淫斑点免疫渗滤试验诊断单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎

采用斑点免疫渗滤试验（ＤＩＦＡ）对苏州地区１７０例散发性脑炎患者２４０份脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）标本中单纯疱疹病毒抗原（ＨＳＶ－Ａｇ）进行检测，结果表明１７０例散发性脑炎中，经该项检测而能明确单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎（ＨＳＥ）诊断者４２例（２４．７％）；２４０份ＣＳＦ标本中，ＨＳＶ－Ａｇ阳性率为３５．４％，而其中４２例ＨＳＥ患者的９６份ＣＳＦ阳性率为８８．５％，两者差异有非常显著意义（Ｐ〈０．００１）。将ＤＩＦ     

聚合酶链反应诊断单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎

用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）扩增患者脑脊液（ＣｈＦ）中病毒特异性ＤＮＡ可早期快速诊断单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎（ＨＳＥ）。１９例临床确诊的病毒性脑炎患者，经ＰＣＲ在ＣＳＦ中检出单纯疱疹病毒（ＨＳＶ）１３例，全部阳性标本均经分子杂交证实为ＨＳＶ－ＤＮＡ，而１４例其他神经疾病（ＯＮＤ）对照组均为阴性，显示了这一方法的特异性。其中７例病毒性脑炎ＣＳＦ标本分别用ＰＣＲ分子杂交和病毒分离等三种方法检测ＨＳＶ；显示ＰＣＲ最为敏感。表明ＰＣＲ技术的广泛应用将提高ＨＳＥ的早期诊断水平，指导临床正确治疗。     

精神病患者乙肝病毒感染率调查

目的：探讨精神病患者乙肝病毒（ＨＢＶ）感染状况,为防治乙肝病毒感染提供依据。方法：采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ）法和聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）法,对１０５２例住院的精神病患者进行血清ＨＢＶ及ＨＢＶＤＮＡ标志物检测。结果：血清ＨＢｓＡｇ、抗－ＨＢｓ、ＨＢｅＡｇ、抗－ＨＢｃ、ＨＢＶＤＮＡ标志物阳性率分别为８．８４％、３１．３７％、１．２０％、８．６５％、１１．６０％、２．３８％,ＨＢＶ总感染率为４１．     

PCR DNA扩增、抗原、特异性抗体联合检测对结核性脑膜炎的诊断研究

应用多聚酶链反应技术（ＰＣＲ）体外扩增脑脊液中结核分枝杆菌ＤＮＡ，酶斑免疫结合技术检测结核杆菌蛋白抗原及ＡＢＣ－ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测相应抗体联合检测诊断结核性脑膜炎，阳性率分别为：８３．７％（３６／４３），７６．７％（３３／４３），７４．４％（３２／４３）。讨论三者间发病不同期的关系，三者有阳性交叉现象。     

聚合酶链反应（PCR）对单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎的临床诊断价值

应用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）检测技术对１１８例颅内感染性疾病患者及３７例无神神经系统疾病患者脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）中的单纯疱疹病毒ＤＮＡ（ＨＳＶ－ＤＮＡ）进行了检测及分型。结果提示：“散发性脑炎”组的阳性率为３８．４６％（２０／５２），细菌、真菌性脑膜炎、其它病毒性脑炎组以及无神经系统疾病组均为阴性。作者认为：①本检测是目前单纯疹病毒性脑炎（ＨＳＥ）较为简便而准确的早期诊断方法之一；②ＨＳＶ分型检测，对病原诊断更具有全面性；③两型单纯疱疹病毒均可引起ＨＳＥ。     

内皮素一氧化氮在蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛中的动态变化

目的：探讨内皮素（ＥＴ－１）和一氧化氮（ＮＯ）代谢产物在蛛网膜下腔出血（ＳＡＨ）后症状性脑血管痉挛（ＳＣＶＳ）发生机制中的作用。方法：建立兔的症状性脑血管痉挛模型,观察ＳＡＨ后不同时间血浆和脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）中ＥＴ－１和ＮＯ代谢产物含量变化。结果：ＳＡＨ后第４天和第７天血浆和ＣＳＦ中ＥＴ－１含量均显著升高（Ｐ〈０．０１）。且以ＳＡＨ后第４天为著。ＳＡＨ后第４天和第７天血浆和ＣＳＦ中ＮＯ代谢产物含量也明显升高（Ｐ〈０．０１）,但二者之间无显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。结论：ＳＡＨ后血浆和ＣＳＦ中ＥＴ－１和ＮＯ代谢产物含量增加在ＳＣＶＳ发生机制中起重要作用。     

椎—基底动脉供血不足的SPECT与临床

本文对８０例椎－基底动脉供血不足（ＶＢＩ）患者及６０例健康对照组进行＾９９ｍＴｃ－ＥＣＤ－ＳＰＥＣＴ检查，ＳＰＥＣＴ诊断ＶＢＩ的灵敏性为７３．８％，特异性为７８．３％，总符合率为７５．７％，５９例ＳＰＥＣＴ阳性者，出现相应临床症状者４３例（７２．９％），ＶＢＩ组缺血灶的缺血程度较对照明显（Ｐ〈０．０１）。８０例ＶＢＩ患者均在距ＶＢＩ最后一次发作１６ｄ内进行ＳＰＥＣＴ检查，３ｄ以内与４ｄ后检查的两组     

多发性肌炎与自身抗体

检测了８５例多发性肌炎（ＰＭ）患者血中常见自身抗体结果显示，ＲＦ、ＡＮＡ、抗（ｕ１）ＲＮＰ、抗Ｓｍ、抗ＳＳＡ、抗ＳＳＢ及抗Ｓｃｌ－７０的阳性率分别为４０．７％、２９．４％、７．７％、３．４％、５．１％、１．７％及５％，而抗ｄｓＤＮＡ、抗Ｊｏ－１、抗核糖体抗体的阳性率均为０。患者血中自身抗体阳性与否与Ｉｇ、Ｃ３、ＥＳＲ及肌酶活性水平关系不大。讨论了各自身抗体检测对ＰＭ的诊断价值。     

实验性犬SAH后CVS血浆、CSF中NPY、ANP含量动态变化及巴曲酶的保护作用研究

目的探讨蛛网膜下腔出血（ＳＡＨ）后脑血管痉挛（ＣＶＳ）的发病机理和防治方法。方法采用放免法动态观察了犬ＳＡＨ后血浆、ＣＳＦ中神经肽Ｙ（ＮＰＹ）、心钠素（ＡＮＰ）含量动态变化及巴曲酶的保护作用。结果单纯注血组及巴曲酶治疗组血浆、ＣＳＦ中ＮＰＹ、ＡＮＰ含量较注血前及同期正常对照组明显增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）；单纯注血组在注血后３０ｍｉｎ血浆、ＣＳＦ中ＮＰＹ含量开始升高，ＣＳＦ中ＡＮＰ含量亦在注血后３０ｍｉｎ升高，血浆ＡＮＰ含量则在第２ｄ开始升高，至第７ｄ最高。蛛网膜下腔给药组和静脉注入巴曲酶０．４ＢＵｋｇ－１ｄ－１组血浆、ＣＳＦ中ＮＰＹ、ＡＮＰ含量均明显低于同期单纯注血组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论血浆、ＣＳＦ中ＮＰＹ、ＡＮＰ的异常增高是ＳＡＨ后ＣＶＳ的原因之一，巴曲酶可以防止ＮＰＹ和ＡＮＰ的异常增高。     

免疫应答期间脑内多巴胺代谢的变化

应用高效液相色谱－电化学检测法（ＨＰＬＣ－ＥＣＤ）测定大鼠用绵羊红细胞（ＳＲＢＣ）免疫后第２－７天期间，下丘脑，海马和脑干中多巴胺（ＤＡ）及代谢产物高香草酸（ＨＶＡ）的含量，结果表明，下丘脑中ＤＡ含量，在免疫后第３－４天明显升高，第５天明显降低，ＨＶＡ含量在免疫后第２－５天显著地增加，以第４天增加最多，海马中ＤＡ含量在免疫后第５－７天明显减少，而ＨＶＡ含量在此期间显著增加，均以第６天变化最大，脑干     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.