Retroperitoneal kaposiform hemangioendothelioma with tufted angioma-like features in an infant with Kasabach-Merritt syndrome

Kasabach-Merritt syndrome denotes profound thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy in an infant with a vascular tumor. A retroperitoneal vascular tumor with an unusual combination of histopathological features is reported, and compared with vascular lesions described in the reported cases of Kasabach-Merritt syndrome in the literature. A large retroperitoneal tumor that had expanded through the sigmoid mesocolon into the sigmoid colon wall was resected from an 8-month-old infant with fully developed Kasabach-Merritt syndrome. Histological examination revealed a combination of venous (cavernous) malformation, kaposiform hemangioendothelioma and tufted angioma-like areas. Cellular tumor components (especially tufted angioma-like parts) infiltrated the wall of the sigmoid colon to the submucosal level. Immunohistochemical staining with antibodies to the Ki-67 antigen and proliferating cell nuclear antigen showed a low proliferative activity, whereas the antiapoptotic bcl-2 protein was expressed diffusely in tumor cells. This is the first reported case of a vascular tumor with tufted angioma-like elements found in the retroperitoneum, and the first reported in combination with kaposiform hemangioendothelioma and venous malformation in the same lesion. Considering the immunohistochemical results and overlapping histological features, it may be considered that tufted angioma and kaposiform hemangioendothelioma represent different growth patterns or stages in the development of a single type of hemangioma.     

骨卡波西样血管内皮瘤临床病理特点

目的 探讨骨卡波西样血管内皮瘤（KHE）的临床病理特点、鉴别诊断及生物学特征。方法 对2例发生于儿童长骨的KHE进行组织病理学、免疫表型和电镜观察,结合临床资料进行分析并复习相关文献。结果 2例患儿临床以肢体持续性隐痛为主,1例伴局部皮温升高,病程较长（发病1年余就诊）,影像学示局限性骨密度减低或蜂窝状骨质破坏。临床未见血小板减少及低纤维蛋白血症（Kabasach-Merritt syndrome,卡梅综合征）。光镜下肿瘤呈多结节状或小叶状分布,浸润性生长,见特征性的肾小球样结构。部分瘤细胞梭形,呈束状排列并形成裂隙状血管腔,肾小球样结构区瘤细胞多为上皮样,见空泡形成及胞质内脂褐素沉积,部分区域见明显的毛细血管瘤样结构。免疫表型：瘤细胞呈CD31、CD34和Fli-1强阳性表达、SMA灶性阳性,GLUT1、CKpan和FⅧRAg均为阴性,Ki-67有少量散在阳性表达。结论 KHE是一种罕见的好发于儿童的潜在恶性肿瘤,诊断主要靠病理组织学及免疫组化确诊,须与幼年性毛细血管瘤、卡波西肉瘤、丛状血管瘤、梭形细胞血管内皮瘤等鉴别,病变切除干净是治疗KHE的最佳手段。     

Vascular tumors of bone: A study of 17 cases other than ordinary hemangioma,with an evaluation of the relationship of hemangioendothelioma of bone to epithelioid hemangioma,epithelioid hemangioendothelioma,and high-grade angiosarcoma

Cases filed as vascular tumor of bone other than ordinary hemangioma were reviewed. They were included in the study if there was adequate histologic material and clinical information, clear evidence of bone origin, and at least 5 years follow-up. The study group comprised 17 cases, of which 13 were categorized as hemangioendothelioma of bone, 1 as epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, and 3 as high-grade angiosarcoma. Hemangioendothelioma of bone had growth patterns varying from vasoformative to solid, but well-formed vessels were present in at least some area in all cases. The cells generally had a rounded, epithelioid character, regular nuclei, and relatively few mitotic figures; occasional features included spindle cells and scattered enlarged, hyperchromatic or pleomorphic nuclei. Lymphoplasmacytic and eosinophilic inflammatory infiltrate ranged from prominent to slight or absent, and myxoid or hyaline stroma was never more than focal. Epithelioid hemangioma could not be separated from hemangioendothelioma of bone. The single epithelioid hemangioendothelioma for the most part had cords of relatively uniform epithelioid cells in a prominent myxoid stroma but focally demonstrated an angiosarcoma-like appearance, with irregular vascular spaces and marked nuclear pleomorphism. The high-grade angiosarcomas exhibited predominantly irregular vasoformation combined with solid areas, diffuse nuclear hyperchromatism and pleomorphism, and, in 2 cases, numerous mitotic figures (the third case had only a small biopsy and a postradiation amputation specimen). Of the hemangioendotheliomas of bone, 7 were unicentric and 6 were regionally multicentric either concurrently or sequentially. Three patients had intraosseous local recurrence, 2 had discontinuous regional skin or soft tissue involvement (including the popliteal artery in 1), and 1 had a solitary lung metastasis, but none died of tumor. The patient with epithelioid hemangioendothelioma had multicentric tumors in widely separated bones and died with liver and lung metastases. Two of the high-grade angiosarcomas were unicentric, and the third was regionally multicentric, with a popliteal artery-soft tissue component as well. All 3 of these patients died with metastases in various sites.     

骨上皮样血管内皮瘤临床病理学观察

目的 探讨骨上皮样血管内皮瘤的临床病理特征和诊断。方法 对3例骨上皮样血管内皮瘤进行临床资料分析、光镜观察和免疫组织化学检测，并结合文献进行讨论。结果 3例病变部位均为下肢。最常见的临床症状是局部疼痛。X线表现为溶骨性骨破坏，1例伴有病理性骨折。组织形态学特征是上皮样瘤细胞形成较原始的小血管腔，呈巢状、索状、不规则形分布于有黏液样变或透明变性的间质中，肿瘤组织内或边缘散布成熟的骨小梁组织。3例肿瘤均表达vimentin、FⅧRAg和CD34。随访结果2例未见肿瘤复发，1例失访。结论 原发于骨的上皮样血管内皮瘤是较少见中间型血管源性肿瘤，其组织形态学要与骨上皮样血管瘤、上皮样血管肉瘤和转移性癌等鉴别。     

网状血管内皮瘤八例临床病理学分析

目的探讨8例网状血管内皮瘤（ RH）的临床病理学特征,并扩展其瘤谱。方法回顾性复习8例RH的临床资料、病理学形态和免疫学表型,分析随访结果,并复习文献。结果患者平均年龄40岁（范围13～69岁）,本组均为女性。肿瘤分别发生于头颈部和下肢皮肤（5例）、长骨（2例）和脾脏（1例）。皮肤病变表现为局部缓慢性生长的斑块或皮下结节,骨病变表现为患肢疼痛,脾脏病变表现为左季肋部隐痛不适。大体上呈灰黄或红褐色,平均直径3.0 cm,范围0.8～5.0 cm。镜下观察,肿瘤主要由内衬鞋钉样或火柴头样内皮细胞的细长分支状血管组成,形成特征性的网状结构,类似于睾丸网,部分区域内可见条索状或实性巢状排列的上皮样瘤细胞。除细长的网状血管外,3例于局部可见扩张的血管腔,腔内有乳头簇形成,表面被覆鞋钉样内皮细胞,轴心玻璃样变,形态上类似Dabska瘤。血管周围的间质多伴有淋巴细胞浸润,并可有胶原化。本组1例发生区域淋巴结转移。免疫组织化学标记结果显示,网状血管内皮细胞表达 CD31（8／8）、人凝血因子Ⅷ（5／8）、CD34（5／7）和D2-40（1／2）。随访6例（18～67个月）,2例局部复发,无病例发生远处转移。结论RH是一种好发于成年人的中间型血管内皮瘤,以细长分支状血管和鞋钉样内皮细胞为特征,除皮肤外,部分病例可原发于骨和脾脏。部分病例兼有Dabska瘤样形态特点,提示与Dabska瘤有延续性,归属鞋钉样血管内皮瘤同一瘤谱。熟悉网状血管内皮瘤的形态学特点有助于与其他具有鞋钉样内皮细胞的血管肿瘤相鉴别。     

原发骨假肌源性血管内皮瘤2例临床病理学分析

目的:探讨原发骨假肌源性血管内皮瘤（pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma,PHE）的临床病理特征、免疫表型、分子遗传学特征及鉴别诊断。方法:回顾性分析2例PHE的临床资料、组织病理学特征及免疫表型,并进行分子检测及复习相关文献。结果:例1,男,28岁,磁共振成像示腰5椎体破坏性病变。例...     

多部位发生的上皮样血管内皮瘤2例报道及文献复习

目的 探讨多部位发生的上皮样血管内皮瘤(EHE)的临床病理学特征.方法 回顾性复习2例多部位发生的血管内皮瘤的临床资料、组织学形态和免疫学表型,并复习文献.结果 2例均为女性,年龄分别为24和37岁,CT示双肺及肝弥漫结节影.病理学检查发现肝和肺结节的镜下形态相同,即在黏液样的间质背景中可见条索样、小巢状或单个散在分布的上皮样瘤细胞,瘤细胞有明显异型性,伴胞质内管腔形成,腔内偶见红细胞.免疫组织化学染色显示:瘤细胞表达内皮标记(CD34、CD31和F8),不表达CK、CD68、ER、PR.结论 上皮样血管内皮瘤是一种少见的低度恶性血管肿瘤,多部位同时发生者容易被误诊.上皮样血管内皮瘤的临床表现和生物学行为因其发生部位不同而有较大的差异.     

骨上皮样血管内皮细胞瘤9例诊治分析

目的 探讨骨上皮样血管内皮细胞瘤(B-EHE)的诊断、治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析2002年2月—2015年9月解放军东部战区总医院骨科收治的9例B-EHE患者的临床资料。其中男6例、女3例,年龄15~64岁。术前X线及CT检查均表现为溶骨性改变,1例MRI可见周围软组织受累,1例出现肺部转移灶。3例选择病灶刮除、植骨内固定;1例腰椎病灶选择肿瘤切除椎板减压内固定;3例近关节病灶选择肿瘤切除假体置换,其中1例术后化疗;1例多发病灶伴肺转移选择活检确诊后化疗治疗;1例病理性骨折伴出血选择行截肢术后综合治疗。结果 9例中失访1例,其余随访时间8～72个月。现7例存活。3例行病灶刮除植骨内固定,2例局部复发,二次手术后治愈。1例腰椎肿瘤切除减压固定,术后恢复良好。3例行肿瘤切除假体置换术,1例失访;2例术后治愈,关节功能良好,其中1例术后辅助化疗,未出现局部复发和病灶转移。1例多发病灶伴肺部转移行化疗,肺部无进展,局部无进展。1例行截肢术后综合治疗者,肿瘤复发迁延性出血,最终因器官衰竭死亡。结论 B-EHE为低-中度恶性肿瘤,术前影像学无特异性,诊断困难,主要依靠术后病理结果诊断。治疗首选边界切除,辅以化疗或放疗,可降低局部复发率和远处转移。     

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of bone and soft tissue: A fine-needle aspiration biopsy study with histologic and immunohistochemical confirmation

We retrospectively reviewed two fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) specimens from two patients with histologically confirmed epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EH). Both patients were men, ages 79 and 39 years; their primary tumors arose in the soft tissues of the mediastinum and within the proximal tibia, respectively. The former patient had symptoms of superior vena cava syndrome; multicentric intraosseous lesions involved the proximal tibia of the latter patient. All cytologic smears were hypercellular and composed of mostly disassociated single cells and small aggregates of ovoid to polygonal-shaped epithelioid cells. Nuclei were variable, ranging from ovoid and reniform to round and polylobated and surrounded by an abundant amount of dense cytoplasm. Binucleated epithelioid neoplastic cells were frequent. Nuclear pleomorphism ranged from slight to moderate, and small solitary to multiple nucleoli were identified within the majority of tumor cells. Rare neoplastic cells with a single, sharply demarcated intracytoplasmic vacuole and intranuclear cytoplasmic pseudoinclusions were observed in the smears of one tumor. Metachromatic stromal fragments, probably representing hyalinized chondromyxoid stroma, were seen in the other tumor. Neither case was recognized initially on FNAB as EH. Immunohistochemically, sections from the surgical biopsy specimens of both cases showed diffuse and strong immunopositivity for the endothelial marker CD31. Although the cytomorphology of EH appears distinct, clinicoradiologic correlation is essential, and immunohistochemistry may be helpful to avoid misdiagnoses. Diag. Cytopathol. 1998;19:38–43. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

假肌源性血管内皮瘤6例临床病理分析

目的 探讨假肌源性血管内皮瘤(pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma,PHE)的临床病理学特征、免疫表型、诊断及鉴别诊断.方法 对6例PHE的临床病理资料和免疫表型进行回顾性复习.结果 男性4例,女性2例.平均年龄32岁(10～70岁).3例原发于骨内,均为多骨性累及,其中1例伴发皮肤结节;另3例分别表现为软组织局部肿块、皮肤和软组织多灶性病变及皮肤黑色斑块.影像学检查:3例骨病变均表现为多骨性骨质破坏,1例皮肤和软组织多灶性病变累及多个组织平面.眼观:送检肿瘤组织呈灰白、灰红或灰褐色,直径0.5 ～4 cm,平均2 cm.镜检:病变边界不清,可累及真皮、皮下、肌肉或骨组织.肿瘤主要由疏松条束状、结节状或片状分布的胖梭形细胞组成,部分区域内瘤细胞呈上皮样,间质内可见散在的中性粒细胞.高倍镜下见瘤细胞胞质丰富,嗜伊红色,核染色质呈空泡状,可见小核仁,形态上类似横纹肌母细胞.除1例局部区域外,瘤细胞异型性不明显或仅有轻度异型性,核分裂象为1～2个/10 HPF.部分区域内可见炎性或液化性坏死.免疫表型:瘤细胞弥漫强阳性表达CK(AE1/AE3),不同程度表达CD31和FLI1,INI-1标记显示无缺失,Ki-67平均增殖指数约5％.本组6例中2例复发,其中1例在短期内发生双肺转移.结论 PHE是一种局部易复发偶有转移的中间性血管内皮瘤.     

Unusual hemangioendothelioma of the liver with epithelioid morphology associated with marked eosinophilia: autopsy case

Vascular neoplasms characterized by epithelioid endothelial cells consist of several different entities from benignity to high-grade malignancy. Because of histological overlap between them, there is substantial difficulty in classifying them correctly. The present patient, a 33-year-old man, presented with hepatomegaly, striking eosinophilia and elevated serum interleukin-5 level. Biopsy and autopsy revealed an unusual epithelioid vascular tumor in the liver, which is histologically distinct from epithelioid hemangioma, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, or epithelioid angiosarcoma. The tumor cells had vasoformative and partly solid growth with no severe nuclear atypia and very low mitotic activity, and the histological features were similar to those of the entity recognized as hemangioendothelioma of bone. Organs other than the liver, for example the testes and bone, were also involved. This tumor should be considered in the differential diagnosis of severe eosinophilia.     

骨原发性中间型血管内皮肿瘤

目的 探讨骨原发性中间型血管内皮肿瘤病理特征、鉴别诊断和骨血管肿瘤的分类.方法 收集5例发生于骨的中间型血管内皮肿瘤,对其临床、病理、影像学和免疫组织化学特征进行分析,免疫标记包括CD31、CD34、平滑肌肌动蛋白(SMA)、波形蛋白、CK、上皮细胞膜抗原(EMA)6种抗体.结果 5例中间型血管内皮肿瘤中3例为卡波西型血管内皮瘤(患者均为儿童),2例网状血管内皮瘤(患者均为中老年人).4例位于四肢长骨,1例在锁骨.影像学(包括X线平片、CT、MRI)表现为交界性或低度恶性骨质破坏,骨皮质均有不同程度缺损,4例伴病灶内或周边成骨,其中l例有放射状骨针.病理组织学形态均与软组织相应的中问型血管内皮肿瘤相似,但大多伴病灶内或周围反应性骨形成.免疫组织化学5例CD31、CD34、波形蛋白均不同程度阳性,3例SMA阳性,CK、EMA均阴性.结论 骨原发性中间型血管内皮肿瘤是客观存在的,冈此骨血管肿瘤的分类应该逐步与软组织血管肿瘤分类相一致,在良性血管瘤和恶性血管肉瘤之间,增设一类中间型血管内皮肿瘤.骨中间型血管内皮肿瘤的生物学行为是否与软组织相应肿瘤一致,应通过长期随访资料的积累才能定论.     

Incidental in vivo detection of an epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the mitral valve

Valvular epithelioid hemangioendotheliomas (EHE) are exceptional. To the authors' knowledge only four cases have been reported. Herein is described an EHE incidentally detected in the mitral valve of a 69-year-old woman with chronic rheumatic valvular heart disease. The 0.4 cm lesion was situated in the anterior leaflet and was discovered in the pathological study after mitral valve replacement. The patient was alive and well 6 months after operation. Review of the literature including the present report, revealed that the mean age was 60.2 years (range, 49-69 years). Symptomatic patients had clinical features of valvular disease or embolism. Each of the four cardiac valves can be affected. Mean tumor size was 2.4 cm (range, 0.4-8 cm). In 40% of cases the EHE was an incidental finding at autopsy or in a removed valve. In two cases the involved cusp was affected by chronic rheumatic disease. In conclusion, EHE is a rare lesion that can be an incidental finding and it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of valve tumors. Although EHE can present a histologically benign appearance, the correct pathological diagnosis is clinically important because the lesion can be potentially malignant. Regular follow up is suggested due to this potential.     

骨上皮样血管内皮瘤4例及文献复习

目的探讨4例骨上皮样血管内皮瘤(epithelioid hemangioendothelioma,EHE)的临床病理特点、诊断和鉴别诊断。方法对4例原发于骨的EHE临床资料、组织学、免疫组化进行观察分析并随访,结合文献讨论。结果 4例骨EHE中男性和女性各2例,中位年龄24岁,发生部位包括右肩胛骨、腰4～5椎体、胫骨下段和左足。临床症状主要为疼痛,影像学资料提示溶骨性改变;镜下示上皮样的肿瘤细胞呈巢状、索状或小梁状排列,肿瘤细胞呈圆形、多边形间或梭形,常见明显的胞质内空泡并伴有周围间质的玻璃样或黏液样变性。免疫表型:瘤细胞CD31、CD34、α-SMA均阳性(100%),CKpan有1例阳性(25%),EMA均阴性(100%),肿瘤增殖标记Ki-67呈低表达。结论原发于骨的EHE是一种少见的低度恶性的血管源性肿瘤,它的诊断要结合临床和影像学资料,依据其病理学特征及相关的免疫组化特点综合判断,需与骨转移性癌、上皮样血管瘤、上皮样血管肉瘤(epithelioid angiosarcoma,EAS)等鉴别。     

Primary pleural epithelioid hemangioendothelioma with rhabdoid phenotype: report and review of the literature

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) is a rare malignant vascular tumor described in diverse locations including lung and liver. Relative to these sites, primary EHE of the serous cavities is uncommon. EHE in the serous cavities mimics mesothelioma and adenocarcinoma clinically, radiographically, cytologically, and histologically. EHEs have plasmacytoid epithelioid cells with cytoplasmic vacuoles. In addition to these features, we noted eccentric nuclei with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and nuclei displaced peripherally by globular cytoplasmic inclusions imparting a "rhabdoid" phenotype. These cells were often seen surrounding a hyaline core. Rhabdoid features are not unique to a single entity, and a comprehensive immunohistochemical panel is essential. We report the occurrence of pleural EHE with rhabdoid features presenting in a pleural effusion, and review the literature of primary serosal EHEs.     

Intravascular epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the inferior vena cava: case report of an unusual and unpredictable vascular tumor

Vascular neoplasms are uncommon and pose a diagnostic and treatment challenge to the pathologist and surgeon, respectively. Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is a rare neoplasm of vascular origin with an unknown etiology. Its biologic behavior lies somewhere between that of a benign hemangioma and that of a malignant angiosarcoma; however, it is unpredictable at best. Intravascular epithelioid hemangioendotheliomas have been described more often in veins than arteries, and there are only about 30 reports in the English literature. We report here the case of an epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the inferior vena cava, which presented with abdominal pain, ascites and pedal edema.     

Asymmetric and symmetric long bone bowing in two sibs: An apparently new bone dysplasia

We describe 2 sibs, one with congenital asymmetric long bone bowing and one with congenital symmetric long bone bowing. Other bony abnormalities in these sibs include beaten metal appearance of the skull, dolichomacrocephaly, ocular hypertelorism, and anterior beaking and bone-within-bone appearance of vertebrae. A differential diagnosis including campomelic dysplasia, kyphomelic dysplasia, hypophosphatasia, Grant syndrome, and osteogenesis imperfecta, and a discussion of potential mechanisms of long bone bowing are presented. The condition that these sibs have shares some characteristics of the above bone disorders, but appears to be a separate entity which to our knowledge has not been described previously. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: cytomorphology and histological features of a case

A case of epithelioid hemangioendothelioma involving the left lung, the 10th thoracic vertebra, and paravertebral soft tissues is presented. Preoperative sputum cytology was thought to show adenocarcinoma. Histologic examination demonstrated an intravascular bronchioloalveolar tumor; immunohistochemical staining for factor VIII-related antigen revealed strongly positive tumor cells. The cytomorphology of this rare neoplasm is discussed.