绝经前子宫内膜癌临床特征及诊断

目的：分析绝经前子宫内膜癌的临床特征及其诊断。方法：回顾性分析2005年5月－2015年5月间208例绝经前子宫内膜癌（EC）病例,以提高EC的临床诊断水平。结果：绝经前EC患者共208例,占同期EC的28．97％（208／718）。以45岁为界,分A、B两组,A组为38．46％（80／208）;B组为61．54％（128／208）。以“阴道异常出血”主诉最多（51．4％）,且多为Ⅰ期,而以“腹部包块”为主诉多为Ⅲ－Ⅳ期;诊断符合率为58．8％,其中,A组患者较B组患者确诊时间短,B超检出率高（72．5％ vs 58．19％）,Ⅰ期患者诊断符合率明显高于Ⅱ－Ⅳ期患者。结论：绝经前EC大多于围绝经期发病,临床症状不典型,诊断符合率较低,确诊时间随年龄增加而延长。     

45岁以下子宫内膜癌患者术后3年生存影响因素分析

目的:分析45岁以下子宫内膜癌患者术后3年生存影响因素。方法:收集2009年1月至2011年12月在唐山市妇幼保健院诊断为子宫内膜癌的患者,均行子宫全切术,术后病理证实为子宫内膜癌患者88例。并根据其年龄将其分为A组（≤35岁）35例,B组（36~45岁）53例,对2组患者的生存影响因素进行单因素及多因素分析。结果:对患者的预后因素中组织学类型、病理分级、肌层浸润深度、淋巴结转移、附件转移、腹腔细胞学、雌孕激素受体等7个因素行单因素分析,结果显示组织学类型、病理分级、肌层浸润深度、淋巴结转移、附件转移、腹腔细胞学对患者的预后有影响（P均<0.05）。雌激素受体阳性患者3年生存率高于雌激素受体阴性患者,有统计学意义（P<0.05）。孕激素受体对患者预后无影响(P>0.05)。45岁以下子宫内膜癌术后放疗、化疗、孕激素治疗三者3年生存比较,无明显差异（P>0.05）。未接受治疗患者3年生存率为57.14%,低于接受放疗、化疗、孕激素治疗患者的3年生存率,均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。多因素回归分析得出肿瘤浸润深度、淋巴结转移是影响预后的独立因素。结论:45岁以下子宫内膜癌患者其发生与雌激素有关,尤其是≤35岁者,高危因素少,预后较好。对于早期45岁以下子宫内膜癌患者可考虑保留生育功能或卵巢。早期发现、早期诊断是提高45岁以下子宫内膜癌患者术后3年生存率的核心,早期手术治疗及术后辅助治疗是提高患者术后3年生存率的保障。     

绝经后阴道流血患者的临床特征及子宫内膜癌发生的影响因素分析

目的 探讨绝经后阴道流血患者的临床特征及子宫内膜癌发生的影响因素。方法 选取126例绝经后阴道流血患者,病理检查结果显示,子宫内膜癌28例、子宫良性病变98例,比较子宫内膜癌和子宫良性病变患者的临床特征;绝经后阴道流血患者子宫内膜癌发生的影响因素采用多因素Logistic回归分析。结果 子宫内膜癌患者糖尿病发生率、反复阴道流血发生率、雌激素受体（ER）阳性表达率、孕激素受体（PR）阳性表达率、子宫内膜异常回声发生率均高于子宫良性病变患者,阴道流血程度重于子宫良性病变患者,子宫内膜厚度大于子宫良性病变患者,差异均有统计学意义（P﹤0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,糖尿病、重度阴道流血、子宫内膜厚度≥10.3 mm、反复阴道流血均是绝经后阴道流血患者发生子宫内膜癌的独立危险因素（P﹤0.05）。结论 糖尿病、重度阴道流血、子宫内膜厚度≥10.3 mm、反复阴道流血均是绝经后阴道流血患者发生子宫内膜癌的危险因素,早期采取积极有效的治疗措施,可能会改善患者的预后。     

绝经前子宫内膜癌的危险因素分析

[目的]分析绝经前子宫内膜癌的危险因素,为临床诊治提供参考依据.[方法] 2006年1月至2010年12月间因阴道出血就诊的绝经前患者1 283例,其中子宫内膜正常1 239例,子宫内膜癌44例;收集两组病例的临床资料,采用Logistic回归分析危险因素的危险度.[结果]多因素Logistic回归分析显示多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者患子宫内膜癌风险是非PCOS的28.594倍(95％CI为11.983～73.407).糖尿病者患有子宫内膜癌的风险是非糖尿病患者的43.965倍(95％CI为11.783～164.041).三苯氧胺(TAM)使用史者患子宫内膜癌的风险是无TAM使用史的65.074倍(95％CI为8.993～476.172).肿瘤家族史者患子宫内膜癌的风险是无肿瘤家族史患者的67.797倍(95％CI为9.622～377.687).[结论]PCOS、糖尿病、TAM使用史和肿瘤家族史是子宫内膜癌的危险因素.针对危险因素采取防治措施对预防子宫内膜癌发病有着一定的价值.     

绝经与子宫内膜癌预后的关系

目的探讨绝经前后妇女子宫内膜癌的临床病理特征以及绝经能否作为子宫内膜癌的预后因素。方法将212例子宫内膜癌患者按是否绝经分为2组：未绝经组78例，绝经组134例。分析两组患者的临床病理特征及预后。结果未绝经组与绝经组相比，不孕患者比例低（分别为14．1％和19．2％）。高血压患者比例低（分别为4．5％和33．6％），组织分级低（G3分别为12．3％和26．2％）、深肌层浸润少见（分别为9．0％和29．1％），复发少（分别为5．1％和12．7％），生存率高。上述各项均有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论未绝经子宫内膜癌者的预后较好，与临床病理特点有关。绝经可以作为子宫内膜癌的1个独立的预后因素。     

子宫内膜癌绝经后阴道出血4例报告

子宫内膜癌是危害广大妇女健康的恶性肿瘤。常常发生在绝经后,表现为绝经后阴道出血。本文将4例绝经后出血病例报道如下: 例1 郑××,61岁以绝经后9年,阴道出血3月行诊断刮宫,宫腔深10cm,刮出少许组织,病检报告为“炎性组织”经抗炎止血治疗后仍有出血,再     

子宫内膜癌的预后及影响因素

目的探讨子宫内膜癌的预后及其影响因素。方法选取2007年2月至2009年1月手术治疗的93例子宫内膜癌患者的临床资料进行分析,采用Cox回归模型对影响因素进行评估。结果93例子宫内膜癌的3、5年的生存率分别为90.3%和84.9%,中位生存期为59.2个月。Cox回归模型分析显示,年龄≥55岁、病理分期Ⅲ期、组织学分级G3、肌层浸润≥1/2和淋巴结转移为影响子宫内膜癌预后的独立危险因素。结论子宫内膜癌具有较好的治疗效果,对其治疗应当合理评估患者的预后相关因素,实施个体化治疗方案,提高患者生存质量。     

未绝经妇女子宫内膜癌49例临床病理分析

目的:探讨未绝经妇女子宫内膜癌的临床病理特征。方法:将158例子宫内膜癌患者按是否绝经分为两组,未绝经组49例,绝经组109例,分析两组患者的临床病理特征及预后。结果:未绝经组与绝经组相比,有肿瘤家族史的患者比例高(分别为22.00%和9.92%),特殊病理类型较少(分别为2.04%和12.84%),组织分级低(G1分别占71.43%和43.12%),深肌层浸润少见(分别占18.37%和38.53%),5年生存率高(分别为91.11%和73.47%),上述各项差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。另外,未绝经组合并肌瘤比例高,漏诊或误诊率高,P<0.05。结论:未绝经子宫内膜癌患者的预后较好与临床病理特点有关;对未绝经者出现月经紊乱、经量过多应警惕子宫内膜癌的可能。     

Expression of HER-2 affects patient survival and paclitaxel sensitivity in endometrial cancer

Background:

Disabled phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signalling is involved in endometrial carcinogenesis, and there is evidence that expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family members has a role in such intracellular signalling pathways. This study analysed the prognostic impact of EGFR family expression in endometrial cancer in relation to PI3K–AKT and MAPK–ERK signalling, as well as drug sensitivity.

Methods and results:

Immunohistochemical analysis using 63 surgical specimens of endometrioid-type endometrial cancers revealed that EGFR, human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2 and HER-4 were expressed in 25 (39.7%) of 63, 26 (41.3%) of 63 and 31 (49.2%) of 63 tumours, respectively. Gene amplification of HER-2 was observed in 2 of 26 patients with high HER-2 expression. Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that high HER-2 expression was a factor that negatively influenced the progression-free and overall survival rate (P<0.05), and multivariate analysis showed high HER-2 expression to be an independent prognostic factor. Subsequently, we performed in vitro knockdown analysis to investigate the linkage between HER-2 expression and PI3K–AKT pathways. Short interfering RNA (siRNA)-based knockdown of HER-2 in endometrial cancer cells led to a significant reduction in phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT) expression, indicating the existence of a HER-2/PI3K-AKT axis. As the PI3K–AKT pathway is known to have crucial roles in anticancer drug sensitivity, we examined the involvement of HER-2 in sensitivity to paclitaxel. Short interfering RNA-based knockdown of HER-2 conferred increased sensitivity to paclitaxel in endometrial cancer cells, attenuating the induction of p-AKT on paclitaxel stimulation, which was cancelled by inactivating AKT by the introduction of a dominant-negative form.

Conclusion:

HER-2 is a significant prognostic factor of endometrioid-type endometrial cancer, as well as a key molecule that affects paclitaxel sensitivity by HER-2 interaction with the PI3K–AKT pathway.     

Impact of peritoneal cytology on survival of endometrial cancer patients treated with surgery and radiotherapy

Stage IIIA endometrial cancer includes patients with serosal or adnexal invasion and patients with positive peritoneal cytology only. In this study, we assessed the impact of peritoneal cytology on endometrial cancer survival. All endometrial cancer patients receiving surgery and radiotherapy at the Geneva University Hospitals between 1980 and 1993 were included. Stage IIIA cancers were categorised into 'cytological' stage IIIA (only positive peritoneal cytology) and 'histological' stage IIIA (serosal or adnexal infiltration). Survival rates were analysed by Kaplan-Meier method and compared using log-rank test. The prognostic importance of peritoneal cytology was analysed by multivariate regression analysis. This study included 170 endometrial cancers (112 stage I, 17 cytological stage IIIA, 18 histological stage IIIA, 9 stage IIIB+). Disease-specific survival of cytological stage IIIA was not different from stage I (94 vs 88% respectively, P=0.5) but better than histological stage IIIA (94 vs 51% respectively, P<0.01). Histological stage IIIA patients were at increased risk to die from cancer compared to stage I patients (HR 2.7, 95% CI 1.0-7.7), while cytological stage IIIA patients were not (HR 0.3, 95% CI 0.3-2.0). Cytological stage IIIA endometrial cancer has similar prognosis as stage l and better prognosis than histological stage IIIA. Additional research, definitively separating stage and cytology is warranted.     

The impact of lymph vascular space invasion on recurrence and survival in patients with early stage endometrial cancer

The aim of this study was to determine impact of lymph vascular space involvement (LVSI) on recurrence and survival in early stage of endometrial cancer. From 1991 through 2010, all endometrial cancer patients at University Hospital of Bari, Italy were identified. The Log‐rank test and Kaplan–Meyer methods were used for time‐to‐event analysis to evaluate the effects of on lymph vascular space involvement recurrence rate and survival time. Of the 560 endometrial cancer patients, 525 underwent primary surgery. Of those, 399 had early stage disease. Three hundred and forty women were not found to have LVSI, whereas 59 were found to have lymph vascular space involvement. Forty‐nine (12%) patients developed a recurrence and 20 of them showed lymph vascular space involvement. The statistical analysis demonstrated that LVSI was strongly associated with a poor survival (P < 0.0001). Lymph vascular space involvement is associated with a high risk of recurrence and poor overall survival in early stage of endometrial cancer; therefore, the clinical decision to decide whether or not a patient with early stage endometrial cancer should receive adjuvant therapy should be included the evaluation of lymph vascular space involvement.     

Common genetic variability in ESR1 and EGF in relation to endometrial cancer risk and survival

We investigated common genetic variation in the entire ESR1 and EGF genes in relation to endometrial cancer risk, myometrial invasion and endometrial cancer survival. We genotyped a dense set of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in both genes and selected haplotype tagging SNPs (tagSNPs). The tagSNPs were genotyped in 713 Swedish endometrial cancer cases and 1567 population controls and the results incorporated into logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models. We found five adjacent tagSNPs covering a region of 15 kb at the 5′ end of ESR1 that decreased the endometrial cancer risk. The ESR1 variants did not, however, seem to affect myometrial invasion or endometrial cancer survival. For the EGF gene, no association emerged between common genetic variants and endometrial cancer risk or myometrial invasion, but we found a five-tagSNP region that covered 51 kb at the 5′ end of the gene where all five tagSNPs seemed to decrease the risk of dying from endometrial cancer. One of the five tagSNPs in this region was in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the untranslated A61G (rs4444903) EGF variant, earlier shown to be associated with risk for other forms of cancer.     

血脂异常与子宫内膜癌的相关性分析

目的:回顾性分析子宫内膜癌患者中血脂代谢异常发病情况并探讨血脂代谢异常与子宫内膜癌发病风险的相关性。方法:收集2010年至2014年就诊于新疆医科大学第一附属医院的未经过放疗及化疗的且 经病理确诊为雌激素依赖型子宫内膜癌的病例81例。另以子宫内膜正常组,子宫内膜增生组作为对照组、各组分别56例,收集患者和对照者一般资料,既往史,月经史,婚育史,用药史,家族史(包括家族肿瘤史),生化血脂结果,病理结果。结果:子宫内膜正常组、子宫内膜增生组、子宫内膜癌组三组在发病年龄、月经状态、孕产情况、糖尿病发病情况、肿瘤家族史、PCOS/甲减发病率、HRT/TAM使用情况之间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;子宫内膜癌组的体重指数（BMI）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、高血压发病率均高于子宫内膜正常组、增生组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;子宫内膜癌组的高密度脂蛋白（HDL）明显低于子宫内膜正常组、增生组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论:子宫内膜癌患者的BMI、TG、TC、HDL及高血压发病率明显高于非子宫内膜癌患者,血脂异常很可能是子宫内膜癌发生的关键因素,有望高血脂将可能作为尽早识别子宫内膜癌高危人群的预警指标。     

Longitudinal study on birthweight and the incidence of endometrial cancer

From 1976 to 2004, we followed 71,751 participants of the Nurses' Health Study and identified 676 invasive endometrial cancer cases. Birthweight, assessed in 1992, was not associated with the incidence of endometrial cancer. No effect modification by menopausal status was observed, but statistical power to detect an interaction was limited.     

Physical activity and postmenopausal endometrial cancer risk (Sweden)

Objectives:To examine the hypothesis that sedentary women have an increased risk of endometrial cancer compared to physically active women. Methods:This is a population-based case–control study in the entire Swedish female population aged 50–74 years in 1994–1995. We obtained self-reported information on leisure-time physical activity during childhood, at ages 18–30, and recently from 709 incident case women with endometrial cancer and 3368 population controls. Occupational physical activity was estimated through record linkage to the Swedish census data from 1960, 1970, 1980, and 1990. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for different activity levels by multivariate logistic regression, taking into account potential confounders. Results:Comparing lowest to highest (reference) levels of physical exercise, we observed statistically significant associations with risk of endometrial cancer for leisure-time activity at age 18–30 years (multivariate OR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.0–1.8; p for trend 0.01) and in recent years (multivariate OR=1.3; 95% CI = 1.0–1.7; p for trend 0.01). We found similar associations comparing lowest to highest (reference) levels of occupational activity assessed at the censuses in 1980 (multivariate OR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.0–1.9; p for trend 0.03) and 1990 (multivariate OR = 1.3; 95% CI = 0.9–1.9, p for trend 0.05), but a less consistent association with censuses in 1960 and 1970. The increased risk associated with low level of occupational physical activity was confined to women who were not obese and to women who were smokers. Conclusion:Our data, in conjunction with past epidemiological studies, indicate that both occupational and leisure-time physical activity may reduce the risk for postmenopausal endometrial cancer.     

Gynecological characteristics related to breast cancer in pre and postmenopausal women

Background The objective of this study was two fold: to identify gynecological characteristics that distinguish women diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer from those at more advanced stages; to identify distinguishing characteristics between premenopasual and postmenopausal women diagnosed with the same stage. Population and method 186 incident cases diagnosed with breast cancer were identified out of the 685 patients who were seen to in 2000–2001. The variables to be studied were obtained by means of a specific questionnaire which collected data concerning reproductive characteristics and contraceptive types. Results Significant differences in the mean age were found, since the early-stage group was younger (57.01±12.82 vs. 65.06±15.11). Characteristical factors found in pre-menopausal women were: early menopause, they either had no children or a single child, no breastfeeding practice and a more extensive use of contraceptives. Postmenopausal women presented more advanced stages, more pregnancies and less abortions. Conclusions By taking the obtained results into consideration, it would be recommendable to bring forward the age at which women are to be included in early detection programmes, and to conduct a follow-up of those women who present such factors to favour an earlier diagnosis of the disease.