信号通路有关。     

胰岛素对大鼠结肠平滑肌细胞凋亡及MAPK通路的影响

 目的 探讨胰岛素对大鼠结肠平滑肌细胞( SMCs )凋亡及丝裂原活化蛋白激酶( MAPK )信号转导通路的影响。方法 酶解法分离培养SD大鼠结肠SMCs,α-actin免疫鉴定,将大鼠结肠SMCs分为正常组,胰岛素组,胰岛素 +PD98059( ERK抑制剂)组,MTT法检测SMCs增殖,流式细胞术Annexin V-FITC/PI检测SMCs凋亡,Western blot法检测p-ERK、ERK、p-P38MAPK、P38MAPK和p-JNK、JNK表达。结果 胰岛素组较正常组细胞明显增殖,凋亡率降低,p-ERK表达增强,p-ERK/ERK 比值升高( 110.36 ± 9.5 vs 50.92 ± 6.01 ) ( P < 0.01 );p-P38MAPK、P38MAPK、p-JNK、JNK表达无差异。PD98059组较正常组细胞增殖明显下降,凋亡率升高,p-ERK表达减弱,p-ERK/ERK比值降低( 15.69 ± 2.11 vs 50.92±6.01 ) ( P < 0.01 )。结论 胰岛素可能通过激活结肠SMCs的MAPK通路中的ERK途径,促进细胞增殖,抑制凋亡,可能与P38MAPK途径和JNK途径无关。     

Role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase on lipopolysaccharide induced maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells

Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells that play a pivotal role in the initiation of T cell-dependent immune responses. Immature DCs obtained from peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes by culture with granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) differentiate into mature DCs upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). At least three families of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), that is, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and p38 MAPK, are involved in the DC maturation process. We report investigations of the role of JNK in the maturation of human monocyte-derived DCs. SP600125, a specific inhibitor of JNK, inhibited the LPS-induced up-regulation of CD80, CD83, CD86 and CD54, but augmented the up-regulation of HLA-DR. SP600125 slightly inhibited the down-regulation of FITC-dextran uptake during DC maturation. However, SP600125 did not affect the LPS induced up-regulation of allostimulatory capacity of DCs. SP600125 inhibited the release of IL-12 p70 and TNF-alpha from mature DCs. Although autologous T cells primed by the ovalbumin (OVA)-pulsed mature DCs produced IFN-gamma, but not IL-4, OVA-pulsed SP600125-treated mature DCs could initiate IL-4 production from autologous T cells. In contrast, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, profoundly inhibited the phenotypic and functional maturation of DCs, while an ERK inhibitor, PD98059, had little or no effect. Taken together, the JNK signaling pathway appears to have a role that is distinct from the p38 MAPK and ERK cascades in the maturation process of DCs, and may be involved in the augmentation of Th2-prone T cell responses when it is suppressed.     

Place preference induced by nucleus accumbens amphetamine is impaired by antagonists of ERK or p38 MAP kinases in rats

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays a role in conditioned place preference (CPP). The authors tested the hypothesis that inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) would inhibit NAc-amphetamine-produced CPP. Results confirmed that NAc amphetamine increased levels of the MAPK extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). In CPP studies, NAc injections (0.5 microl per side) of the ERK inhibitor PD98059 (1.0-2.5 microg) or the p38 kinase inhibitor SB203580 (15-500 ng) dose dependently impaired CPP. The c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor SP600125 (1.0-2.5 microg) failed to block the CPP effect. The drugs did not block amphetamine-induced motor activity. Results suggest that ERK and p38, but not JNK, MAPKs may be necessary for the establishment of NAc amphetamine-produced CPP and may also mediate other forms of reward-related learning dependent on NAc.     

Stress-activated protein kinases mediate cell migration in human airway epithelial cells

Airway epithelial cell (AEC) repair immediately after injury requires coordinated cell spreading and migration at the site of injury. Stress-activated protein kinases such as p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal Protein Kinase (JNK) modulate several responses to cell stress and injury, but their role in AEC migration is not clear. We examined migration in confluent 16HBE14o(-) human AEC lines and in primary AEC grown on collagen-IV. Wounds were created by mechanical abrasion and followed to closure using digital microscopy. Inhibitors of either p38 extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 (PD98059), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (SB203580), or JNK (SP600125) could block cell migration substantially. Inhibiting JNK but not p38 MAPK or ERK1/2 blocked extension of cells into the wound region from the original line of injury. Initial migration was associated with phosphorylation of ERK, p38 MAPK, and JNK within 5-15 min. The downstream effector of p38, heat shock protein 27, also was phosphorylated rapidly after injury; phosphorylation could be blocked by prior treatment with SB203580 but not SP600125. The downstream effector of JNK, c-Jun, likewise was phosphorylated rapidly after injury and could be blocked by inhibiting JNK. Our data demonstrate that p38 MAPK, JNK, and ERK1/2 participate in the early stages of AEC migration.     

Possible pathophysiological roles of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in endometriosis

PROBLEM: Endometriosis accompanies local inflammatory reactions in the peritoneal cavity. We examined the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), i.e. extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 MAPK (p38) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in endometriotic stromal cells, and their possible pathophysiological roles in endometriosis in relation to proinflammatory substances. METHOD OF STUDY: Endometriotic stromal cells were isolated from endometriomas and were cultured for the experiments. Phosphorylation of MAPKs in endometriotic stromal cells treated with interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha and H(2)O(2) were examined by Western blot analysis. Effects of PD98059, SB202190 and SP600125 (inhibitors of ERK, p38 and JNK, respectively) on IL-1beta-induced secretion of IL-6 and IL-8, and on IL-1beta-induced expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) in endometriotic cells were studied. In addition, eutopic endometrial tissues were collected, and the phosphorylation rate of p38 in eutopic endometrial tissues and endometriotic tissues were determined. RESULTS: IL-1beta, TNFalpha and H(2)O(2) stimulated the phosphorylation of ERK, p38 and JNK, while the total amounts of proteins of the respective MAPKs were virtually the same compared with those in the unstimulated controls. Both SB202190 and SP600125 suppressed IL-1beta-induced secretion of IL-6 and IL-8, and PD98059 suppressed IL-1beta-induced secretion of IL-8. Both SB202190 and PD98059 suppressed IL-1beta-induced expression of COX-2 in endometriotic cells. The p38 phosphorylation rates in the endometriotic tissues were significantly higher than those in the eutopic endometrial tissues of the same patients. CONCLUSIONS: Given the current theory that inflammatory changes are involved in the progression of endometriosis, MAPKs could play as pivotal intracellular signal transducers in endometriotic cells, and thus have a pathophysiological role in the disease.     

TLR4/MAPKs信号通路在ox-LDL诱导的血管平滑肌细胞分泌MCP-1中的作用

目的:探讨Toll样受体4/丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(TLR4/MAPKs)信号通路在氧化性低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)诱导的血管平滑肌细胞分泌单核细胞趋化因子-1(MCP-1)中的作用。方法:在ox-LDL刺激下采用逆转录聚合酶链技术(RT-PCR)和酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测血管平滑肌细胞MCP-1的表达,用Western blotting检测细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK1/2)、p38促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)磷酸化水平的变化。同时,分别应用TLR4中和抗体(TLR4单克隆抗体、TLR4阻断剂)、PD98059(ERK1/2特异性抑制剂)、SB23015(p38MAPK特异性抑制剂)、SP600125(JNK特异性抑制剂),观察其对ox-LDL诱导的MCP-1的表达和ERK1/2、p38MAPK磷酸化水平的影响。结果:ox-LDL刺激血管平滑肌细胞上调MCP-1mRNA和其蛋白的表达(P0.05);用TLR4中和抗体、PD98059、SB23015预孵育后MCP-1mRNA和其蛋白的表达较单独ox-LDL刺激情况下降低(P0.05),而用SP600125预孵育后降低不明显(P0.05);TLR4调节了ERK1/2和p38MAPKs的磷酸化水平。结论:ox-LDL是TLR4的内源性配体;ox-LDL通过或部分通过TLR4/ERK1/2和TLR4/p38MAPK信号通路介导血管平滑肌细胞MCP-1的表达。     

Specific inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase and PI3-K pathways impair immune responses by hemocytes of trematode intermediate host snails

To characterize molecular mechanisms regulating snail cellular immune responses, the contributions of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) were examined in hemocytes of the trematode intermediate host snails Biomphalaria glabrata and Lymnaea stagnalis. Simultaneous measurement of phagocytosis/encapsulation and H2O2 production by hemocytes in the presence or absence of specific signal transduction inhibitors was used to assess the role of extracellular-signal regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), p38, JNK and PI3-K. Hemocyte spreading was significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner by the ERK inhibitor, PD098059, and by wortmannin, a potent PI3-K inhibitor. The JNK inhibitor, SP600125, and the p38 kinase inhibitor, SB203580, had no effect on hemocyte spreading. Sheep red blood cell phagocytosis was significantly impaired by PD098059, SP600125, and SB203580. Hydrogen peroxide production during phagocytosis was severely inhibited by PD098059. Additionally, PD098059, but not the other inhibitors, significantly impaired the cellular encapsulation of trematode larvae and H2O2 production during encapsulation. These results suggest that MAPK and PI3-K signal transduction pathways play a pivotal role in the immune responses of snail hemocytes. PI3-K and ERK appear to strongly regulate cell motility. ERK, JNK and p38 contribute to phagocytosis-mediated signal transduction. ERK also play a major role in oxidative burst activation and the encapsulation of trematode larvae by snail hemocytes.     

Close association of p38 and JNK with plasminogen-dependent upregulation of PAI-1 in rat astrocytes in vitro

As reported previously, stimulation of astrocytes with plasminogen (PLGn) remarkably enhances their production/release of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). In addition, both p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) are activated in these astrocytes. However, it remains to be determined whether the MAPK activation is associated with the PAI-1 induction in PLGn-stimulated astrocytes. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between MAPK activity and PAI-1 induction in PLGn-stimulated astrocytes. PLGn stimulation led to definitive phosphorylation of three MAPKs: external signal regulated kinase (ERK), JNK and p38. These results suggest that all of these MAPKs, either alone or in combination, are involved in PAI-1 induction. To verify this association, an inhibition experiment was carried out by using inhibitors specific for each MAPK. The results of the immunoblotting analysis indicated that 20 μM SB203580 (the p38 inhibitor) or SP600125 (the JNK inhibitor) suppressed approximately 85% or 40% of PLGn-inducible PAI-1, respectively. Only 20% inhibition was achieved by pretreatment of astrocytes with 20 μM PD98059 (the inhibitor of MEK1/2, an upstream kinase of ERK). In conclusion, p38 and JNK were shown to be the major MAPKs involved in the signaling cascade leading to PAI-1 induction in astrocytes stimulated with PLGn.     

MAPK和caspase-3在异基因CD8+T淋巴细胞诱导血管内皮细胞凋亡中的作用

目的： 探讨MAPK和caspase-3在异基因CD8+T细胞诱导血管内皮细胞凋亡中的作用。方法：免疫磁珠阳性分选异基因CD8+T细胞,AnnexinⅤ/FITC试剂盒检测异基因CD8+T细胞诱导的HUVECs和HDMECs凋亡率,Western blotting检测血管内皮细胞内caspase-3、MAPK表达。观察SB203580 (p38MAPK抑制剂)、SP600125 (JNK抑制剂)、PD98059（ERK抑制剂）、Z-DEVD-FMK（caspase-3抑制剂）对内皮细胞凋亡的影响。结果：异基因CD8+T细胞作用24 h和48 h后,HUVECs凋亡率分别为41.7％±10.1％和29.4％±8.3％,HDMECs凋亡率分别为28.9％±7.2％和15.2％±4.8％,与对照组相比均具有显著差异（P<0.01）。异基因CD8+T细胞作用后,HUVECs和HDMECs内磷酸化p38MAPK表达、caspase-3裂解增强,而磷酸化JNK、ERK无明显变化。Z-DEVD-FMK和SB203580可显著抑制异基因CD8+T细胞诱导的HUVECs和HEMEC凋亡,并降低内皮细胞caspase-3表达。结论：p38MAPK和caspase-3介导了异基因CD8+T细胞诱导的血管内皮细胞凋亡。     

Role of mitogen-activated protein kinases in influenza virus induction of prostaglandin E2 from arachidonic acid in bronchial epithelial cells

BACKGROUND: Influenza virus (IV) infection causes airway inflammation; however, it has not been determined whether IV infection could catabolize arachidonic acid cascade in airway epithelial cells. In addition, the responsible intracellular signalling molecules that catabolize arachidonic acid cascade have not been determined. OBJECTIVE: In the present study, to clarify these issues, we examined the cyclooxygenase (COX) expression, cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) phosphorylation and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEC) upon IV infection, and the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 MAPK and c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) in catabolizing arachidonic acid cascade in BEC. METHODS: COX-2 expression, phosphorylation of cPLA2 and phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and p38 MAPK were determined by Western blot. The concentrations of PGE2 were determined by ELISA. PD 98059 as a specific inhibitor of MAPK kinase-1 (MEK-1), an up-stream kinase of ERK, SB 203580 as a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK and CEP-11004 as a specific inhibitor of JNK cascade were used to investigate the role of ERK, p38 MAPK and JNK in catabolizing arachidonic acid cascade in BEC. RESULTS: The results showed that (1) IV infection increases COX-2 expression, cPLA2 phosphorylation and PGE2 release, (2) ERK, p38 MAPK and JNK were phosphorylated, (3) CEP-11004 and PD 98059 predominantly attenuated COX-2 expression and cPLA2 phosphorylation, respectively, (4) SB 203580 did not remarkably affect COX-2 expression and cPLA2 phosphorylation, and (5) each inhibitor dose-dependently attenuated PGE2 release by various extents. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that IV infection activates three distinct MAPKs, ERK, p38 MAPK and JNK, to participate to various extents in the induction of PGE2 synthesis from arachidonic acid in BEC.