医源性胆道损伤的防范及处理

目的探讨医源性胆道损伤的防范、处理及其术后并发症的诊治。方法回顾性分析临床23例医源性胆道损伤患者的临床资料,其中胆总管下段损伤5例,胆总管上段/肝总管损伤13例,肝内胆管损伤5例。经局部缝合、组织修补、胆管断端直接吻合、胆肠吻合等方式治疗。结果全组随访19例,术后发现胆瘘2例,胆道狭窄2例,结石复发2例,反流性胆管炎1例。结论应尽量避免和及时发现胆道损伤,根据损伤部位、程度、类型及其当时胆管条件,采取不同的方式修复胆道损伤;注意修复后胆道血供良好、吻合口足够大,能有效防治胆道损伤术后并发症。     

医源性胆道损伤的原因、处理及预防

医源性胆道损伤是指发生于手术中的胆道损伤。有关医源性胆道损伤的报道屡见不鲜，但大多报道高位胆管(左右肝管、肝总管、胆总管十二指肠上段)的损伤及处理经验。对胆总管中下段尤其是胆总管远段损伤的报道少见。现就我院11年收治25例胆道损伤(包括2例发生在胆总管远段右后壁，3例发生在胆胰肠接合部)报告如下。     

医源性胆道损伤12例分析

１９８４年￣１９９４年间，我院收治１２例医源性胆道损伤。其中胆总管损伤１０例，肝总管损伤１例，右肝管损伤１例。采用端端吻合修复３例，修补术４例，胆肠Ｒｏｕｘ－Ｙ吻合术５例。全部修复成功。讨论了医源性胆道损伤的原因、修复措施及预防方法。     

外伤性胆道损伤治疗体会

目的总结外伤性胆道损伤的诊断及治疗经验。方法回顾性分析我院2000-2014年收治的10例外伤性胆道损伤患者的临床资料,对诊断和治疗方法进行分析。结果外伤性胆道损伤10例,其中胆囊破裂1例,胆囊重度挫伤1例,左肝管损伤4例,肝(胆)总管损伤3例,胆总管撕脱伤1例。合并肝破裂5例,肝挫伤2例,十二指肠破裂、胰腺断裂1例,门静脉损伤1例,股骨骨折1例。8例急诊剖腹探查术中诊断,2例在伤后17 d和32 d出现腹膜炎剖腹探查诊断。行胆囊切除术2例,左肝管修补+胆总管T管4例,肝(胆)总管修补+T管引流2例,胆总管切开探查+T管引流1例,胆总管+胰管引流1例。9例痊愈,1例死亡。结论熟悉外伤性胆道损伤的特点,早期诊断和确定性治疗,是外伤性胆道损伤救治成功的关键。     

医源性胆道损伤治疗效果分析

目的总结医源性胆道损伤的临床治疗经验。方法回顾性分析我院外科自1989年1月至2005年1月收治的医源性胆道损伤患者38例，其中胆总管横断伤3例，行胆管端端吻合T管引流术1例，胆总管十二指肠吻合2例；肝总管横断伤6例，行胆管端端吻合T管引流术2例，胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术4例；胆总管部损伤5例，行胆管壁缺损修补T管引流术2例，胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术3例；肝总管部分损伤9例，行胆管壁缺损修补T管引流术3例，胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术6例；胆总管、肝总管、左肝管缝扎各3、8、4例，均行Roux-en-Y吻合术。结果失访2例，36例获随访，时间1—14年，痊愈30例(78．9％)。胆道狭窄并结石形成3例，再次行Roux-en-Y吻合，术后反复发作胆道感染2例，死亡1例。结论医源性胆道损伤一经确诊，应有计划、有步骤地采取合理的治疗程序，术式要视损伤后时间、部位、程度及类型而定。     

医源性胆管损伤类型及处理：附64例分析

目的探讨医源性胆管损伤分类及处理方法。方法回顾性分析自1982年1月至2009年7月我科医源性胆管损伤64例临床资料。结果损伤原因：常规开腹手术（OC）45例,电视腹腔镜手术（LC）19例。损伤发现时间：术中发现30例,术后发现34例。损伤部位：胆总管上段至肝总管损伤占57．8％（37／64）,胆总管下段损伤12．5％（8／64）,肝管损伤29．7％（19／64）。结论肝内胆管损伤主要处理合并的肝内动脉损伤出血;胆总管下段伴胰腺损伤宜行胰头十二指肠一空肠侧侧吻合;胆总管上段一肝总管损伤方式多样;腹腔镜手术胆管损伤后无胆漏,解剖清晰可以早期修复。     

胆肠吻合术的现代应用

胆肠吻合术（choledochojejunostomy,CJ）是于修复胆道损伤、肝外胆管病变切除后及治疗胆管结石的胆道重建常用手术方式，基本术式包括：Oddi括约肌切开成形术，胆总管十二指肠吻合术，间置空肠胆管十二指肠吻合术，胆管空肠Roux-Y吻合术，胆肠袢式吻合术。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发胆道损伤的术中非影像诊断

胆道损伤修复的远期结果除与胆道损伤本身的类型有关外,还与修复手术的时机密切相关.回顾性研究表明,半数以上的腹腔镜胆囊切除(LC)术中的胆道损伤未能在术中得到确诊.我院的7400例LC中共发生胆道损伤8例,其中仅3例得到术中确诊并获得一期修复,经验与教训都是深刻的. 临床资料 在我院完成的7*!400例LC中,发生胆管损伤8例,其初始LC均为择期手术.3例因术中漏胆、胆总管远侧断端明显回缩、胆囊标本异常发现而中转开腹;余病人因术后黄疸,胆汁性腹膜炎而于术后第4～30天经再手术得以确诊.胆道损伤的类型包括:胆总管横断伤1例;肝总管部分夹闭导致的胆管壁坏死1例;肝外胆管右前侧壁缺损3例;胆管节段性缺损3例.术中漏诊的5例中有3例于首次胆道修复手术后2～5年又因胆肠吻合口狭窄、胆道梗阻而行再次胆肠吻合术.术中确诊的3例病人行一期胆道修复术后随访时间已2～3年,无胆道梗阻表现.     

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胆肠吻合术 (choledochojejunostomy ,CJ)是治疗胆道疾病常用的手术方式 ,自 1888年Riedel成功施行第 1例胆总管十二指肠侧侧吻合术以来 ,至今已有 10 0多年历史。CJ包括Oddi括约肌切开成形术、胆总管十二指肠吻合术、肝外 (肝门 )胆管间置空肠十二指肠吻合术和胆管空肠Roux-en -Y吻合术。使用最广泛的是胆总管十二指肠吻合术和胆管空肠Roux -en -Y吻合术。CJ常用于修复胆道损伤、肝外胆管病变切除后及治疗胆道结石的胆道重建 ,在2 0世纪 90年代以前曾风靡一时 ,几乎成为胆道外科的常规手术和标志性手术。然而 ,经过多年大量的临床病例…     

胆道损伤经手术修复后再次胆道狭窄的外科处理

目的 胆道损伤经修复手术后发生再次胆道狭窄是外科处理的难点,该文探讨此类病例的手术时机和手术方法 .方法 回顾性分析了自2005年11月至2007年10月间,上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院收治的胆道损伤经一次或二次修复手术后发生再次胆道狭窄的病例16例,对这些病例的临床资料进行分析.结果 胆道损伤绝大多数是由胆囊切除所造成,其中14例为腹腔镜胆囊切除术.1例为小切口胆囊切除术,另1例为腹部外伤.初次胆道损伤按Strasberg分型,E1 1例、E2 7例、E3 5例和E43例,其中2例E4类型的病人合并动脉损伤.末次修复手术方式分别为11例胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合,3例胆总管端端吻合并放置T管,1例左肝管T管引流,另1例胆道外引流术.该次入院12例病人接受了胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合,其中1例接受了二期右半肝切除术(E4类型合并右肝动脉损伤);1例病人接受了胆总管端端吻合;1例病人(E4类型合并肝固有动脉损伤)接受了尸肝移植;1例病人(腹部外伤所致)接受了活体右半肝移植;另1例病人接受了胆道外引流术.经初步随访,病人恢复基本良好.结论 尽管再次手术时因炎症瘢痕等因素使得胆道狭窄平面高于初次损伤平面,但胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合依然是修复胆道损伤的主要治疗方法 .术前评估应尤其重视是否合并血管损伤,并根据情况考虑是否需要行半肝切除或肝移植术;而对于全身条件较差者,可先行胆道外引流治疗.     

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??Primary repairing for iatrogenic injury of bile duct: a study of 31 cases HUANG Qiang, LIU Chen-hai, WANG Cheng, et al. Group of Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, Department of General Surgery??Anhui Province Hospital, Hefei 230001, China
Corresponding author??HUANG Qiang, E-mail??liuchenhai001@163.com
Abstract Objective To explore the experience of primary repairing for iatrogenic injury of bile duct. Methods The clinical data of 31 cases of primary repairing for iatrogenic injury of bile duct admitted from January 2004 to June 2010 in the Department of General Surgery of Anhui Province Hospital were analyzed and summarized retrospectively. Results Four cases were found and repaired by biliary tract repairing and drainage during the first operation. Six cases of iatrogenic injury of bile duct combined with bile peritonitis were performed abdominal and biliary drainage firstly and then performed Roux-en-Y bile duct-jejunostomy after 2 months. Twenty-one cases combined with jaundice were performed Roux-en-Y bile duct-jejunostomy. Among them, injury repairs in 5 cases were performed within 10 days. Sixteen cases were performed in 10 days after the repairing. The former operation took more time than the latter (P<0.05). No postoperative bile leakage occurred. Twenty-eight cases were followed up for 4-60 months. Two cases occurred anastomotic stenosis after one year. The restoration success rate was 92.9% (26/28). Conclusion Repairing bile duct injuries need to be performed by biliary surgical specialists. The obstruction of bile duct injury should be performed operation after 10 days easier than within 10 days. Roux-en-Y bile duct-jejunostomy is the best surgical procedure for iatrogenic injury of bile duct     

医源性胆管损伤的治疗及疗效分析

目的探讨医源性胆管损伤的防治方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析30例医源性胆管损伤病人的临床资料。结果术中发现胆管损伤并及时修复9例,其中1例术后发生狭窄而再次手术治愈;另21例术后因胆管狭窄或胆漏确诊,2例行副肝管缝扎术,3例行胆管端端吻合T管引流术,16例行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合。疗效优者22例、良5例、差1例、死亡2例(1例死于胆漏感染,1例死于胆汁性肝硬化)。结论医源性胆管损伤重要在于术中及时发现和及时处理,采取胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合治疗可取得较好疗效。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后外科黄疸(附16例分析)

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)后外科黄疸的原因、治疗及预防措施. 方法对我院1994年1月～2002年1月3 092例LC中14例外科黄疸及外院转入2例共16例进行回顾性分析. 结果 16例中9例胆石残留,7例胆管损伤,包括2例胆囊管漏,3例胆(肝)总管损伤,2例迷走胆管漏后二次黄疸.16例均经手术治愈,无胆道狭窄发生. 结论减少LC术后外科黄疸的关键在于掌握好LC的手术适应证,规范手术操作,发生外科黄疸应积极手术治疗.     

医源性胆道损伤的诊治：附52例报告

目的:总结医源性胆道损伤的经验教训。 方法:对52例医源性胆道损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。 结果:胆道手术所致48例(92.3%)，胃大部切除术及肝脏手术所致各2例（共7.7%）。损伤部位在肝总管与胆总管交界处34例(65.4%)，肝总管6例(11.5%)，胆总管6例(11.5%)，左右肝管汇合部4例(7.7%)，左、右肝管各1例(共3.8%)。胆管完全性损伤30例(57.7%)，部分性损伤22例(42.3%)。所有病例均行手术处理。术中立即发现8例，采用直接修补或对端吻合、T管支撑引流术5例，直接置合适T管引流1例，肝总管与空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术1例，效果均满意；另1例行胆总管十二指肠吻合术，3年后因吻合口狭窄再次行肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术治愈。术后发现的44例，行肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术31例，肝总管与十二指肠吻合8例，胆总管置管引流2例，胆总管缺损用空肠瓣修补术1例，肝内胆管与空肠Longmire吻合术1例，拆除胆总管前后壁之间缝线1例。全组死亡4例，生存48例中41例获随访，疗效优良率为82.9%，疗效差的7例分别于术后2个月至5年再次作胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术治愈。结论:要警惕医源性胆道损伤的发生，及早诊断、及早修复胆道的连续性是提高疗效的关键。手术方式根据损伤部位、类型、损伤后发现的时间具体决定，以胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术的疗效最佳。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏原因及处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)术后胆漏的原因及诊治对策。方法回顾分析我院1992年5月至2005年7月收治的LC术后胆漏12例的临床资料。结果本组胆道损伤率为0.73%(25/3408),表现为术后胆漏的占36%(9/25)。其中主胆管损伤5例,副肝管损伤7例,除1例迷走胆管损伤未行再手术外,其余11例均再手术,均治愈。结论术后胆漏是LC胆道损伤的特点之一,LC术后不明原因的突发性上腹部剧痛是胆漏的信号。胆漏量<100ml/d,可行B超引导下穿刺置管引流;胆漏量>100ml/d,应及时开腹再手术,根据情况行胆道的修复或重建,若不能行一期修复或重建的可先行经近端胆管插管外引流。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术致胆管损伤17例分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)致胆管损伤的原因及处理方法。方法:回顾分析LC致胆管损伤17例患者的临床资料(11例胆总管损伤,4例肝总管损伤,2例右肝管损伤),并分析其原因及处理方法。结果:20000例LC中发生胆管损伤17例,占0.085%(17/20000),胆管损伤的主要原因是解剖变异,周围组织粘连,局部充血水肿。主要行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合,T管支撑引流,尿管支撑引流并直接吻合瘘口等。17例胆管损伤患者经过上述处理后均痊愈出院,随访半年以上,恢复良好。结论:胆管损伤是LC术中严重且常见的并发症,掌握胆囊三角的解剖技巧,处理好胆囊管、胆囊动脉是减少胆管损伤的关键。对解剖异常,粘连严重,局部充血水肿的患者应给予高度重视,一旦发现胆管损伤及时中转开腹,经过及时有效的处理,可避免严重后果。     

胆总管取石术后发生下端梗阻的原因分析及处理

目的分析胆总管探查取石术后发生下端梗阻的原因及采取的对策效果,为临床治疗胆总管结石及解决梗阻提供参考,减少胆总管探查取石术后发生下端梗阻。方法收集2013年1月至2015年12月间在深圳市第六人民医院行胆总管探查取石术后发生下端梗阻19例病人的一般资料及术前、术中和术后的临床资料,分析胆总管探查取石术后发生下端梗阻的原因,之后对病人采取的医疗对策并随访效果。结果 1胆总管下端良性狭窄引起的下端梗阻5例,行内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(EST)治疗,术后随访6个月行腹部彩超、生化检查复查,结果显示均无异常。2胆总管下端嵌顿性结石引起的下端梗阻9例,行内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)+EST术治疗,术后随访6个月均无异常。3胰头部病变引起的下端梗阻5例,其中胰头慢性胰腺炎2例,行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术治疗,术后随访6个月无异常,复查腹部CT胰头无明显炎性改变;肝胰壶腹癌1例,胰头癌2例,均行胰十二指肠切除术治疗,术后随访1年均无复发转移。结论对于不具有典型胆总管结石临床表现的病人,或者胆总管结石直径明显小于胆总管内径,而胆总管却有明显扩张的病人,应该引起重视。术前、术中均应该进行严格排查,术中应"重探查、轻取石",找到胆总管梗阻的真正原因。     

腹腔镜胆总管探查术242例临床分析

目的为了探讨腹腔镜下胆总管探查术的临床应用效果。方法回顾性分析我院2007年6月~2016年6月242例腹腔镜下胆总管探查术的临床资料。术中行胆总管探查T管引流术170例,胆总管切开探查一期缝合42例,经胆囊管探查胆总管取石30例。结果本组242例患者中,手术时间70~260min,平均130min,术中失血30~460ml,平均150 ml。胆漏30例,28例经腹腔引流管引流4~7天治愈,2例形成腹腔局部积液经B超定位穿刺引流而治愈。肺部感染6例,胸腔积液4例,切口感染2例。20例术后行T管造影检查证实为胆管残余结石,经胆道镜1~4次取石后取净;2例患者胆道镜无法取出残余结石,经ERCP取出残余结石。术后第1d所有患者可下床活动,平均输液时间4~8d。结论腹腔镜下胆总管探查术是相对微创安全的手术,应根据患者具体情况采取个体化的术式。     

ERCP findings and the role of endoscopic sphincterotomy in acute gallstone pancreatitis

A total of 131 patients with acute pancreatitis (of whom 100 had gallstones) underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) during the same hospital admission. Urgent ERCP (less than 72 h) was performed in 68 cases and early ERCP (3-30 days) in 63 cases; 47 had predicted severe attacks and 84 had predicted mild attacks (modified Glasgow criteria). The highest incidence of common bile duct stones occurred in those with predicted severe attacks and those who had urgent ERCP. Highly significant correlations were found between age and common bile duct and pancreatic duct diameters. Significant correlations were also found between the common bile duct and pancreatic duct (correcting for age) and between these and the admission serum bilirubin. The common bile duct diameter was greatest in those with common bile duct stones and predicted severe attacks. A considerably lower incidence of pancreatic duct filling occurred in those with predicted severe attacks and common bile duct stones; in predicted mild attacks the pancreatic duct diameter was greater in those with common bile duct stones. In gallstone patients complications were highest in those with predicted severe attacks but more significantly in those with common bile duct stones. Endoscopic sphincterotomy was undertaken in 37 patients with common bile duct stones without mortality. The overall complication rate in gallstone patients was 19 per cent and the mortality rate was 2 per cent. These findings suggest that common bile duct stones cause acute common bile duct and pancreatic duct obstruction and are closely associated with complications. Urgent ERCP for detection of common bile duct stones, and endoscopic sphincterotomy for treatment, is strongly recommended for patients with predicted severe attacks due to gallstones and should also be considered for others who fail to show clinical improvement.     

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??Iatrogenic bile duct injuries: a clinical analysis of 64 cases ZHOU Yong, LIU Jin-gang. Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
Corresponding author: LIU Jin-gang, E-mail: liujg@sj-hospital.org
Abstract Objective To analyze and summarize the experiences of diagnosis and treatment for iatrogenic bile duct injury (IBDI). Methods The clinical data of 64 cases of IBDI admitted between January 2005 and December 2009 in Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University were analyzed retrospectively. Results Of all 64 cases, there were 41 cases occurred in opened bile ductal surgeries; 16 cases happened in laparoscopic cholecystectomies; 7 cases come up with other surgeries. Four cases injured with leakage of bile gently were drainage by ENBD. Five cases were found in the operation and undergone a T-tube drainage in the injured site. Other 55 cases were treated by Roux-en-Y anastomosis of bile duct and jejunum. One case died; 2 cases went through operation once again due to the stricture of the anastomotic stoma; 1 case experienced re-operation due to the defluvium of the stent tube. Sixty-three cases recovered smoothly and were followed-up over 12 months. Conclusion On condition that gentle IBDI is found in the operation, it should take simple suturing and repairing into consideration modestly, but for a positive T-tube drainage. In case of complete truncation of the bile duct occurs in the operation, or the injury is found several days after the surgery or reconstruction surgery fails, Roux-en-Y anastomosis of bile duct and jejunum may be the first choice, which could lead a satisfactory curative effect, while the annular anastomat should be applied cautiously.