3D finite element analysis on esthetic indirect dental restorations under thermal and mechanical loading

Thermo-mechanical finite element analyses in 3-D models are described for determination of the stress levels due to thermal and mechanical loads in a healthy and restored tooth. Transient thermo-mechanical analysis simulating the ingestion of cold and hot drinks was performed to determine the temperature distribution in the models of the teeth, followed by linear elastic stress analyses. The thermal loads were applied on the occlusal and lingual surfaces. Subsequently, coupled variation of the temperature and mastication loading was considered. The vertical loading was distributed at occlusal points, adding up to 180 N. Maximum stresses were verified in resin restoration under thermal loads. When studying coupled effect of mechanical loading with that arising from thermal effects, higher tensile stress values occurred in porcelain restorations, especially at the restoration–dentin interface. Regions of high tensile stress were detected and their possible clinical significance with respect to restoration damage and microleakage were discussed.     

Exploring the biomechanics of taurodontism

Taurodontism (i.e. enlarged pulp chamber with concomitant apical displacement of the root bi/trifurcation) is considered a dental anomaly with relatively low incidence in contemporary societies, but it represents a typical trait frequently found in Neandertal teeth. Four hypotheses can be envisioned to explain the high frequency in Neandertals: adaptation to a specific occlusal loading regime (biomechanical advantage), adaptation to a high attrition diet, pleiotropic or genetic drift effects. In this contribution we used finite element analysis (FEA) and advanced loading concepts based on macrowear information to evaluate whether taurodontism supplies some dental biomechanical advantages. Loads were applied to the digital model of the lower right first molar (RM₁) of the Neandertal specimen Le Moustier 1, as well as to the digital models of both a shortened and a hyper-taurodontic version of Le Moustier RM₁. Moreover, we simulated a scenario where an object is held between teeth and pulled in different directions to investigate whether taurodontism might be useful for para-masticatory activities. Our results do not show any meaningful difference among all the simulations, pointing out that taurodontism does not improve the functional biomechanics of the tooth and does not favour para-masticatory pulling activities. Therefore, taurodontism should be considered either an adaptation to a high attrition diet or most likely the result of pleiotropic or genetic drift effects. Finally, our results have important implications for modern dentistry during endodontic treatments, as we observed that filling the pulp chamber with dentine-like material increases tooth stiffness, and ultimately tensile stresses in the crown, thus favouring tooth failure.     

Effect of hybrid layer on stress distribution in a premolar tooth restored with composite or ceramic inlay: an FEM study

The aim of this finite elemental stress analysis study was to evaluate the effect of hybrid layer on distribution and amount of stress formed under occlusal loading in a premolar tooth restored with composite or ceramic inlay. The mandibular premolar tooth was selected as the model based on the anatomical measurements suggested by Wheeler. The analysis is performed by using a Pentium II IBM compatible computer with the SAP 2000 structural analysis program. Four different mathematical models including the following structures were evaluated: 1) composite inlay, adhesive resin, and tooth structure; 2) composite inlay, adhesive resin, hybrid layer, and tooth structure; 3) ceramic inlay, adhesive resin, and tooth structure; 4) ceramic inlay, adhesive resin, hybrid layer, and tooth structure. Loading was applied from the occlusal surface of the restoration, and shear stresses under loading were evaluated. The findings were drawn by the Saplot program, and the results were analyzed by graphical comparison method. The output indicated that the hybrid layer acts as a stress absorber in models 2 and 4. The hybrid layer has also changed mathematical values of stress on cavity floors in both restoration types. Ceramic inlay collected the stress inside the body of the material, but the composite inlay directly transferred the stress through dental tissues. As a result, it was concluded that the hybrid layer has an effect on stress distribution under loading in a premolar tooth model restored with composite or ceramic inlay.     

Physiological Distal Drift in Rat Molars Contributes to Acellular Cementum Formation

Occlusal forces may induce the physiological teeth migration in humans, but there is little direct evidence. Rat molars are known to migrate distally during aging, possibly caused by occlusal forces. The purpose of this study was to determine if a reduction in occlusion would decrease teeth migration and affect associated periodontal structures such as cementum. To reduce occlusal forces, the right upper first molar (M1) in juvenile rats was extracted. The transition of the position of upper second molar (M2) and formation of M2 cementum was followed during aging. From the cephalometric analyses, upper M2 was located more anterior compared with the original position with aging after M1 extraction. Associated with this “slowing‐down” of the physiological drift, cementum thickness on distal surface, but not on mesial surface, of M2 root was significantly increased. The accumulation of alizarin red as vital stain indicative of calcification, was observed in the distal cementum of M2 root only on the side of M1 extraction. Extraction of M1 that results in less functional loading, distinctly attenuates the physiological drift only in the upper dentition. The decreased physiological drift appears to activate acellular cementum formation only on distal surface of M2 root, perhaps due to reduced mechanical stress associated with the attenuated distal drift. In conclusion, the physiological distal drift in rat molars appears to be largely driven by the occlusal force and also affects the formation of acellular cementum. These findings provide additional direct evidence for an important role of occlusal forces in tooth migration. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

咬合接触对颞下颌关节生物力学影响的有限元研究

目的建立用于研究咬合接触与颞下颌关节生物力学关系的三维有限元模型,并设计不同的工况来分析不同咬合接触情况下颞下颌关节应力的变化规律。方法尸体头颅1具,平行于眶耳平面作CT扫描;取石膏模型,以三维扫描仪对牙列(牙合)面扫描;将石膏模型扫描参数与CT扫描参数换算到同一坐标系下,在髁突上方设均厚的类关节盘,关节盘顶及下颌角作约束设计,经划分网格生成有限元模型。工况一:左侧下颌不同牙位咬合接触面加载;工况二:在包括左侧下颌第二磨牙的颞下颌关节三维有限元模型上,设计下颌第二磨牙牙尖交错(牙合)、远中方向和颊侧方向三种加载部位的工况,研究不同工况下双侧髁突处应力分布变化的规律。结果(1)建立了包括双侧髁突、类关节盘及下颌牙列在内的用于分析咬合与颞下颌关节关系的三维有限元模型。(2)咬合加载牙位不同,双侧髁突应力效应不同,髁突外、中、前、顶等处为承受较高压强的区域。(3)咬合加载部位牙面承载形态不同,双侧髁突应力效应也不同,其变化包括应力性质和应力的分布特点等方面,远中加载和颊侧加载时分别可致加载侧髁突内极和加载对侧髁突内极应力集中。结论咬合接触部位及方向变化可影响髁突应力分布。     

Advanced digital photoelastic investigations on the tooth-bone interface

The purpose of this study was to investigate the behavior of the tooth-bone interface on the nature of stress distribution in the tooth and its supporting alveolar bone for various occlusal loads using an advanced digital photoelastic technique. A digital image processing system coupled with a circular polariscope was used for the stress analysis. The phase shift technique and a phase unwrapping algorithm was utilized for fringe processing. This aids in obtaining qualitative and quantitative information on the nature of stress distribution within the dento-osseous structures. The experiments revealed bending stresses within dento-osseous structures. However, the compressive stress magnitude was larger than the tensile stress. Zero stress regions were also identified within the dento-osseous structures. The results suggest that the geometry of the dento-osseous structures and the structural gradients at the tooth-bone interface play a significant role in the distribution of stresses without stress concentrations. Further, the application of an advanced image-processing system with the circular polariscope showed notable advantages and could be applied in other biomechanical investigations.     

远中邻牙合腭面缺损的上颌第 1 磨牙纤维桩-树脂核修复的有限元分析

目的 探究根管治疗后远中邻 腭面(disto-occluso-palatal,DOP)缺损的上颌第 1 磨牙纤维桩-树脂核修复策 略。 方法 建立 8 种不同的纤维桩-树脂核修复策略修复后的上颌第 1 磨牙有限元模型。 若多根桩在髓腔内存在 干扰,则将较细的桩在重叠部分下方 1 mm 处水平截断作为辅桩,较粗的桩保留原长作为主桩。 分别加载与牙体长 轴平行的 800 N 垂直力和与牙体长轴呈 45°的 225 N 侧向力。 通过有限元分析计算牙体组织和纤维桩内的等效应 力及桩-树脂水门汀、树脂水门汀-根管壁界面上的切应力。 结果 在相同载荷下,不同组间在牙体组织外表面的应 力分布形式相似。 垂直加载时,应力集中于根干的腭侧面;侧向加载时,应力集中于根干的近中颊侧面。 置入纤维 桩的根管中 1 / 3 处内表面最大等儿应力上升,而根管颈 1 / 3 处内表面最大等效应力下降。 垂直、侧向载荷下所受 应力最大的桩分别是腭桩和近颊桩。 垂直载荷下,在同一根管内主桩较辅桩在桩-树脂水门汀界面上的切应力大; 侧向载荷下,近中颊桩的桩-树脂水门汀界面切应力最大。 垂直载荷下,树脂水门汀-根管壁界面上最大切应力在腭 根内放置纤维桩时最大;侧向载荷下,界面上的最大切应力在近颊根放置纤维桩时最大。 结论 对于 DOP 缺损的 上颌第 1 磨牙,纤维桩修复能有效地将 力向根方传导,改善剩余牙体组织中的应力分布。 在腭根内置入单根纤 维桩进行纤维桩-树脂核-全瓷冠修复可能是其最佳修复策略。     

Biomechanical Evaluation of Equine Masticatory Action: Position and Curvature of Equine Cheek Teeth and Age‐Related Changes

The equine cheek tooth battery is part of a very dynamic system. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the curvature and position of the teeth are also involved in such dynamical processes. The alveolar crest was labelled with a radiodense marker (48 cadaver heads, 15 skulls) and laterolateral radiographs were taken. Then a geometrical method was elaborated to determine a cheek tooth's curvature and its position by means of specific angles. This method respects the remarkable changes of the equine dentition throughout life by considering two items: (1) the alveolar crest was taken as a constant landmark, (2) the central axis of the curved dental crown was determined by calculation of a linear regression equation. This equation considered several geometrically determined points on the curved dental crown which had been marked in the radiographs. Our study yielded the following results: Mandibular cheek teeth became more curved with age, but their positions (represented by the so‐called mesio‐occlusal angle between tooth and alveolar crest) did not change significantly. In maxillary cheek teeth, however, the mesio‐occlusal angle became larger with age (indication of change of dental position), while their curvature did not change. Even though changes of the dental position were not always statistically significant, they are discussed as being biologically/functionally relevant. The mandibular anticlinal tooth, i.e. the tooth positioned at a mesio‐occlusal angle of about 90°, was not in contact with the maxillary anticlinal tooth. Interestingly, the maxillary anticlinal tooth is known to cause most clinical dental problems. Anat Rec, 291:565–570, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Three-dimensional finite element analysis of glass fiber and cast metal posts with different alloys for reconstruction of teeth without ferrule

The aim of this study was to evaluate different materials for restoration of teeth without ferrule by three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis (FEA). Five models simulating the maxillary central incisor and surrounding bone were simulated according to the type of post: glass fibre post (GFP) or cast metal post (CMP) with different alloys such as gold (Au), silver–palladium (AgPd), copper–aluminum (CuAl) and nickel–chromium (NiCr). Models were designed using Invesalius and Rhinoceros. FEAs were made using FEMAP and NeiNastran, with an applied axial force of 100?N and oblique occlusal load at 45°. Stress distribution among groups was analysed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by post-hoc Tukey’s test. The GFP showed the best stress distribution in the post, followed by CMP with Au, AgPd, CuAl and NiCr alloys, respectively (p?p?>?.05). Under oblique load, the GFP generated the highest values of tension among the models, followed by the CMP with NiCr alloy than other models (p?相似文献   

天然上颌中切牙与种植体应力规律的三维有限元分析

背景：生物力学相容性是保证种植体与骨结合后长期稳定并行使功能的必要条件,因此,了解上颌中切牙与其周围骨组织应力应变分布情况对种植义齿修复尤为重要。 目的：根据天然牙5种不同解剖分型,探讨上颌中切牙牙根与种植体的应力分布规律。 方法：根据天然上颌中切牙5种不同解剖分型,通过UGNX、ANSYS等软件建立种植体及周围局部结构的三维有限元模型(B1、B2、M1、M2、P1),对种植体施加与牙长轴的夹角成0°、30°、45°、60°、90°的100 N静态荷载力,分析5类上颌中切牙牙根与种植体的应力分布情况。 结果与结论：5种分型中,天然中切牙与种植体等效应力随着加载力角度的增大而增大,种植体上升趋势高于天然牙。天然牙等效应力最大值集中在B1,最小值在M1,而种植体等效应力最大值在M1,最小值在M2。天然牙牙根等效应力有2%-31%的差距,种植体等效应力有4%-21%的差距,种植体的应力分布区间小于天然牙牙根的应力分布区间。说明种植体与天然牙随着咬合力角度的增大与受力呈正比,种植体所能承受的咬合力小于天然中切牙。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程全文链接：     

Analysis of stresses in complete upper dentures with flat teeth at differing inclinations

This study measures the effect of the inclination of the occlusal surfaces of flat teeth, on the magnitude of exerted stresses in a model of the complete upper denture (CUD), in order to estimate which inclination could be more beneficial for the stressed denture. Three groups of dentures were produced, with three different inclinations of their posterior flat teeth on the buccolingual direction: group 1 with an inward inclination of flat posterior teeth on the buccolingual direction (anti-Monson arrangement), group 2 with flat occlusion (no inclination) and group 3 with outward inclination (Monson arrangement). Using commercial edentulous molds and standardized procedures, six identical CUDs were produced for each group. Two rosette strain gauges were cemented onto the midline of each denture specimen, for measuring the stress magnitudes. The use of flat teeth with outward inclination may prolong the lifetime of the denture, by reducing the detrimental stresses (tensile principal and maximum shear stress). When flat posterior teeth with inward inclination are used, the reinforcement of CUD is necessary, to withstand the significant increase of the developed stresses (p<0.05).     

Effects of different inter-implant distances on the stress distribution around endosseous implants in posterior mandible: a 3D finite element analysis

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different inter-implant distances on stress distribution in the bone around the endosseous titanium implants under vertical, oblique and horizontal loads in the posterior mandibular edentulousim by finite element analysis (3D FEA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 3D FEA models representing mandible and ITI implant (Straumann, Waldenburg, Switzerland) were simulated. The distances in-between the units were set at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 cm. Vertical (V) 70 degrees N, 60 degrees oblique (BL) 35 degrees N in buccolingual direction and horizontal (MD) 14 degrees N in mesiodistal direction loads were applied to each of these designs. The principal stresses (tensile and compressive stress) on each model were calculated using MSC MARC finite element analyze solver software. RESULTS: The tensile stress (P(max)) values have been evaluated that they rose at the cervical region of buccal side when the inter-implant distances increased under V and BL loads and they diminished while the inter-implant distances decreased. In short inter-implant distances the compressive stress (P(min)) has been presented with increased values and found at the lingual surface of the cervical region. DISCUSSION: The results of this study indicated that the magnitude of the stress was influenced by complex factors such as the direction of loads and the distance between adjacent fixtures. The stress occurring around fixtures differs significantly with various types of inter-implant distance. CONCLUSION: The evaluation of tensile and compressive stresses for cortical and cancellous bone under V, MD and BL loading conditions in aspect of inter-implant distance shows; the 1.0 cm of inter-implant distance is the optimum distance for two fixture implantation.     

基于CT标准格式文件建立上颌第一磨牙有限元模型

目的建立精确的上颌第一磨牙三维实体有限元模型,分析牙体各部位的应力分布。方法利用正常成人上颌第一磨牙螺旋CT的DICOM格式数据,通过特定的程序计算建立牙齿三维有限元实体模型;在该模型上模拟牙咬(?)情况分别进行垂直、侧向和垂直侧向混合加载,计算出牙体各部位的应力和位移。结果上颌第一磨牙在侧向和混合受力时,应力最大值出现在加载处和与侧向力同向的牙体颈部,大小相当,混合受力时(?)边缘部分应力消失;垂直受力时,应力最大值出现在加载处。结论本研究的建模方法几何形状较准确,并且能简捷有效的应用有限元方法进行牙齿各部位的应力分析。     

大鼠牙槽骨理想模型的流固耦合数值模拟研究

载荷作用下松质骨孔隙中的液体流动是刺激骨组织细胞产生生物学响应并调控骨重建的主要因素。因此,阐明牙槽骨内孔隙结构中的液体流动情况对于深入理解力学作用在牙槽骨内的传导过程以及牙齿发育、正畸牙移动等细胞水平的调控机制具有重要意义。此工作首先进行了大鼠牙齿正畸的动物实验,并基于微计算机断层扫描(micro-CT)图像构建了牙齿-牙周韧带-牙槽骨有限元模型,分析了咬合力或正畸力作用下牙槽骨中的应变状态;进而构建了理想模型,应用流固耦合数值模拟方法,分析了动态咬合力加载下无正畸加载、正畸拉伸加载、正畸压缩加载三种情况下骨内液体的流动情况。模拟结果表明,动态咬合力作用下,沿咬合方向排列的骨小梁表面流体剪应力水平高于非咬合方向排列的骨小梁,正畸力对骨内液体的流动没有影响。上述结果说明,临床上通过调整牙齿咬合面形状等方法改变咬合力的方向,会在牙槽骨表面引起不同水平的流体剪应力,进而刺激骨组织表面的细胞产生响应,最终调控牙槽骨的结构重建。     

双端固定桥基牙牙槽骨承力的三维光弹应力分析

本文采用三维光弹性应力分析技术,对左下颌第一恒磨牙缺失的两基牙固定桥在三种载荷情况下基牙牙槽骨的应力分布进行了实验研究,保持模型与原形比为1∶1,得出定量分析结果,并绘出牙周组织应力值的曲线图。结果表明载荷方向对牙槽骨受力状况有明显影响:水平外力对牙槽骨产生应力最不均匀,牙槽骨嵴处应力集中,对骨组织的保健很不利。正中垂直向受载时,牙槽骨受力最均匀,相对的牙槽骨嵴处或根尖处应力值较大。不论在何种载荷形式下,磨牙根周骨组织受力最为均匀,是理想的基牙。     

Photomechanical investigations on post endodontically rehabilitated teeth

An investigation of the stress distribution patterns in post-core restored teeth and the behavior of dentin material to fracture propagation was conducted using experimental techniques such as digital photoelasticity (on photoelastic models), mechanical testing and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (on extracted teeth). Digital photoelastic experiments showed that endodontic post-core restoration resulted in regions of high tensile stress and of stress concentrations in the remaining dentin structure. It was observed from mechanical testing that the fracture resistance in post-core restored teeth is significantly lower (p<0.0001) than that in intact tooth. There was a significant correspondence between the plane of stress concentrations identified in the photoelastic models and in those of the plane of fracture exhibited by the rehabilitated tooth specimens. While the fracture of post-core rehabilitated teeth was consistent, that of control teeth was not as distinct. The SEM highlighted varying dentin response to fracture propagation at the inner core and the outer regions. The fractographs showed brittle and ductile response to fracture propagation in the outer and inner core dentin, respectively. These photomechanical studies highlighted that the stress concentrations, high tensile stress and loss of inner ductile dentin associated with post endodontic rehabilitation diminished their resistance to fracture.     

Not your father’s homodonty—stress,tooth shape,and the functional homodont

Teeth tell the tale of interactions between predator and prey. If a dental battery is made up of teeth that look similar, they are morphologically homodont, but if there is an unspecified amount of regional specialization in size or shape, they are morphologically heterodont. These are vague terms with no useful functional implication because morphological homodonty does not necessarily equal functional homodonty. Teeth that look the same may not function the same. Conical teeth are prevalent in fishes, superficially tasked with the simple job of puncture. There is a great deal of variation in the shape and placement of conical teeth. Anterior teeth may be larger than posterior ones, larger teeth may be surrounded by small ones, and patches of teeth may all have the same size and shape. Such variations suggest that conical dentitions might represent a single morphological solution for different functional problems. We are interested in the concept of homodonty and using the conical tooth as a model to differentiate between tooth shape and performance. We consider the stress that a tooth can exert on prey as stress is what causes damage. To create a statistical measure of functional homodonty, stress was calculated from measurements of surface area, position, and applied force. Functional homodonty is then defined as the degree to which teeth along the jaw all bear/exert similar stresses despite changes in shape. We find that morphologically heterodont teeth are often functionally homodont and that position is a better predictor of performance than shape. Furthermore, the arrangement of teeth affects their function, such that there is a functional advantage to having several smaller teeth surrounding a singular large tooth. We demonstrate that this arrangement of teeth is useful to grab, rather than tear, prey upon puncture, with the smaller teeth dissipating large stress forces around the larger tooth. We show that measurements of how shape affects stress distribution in response to loading give us a clearer picture of the evolution of conically shaped teeth.     

合力在牙槽骨内传递的力学分析

本文采用电测应变实验应力分析手段，在下颌每个牙齿上作垂直加载，测量被加载牙以及邻近牙颊侧根尖区牙槽骨表面应变值，将所取得的应变值通过多项式拟合研究其传递的规律，结果表明牙齿受到力时，力通过牙冠与牙根经牙周膜传递到牙槽骨，同时向邻近区域分散，左右同名牙受力后力的传递与分散有相同规律性，可表达为三次多项式回归曲线，离受力牙越近的牙槽骨应力越大，离受力牙越远的牙槽骨应力越小，力传布到邻近第三个牙位后将消失。     

Hunter-Schreger Band patterns in human tooth enamel

Using light microscopy, we examined Hunter‐Schreger Band (HSB) patterns on the axial and occlusal/incisal surfaces of 160 human teeth, sectioned in both the buccolingual and mesiodistal planes. We found regional variations in HSB packing densities (number of HSBs per mm of amelodentinal junction length) and patterns throughout the crown of each class of tooth (maxillary and mandibular: incisor, canine, premolar, and molar) examined. HSB packing densities were greatest in areas where functional and occlusal loads are greatest, such as the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth and the incisal regions of incisors and canines. From this it is possible to infer that the behaviour of ameloblasts forming enamel prisms during amelogenesis is guided by genetic/evolutionary controls that act to increase the fracture and wear resistance of human tooth enamel. It is suggested that HSB packing densities and patterns are important in modern clinical dental treatments, such as the bonding of adhesive restorations to enamel, and in the development of conditions, such as abfraction and cracked tooth syndrome.     

Numerical and clinical study of the biomechanical behaviour of teeth under orthodontic loading using a headgear appliance

It was the purpose of this study to analyse the biomechanical behaviour of posterior teeth under headgear traction with neighbouring teeth in different eruption stages. For doing so a finite element (FE) model of the right part of a human maxilla was developed, based on an almost anatomically correct commercial surface data set of a human maxilla. The FE model included the first molar (M1) with surrounding tooth supporting structures as well as the second (M2) and third molars (M3) in different eruption stages. Calculations were performed, simulating the initial tooth mobility of the M1 under application of headgear forces. The numerical results were compared to a clinical transverse study of orthodontic patients undergoing headgear treatment. From 85 included patients, 41 patients had erupted M2 and/or M3, in the remaining 44 patients these teeth were not yet erupted. The interapproximal gap was measured between M1 and the second premolar (P2) with varying headgear loading and as a function of eruption stage of M2 and M3. Headgear forces on the M1 in the clinical and numerical studies ranged from 1.5 to 7.5 N. After adjustment of the material parameters of the PDL, simulated results deviated less than 5% from the clinical data. A larger deflection of the M1 was registered in treatment situations prior to the eruption of M2 and M3. In absence of M3, about 30% of the applied force was transferred from M1 to M2. The displacements of M1 were twice as large as those of M2. Concluding, the simulated biomechanical behaviour of teeth under headgear loading was in satisfactory congruence with the clinical measurements. Thus the clinical recommendation that the headgear treatment should start in an early stage, prior to eruption of the second and third molars (M2 and M3), is supported by the results of this biomechanical study.