南方红豆杉多糖的测定

红豆杉为世界濒危珍稀植物,是第四纪冰川后的孑遗物种,素有“植物黄金”之称。我国红豆杉有4种及1个变种。南方红豆杉（Taxus chinensis var.mairei）即是变种,系裸子植物亚门、松杉纲、红豆杉目、红豆杉科中红豆杉族下的红豆杉属植物,产于我国长江流域以南,为红豆杉属植物在我国分布最为广泛的一种。     

曼地亚红豆杉研究进展

曼地亚红豆杉Taxus media是东北红豆杉T.cuspidata和欧洲红豆杉T.baccata的天然杂交种。其枝叶中的紫杉醇量较高,是利用红豆杉树皮提取抗癌药物紫杉醇的最佳替代原料。综述了曼地亚红豆杉的生物学特性及品系、生理生态、繁殖技术、细胞培养、紫杉醇生物合成相关酶基因的克隆及表达和分离纯化工艺等方面的研究进展。     

红豆杉属植物的成分药理及临床应用进展

红豆杉科 (Taxaceae)红豆杉属 (Taxus)植物全球共有 11种 ,分布于北半球的温带及亚热带地区。我国有 4种及 1变种。它们是红豆杉、西藏红豆杉、云南红豆杉、东北红豆杉和南方红豆杉。在祖国的传统医学宝库中 ,关于它的药用价值早有记载。本世纪七十年代 ,由 Wani等人从短叶红豆杉 (Taxusbrevifolia)提取分离得到天然抗癌产物——紫杉醇 (Taxol)。从此 ,红豆杉的药用价值引起了世界性的研究机构和制药企业的高度重视。研究、开发 ,应用这一抗癌植物资源在世界范围内普遍展开。 1992年底美国 FDA批准紫杉醇作为治疗晚期卵巢癌药物 ,1993年…     

红豆杉中紫杉醇含量与生态环境的关系

紫杉醇是从红豆杉植物（Ｔａｘｕｓ）中提取出的抗肿瘤药物。紫杉醇含量与红豆杉的种属无明显关系，而与红豆杉的生态环境密切相关。低温，低于蔽阴处，富含有机质的土壤（５〈ｐＨ〈７）是高含量紫杉的红豆杉的三大必要生态条件。我国云南西部地区有着丰富的红豆杉资源及适合富含紫杉醇的红豆杉的生态环境，红豆杉Ｔａｘｕｓ ｙｕｎｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓ，Ｔ．ｍａｉｒｅｉ，Ｔ．ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ紫杉醇含量最高，东北地区的红豆杉的     

加拿大红豆杉中紫杉烷类成分的研究进展及药源危机解决方法探讨

加拿大红豆杉产于北美洲,主要分布在北明尼苏达州、纽芬兰、南威斯康辛州、宾夕法尼亚州。很多研究已证明加拿大红豆杉中的化学成分与其他种有很多差异,并且近年来还在加拿大红豆杉中发现了一些新骨架。通过对多种红豆杉植物所含有紫杉烷类化合物含量的分析,结果表明加拿大红豆杉中紫杉醇含量较高。该文结合文献近年来对加拿大红豆杉的研究工作,重点对近年来加拿大红豆杉中紫杉烷类化学成分研究进展及各型化合物的波谱特征进行综述,并探讨解决紫衫醇药源危机方法的研究现状。     

南方红豆杉水提物对肺癌裸鼠抑瘤作用及生活质量影响的研究

目的：研究不同浓度南方红豆杉水提物抑瘤作用及对荷瘤裸鼠生活质量的影响.方法：50只BALB/C-NU裸鼠建立A549肺癌模型后,分为5组：模型组、CTX组及南方红豆杉低、中、高剂量组,分别给予生理盐水、CTX及低、中、高剂量南方红豆杉水提物处理,比较各组药物的抑瘤率及各组裸鼠的生活质量.结果：CTX组抑瘤率41.89％,明显高于南方红豆杉水提物组（分别为15.08％、24.58％和36.87％）,但南方红豆杉水提物在改善荷瘤裸鼠生活质量方面有明显的优势.结论：南方红豆杉水提物治疗肿瘤,可能使患者在生存期及生活质量方面有所改善.     

红豆杉中紫杉醇最新研究进展

概述了红豆杉中抗肿瘤活性成分-紫杉醇的资源研究、制剂学研究及临床研究的最新进展,为红豆杉紫杉醇的合理研究及开发利用提供参考.     

复方红豆杉胶囊对人卵巢癌SKOV3裸小鼠移植瘤模型抗肿瘤活性及其作用机制的研究

目的观察复方红豆杉胶囊对人卵巢癌SKOV3裸小鼠移植瘤模型抗肿瘤活性及其作用机制。方法将40只清洁级BALB/c A-nude小鼠随机分为模型对照组、环磷酰胺组、红豆杉高剂量组及红豆杉低剂量组,对各组小鼠接种SKOV3卵巢癌细胞进行造模,造模成功后对小鼠进行给药处理,环磷酰胺组给予环磷酰胺(0.031 g/kg),红豆杉高剂量组及红豆杉低剂量组分别给予0.74 g/kg和0.369 g/kg的复方红豆杉胶囊,均每日1次,连续给药14 d。末次给药24 h后,观察小鼠肿瘤体积、质量与肿瘤生长抑制率。对小鼠肿瘤组织进行病理组织学观测,并采用荧光免疫组化法检测肿瘤组织中C型-半胱氨酸天冬氨酸特异性蛋白酶-3(C-caspase-3)、多重肿瘤抑制因子(MTS)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2(BCL-2)及细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶(CDK4)的阳性表达情况,比较相对表达量。结果与模型对照组比较,环磷酰胺组、红豆杉高剂量组及红豆杉低剂量组小鼠肿瘤体积与质量均明显降低(P0.05),肿瘤生长抑制率分别为73.6%、61.1%及50.9%。病理学观察结果显示,与模型对照组比较,环磷酰胺组、红豆杉高剂量组及红豆杉低剂量组中均可见不同程度的癌细胞出现坏死与凋亡。免疫荧光染色结果表明,环磷酰胺组、红豆杉高剂量组及红豆杉低剂量组中BCL-2及CDK4的阳性表达均显著弱于模型对照组,而C-caspase-3及MTS阳性表达则均显著强于模型对照组(P0.05),半定量分析结果表明,与模型对照组比较,环磷酰胺组、红豆杉高剂量组及红豆杉低剂量组BCL-2及CDK4相对表达量均明显降低,而C-caspase-3及MTS相对表达量均明显增高(P0.05)。结论复方红豆杉胶囊对人卵巢癌SKOV3裸小鼠移植瘤模型具有较好的治疗作用,其主要机制可能与该药物能够促进肿瘤细胞凋亡有关,值得进行深入研究。     

湖北钟祥红豆杉中紫杉醇全年含量变化分析

目的建立红豆杉枝叶中紫杉醇的含量测定方法,并测定湖北钟祥地区不同品种红豆杉中紫杉醇的全年含量变化,为红豆杉枝叶的最佳采收期提供依据,同时为红豆杉品种选育及可持续开发利用提供参考。方法采用ZORBAX Eclipse plus C18(4.6×250mm,5μm)色谱柱,以甲醇-乙腈-水(27-25-48)为流动相,检测波长227nm,柱温为35℃,流速为1.00m L/min,进样量为10μL,理论塔板数不低于2500。结果曼地亚红豆杉希克莎、曼地亚红豆杉紫科一号、曼地亚红豆杉绿星、曼地亚红豆杉泰斗、曼地亚红豆杉红建、南方红豆杉六种红豆杉枝叶中紫杉醇全年含量最高的月份分别为8月,8月,5月,9月,10月,5月。结论该测定方法简便、准确、重现性好,可用于红豆杉枝叶中紫杉醇含量的定量测定;曼地亚红豆杉紫科一号枝叶中紫杉醇的含量最高。     

红豆杉提取紫杉醇后残渣中紫杉烷类成分的含量测定

目的：测定红豆杉氯仿提取紫杉醇后残渣中紫杉烷类成分的含量。方法：用紫外分光光度法测定氯仿提取紫杉醇后红豆杉残渣的醋酸乙酯、正丁醇提取物的紫杉烷类成分的含量,测定波长为227nm。结果：3种红豆杉残渣的醋酸乙酯提取液中紫杉烷类成分的含量测定结果为东北红豆杉〉南方红豆杉〉曼地亚红豆杉,东北红豆杉树皮〉东北红豆杉枝叶;正丁醇提取液中紫杉烷类成分的含量测定结果为曼地亚红豆杉〉南方红豆杉〉东北红豆杉,东北红豆杉树皮〉东北红豆杉枝叶。结论：常法提取紫杉醇后的红豆杉残渣中仍留有紫杉烷类成分,可作为二次开发利用的再生资源。     

红豆杉名实与功用通考

红豆杉是我国当前种植面积大、经济效益和生态效益较好的药用植物之一.古无红豆杉之名,今人又多引用西方国家的说法,以致人们对其悠久的历史文献与丰富的文化内涵缺乏足够的了解和认识.因此,本文对古代红豆杉的异名、别名进行分析考证,从<四库全书>所收录的3 503部、约10亿字的典籍文献中发掘整理红豆杉的文献史料,弥补了<中华本草>和<中药大辞典>等大型工具用书的简略和不足.同时,还将红豆杉的性味与归经、功效与作用进行归纳总结,以期改变红豆杉有药无性、归经不明、功用不规范的混乱状况,并将红豆杉治疗肿瘤的历史上溯到唐代,比西方国家用红豆杉治疗癌症的历史早了1200多年.     

紫杉醇生物制剂原料的发掘途径和应用

立足紫杉醇生物原料发掘系统,重点剖析了原料林经营、细胞系培养的关键技术;提出从红豆杉－微生物共生系统、红豆杉近缘科属植物中筛选发掘紫杉醇及同系物的新途径的可能性。借助现代科学技术干预紫杉醇生物原料发掘途径,将极大地丰富紫杉醇生物原料供给和满足国内外市场对紫杉醇的需求。     

紫杉醇生物制剂原料的发掘途径和应用

立足紫杉醇生物原料发掘系统,重点剖析了原料林经营、细胞系培养的关键技术;提出从红豆杉－微生物共生系统、红豆杉近缘科属植物中筛选发掘紫杉醇及同系物的新途径的可能性。借助现代科学技术干预紫杉醇生物原料发掘途径,将极大地丰富紫杉醇生物原料供给和满足国内外市场对紫杉醇的需求。     

Effects of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors on taxol content in Taxus brevifolia and related species.

The demand for taxol, a promising cancer chemotherapeutic agent, far exceeds supply. Presently, taxol is derived from the bark of the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, a small, slow-growing evergreen tree native to the northwestern United States. Knowledge of the distribution and magnitude of genetic and non-genetic sources of variation in taxol content in the genus Taxus is necessary if supply issues are to be met through plant harvesting. Analytical determinations of taxol, cephalomannine, and baccatin III in more than 200 trees representing several populations of T. brevifolia and other yew taxa indicate that (1) significant variation in taxane content exists among and within populations and species, (2) taxol levels exceeding those reported for T. brevifolia bark were found in shoots of individual trees from most taxa studied, and (3) the season in which samples are collected and handling procedures can influence taxane content.     

New taxanes from the needles of Taxus canadensis

Nine minor taxanes were identified for the first time in the Canadian yew needles. Four of these metabolites are new: 5-epi-cinnamoylcanadensene (1), 2,9,10, 13-tetraacetoxy-20-cinnamoyloxy-taxa-4(5),11(12)-diene (2), 2'-acetyl-epi-taxol (3), and 9-deacetyltaxinine E (4).     

周晋华运用环磷酰胺联合中药紫杉治疗晚期肺癌经验

肺癌多是邪祟之物郁结留滞致使人体气血运行不畅所致,周晋华主任认为肺癌的发生与正虚邪害密不可分,而晚期肿瘤患者虚多实少,全身为虚,当以脾虚为主,"得脾胃者得中央,得中央者得天下",局部为实,故当以缓治,固脾胃之本培人体之元,周晋华主任运用低剂量规律口服环磷酰胺联合中药紫杉片解毒散结配伍,佐以益气健脾之法治疗晚期肺癌患者,发现对身体基础状况较差的老年肿瘤患者有良好的效果,此法是从姑息性治疗角度运用中西医结合的方法将静脉化疗药环磷酰胺改为口服,在提高老年患者对化疗药物的耐受性,减轻化疗副作用方面有一定的优势,为临床治疗晚期肺癌提供一种新思维。     

Taxezopidines M and N, taxoids from the Japanese yew, Taxus cuspidata

Two new taxoids, taxezopidines M (1) and N (2), have been isolated from seeds of the Japanese yew, Taxus cuspidata, and new structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of a 3-N,N-(dimethylamino)-3-phenylpropanoyl group in 1 and 2 was determined to be R in each case by chiral HPLC analysis. The effect of 1 and 2 on the CaCl(2)-induced depolymerization of microtubules was investigated.     

Biological activity and chemistry of taxoids from the Japanese yew, Taxus cuspidata

Approximately 120 taxoids have been isolated to date from the Japanese yew, Taxus cuspidata. These taxoids possess various skeletons containing 5/7/6-, 6/10/6-, 6/5/5/6-, 6/8/6-, or 6/12-membered ring systems. Among the taxoids, some non-paclitaxel-type compounds have been shown to reduce CaCl(2)-induced depolymerization of microtubules, increase cellular accumulation of vincristine in multidrug-resistant tumor cells, and exhibit potent cytotoxicity. Chemical derivatization of taxoids of T. cuspidata is also reviewed.     

Guaiane sesquiterpenes from Biscogniauxia nummularia featuring potent antigerminative activity

Xylaranone, a previously unreported guaiane sesquiterpene along with the known terpenoid xylaranol B and the two mellein derivatives 3,5-dimethyl-8-methoxy-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin and 3,5-dimethyl-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin were isolated from Biscogniauxia nummularia. Pogostol was also isolated from this fungus, and in light of our spectroscopic data, its structure was revised and corrected. This fungus, which was isolated as an endophyte from the plum yew Cephalotaxus harringtonia, is also suspected of being a pathogen. Interestingly, we report here the potent antigerminative activity of xylaranone and xylaranol B against seeds of Raphanus sativus at concentrations comparable to glyphosate, a commonly used herbicide. This effect suggests a role for these metabolites in the latent fungal pathogenesis of B. nummularia.     

Yews (Taxus) along the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region: Exploring the ethnopharmacological relevance among communities of Mongol and Caucasian origins

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Three species of yews Taxus contorta Griff., Taxus mairei (Lemée & Lév.) S.Y. Hu ex T.S. Liu and Taxus wallichiana Zucc. distributed in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region have been commercially exploited in recent decades to extract an anticancer chemotherapeutic drug 'Taxol'. Additionally, indigenous people of this region are using yews for several other purposes including gastro-intestinal disorders, respiratory problems, skeletal system disorders, and as edible fruit, fodder, fish poison, traditional veterinary medicine, among others.

Aim of the study

The study was designed to document and evaluate knowledge concerning uses of yews among indigenous communities of Mongol and Caucasian origins.

Materials and methods

Ethnobotanical knowledge from 10 major ethnic/caste groups of Mongol and Caucasian origins in the Nepal Himalayas was documented in 2010 and 2011 from 27 sites covering the extant distribution range of the three species of Taxus. A total of 72 key informants (60 men, 12 women), recommended by the majority of people in informal group discussions at each study site, were interviewed to collect information on the importance of yews.

Results

This study reports multidimensional uses of yews commonly practiced by different indigenous communities of Nepal and compared those with published uses along the HKH region. The key informants cited a total 45 uses under 21 categories. A greater use diversity and high consensus value for use types were recorded for medicinal uses (gastro-intestinal ailments, cough and cold, skeleto-muscular system problem and others medicinal importance) followed by fruit consumption, household tools, agriculture implements and timber. A decline of yew populations and associated traditional knowledge among the younger generations of indigenous people was found.

Conclusion

The present study shows a strong agreement of ethnobotanical knowledge on yews between communities of Mongols and Caucasian origins. Our findings further revealed the potential for additional therapeutic applications in yews of the HKH region, besides cancer treatment. To compensate the low yield of 'Taxol', and the fact that three yew species are involved, the reported species-specific curative properties need to be validated scientifically and evaluated clinically. Moreover, initiatives should be taken immediately to stop further degradation of yew populations and the associated indigenous knowledge in the HKH region.