TCD对糖尿病患者基底动脉血流动力学变化的检测

目的应用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)观察81例糖尿病患者的基底动脉(BA)血流动力学变化。方法将81例糖尿病患者TCD检测结果与90例高血压患者进行对照。结果糖尿病组BA的血流增快稍低于MCA,高血压组BA的血流增快则明显低于MCA,2组相比糖尿病组BA的血流增快明显高于高血压组,而且糖尿病组BA的频谱和音频异常率不仅明显高于高血压组的同名动脉,也高于同组的MCA和VA。结论对糖尿病和非糖尿病患者的TCD检测有助于及早发现隐性糖尿病,预防糖尿病患者发生缺血性脑血管病。     

TCD对55例2型糖尿病患者脑血流变化的临床研究

目的应用经颅多普勒超声（TCD）检查老年糖尿病患者颅内血管状况，以了解糖尿病与血流动力学变化的关系。方法对55例老年糖尿病患者与60例非糖尿病者进行TCD检查，观察大脑中动脉（MCA）、颈内动脉（ICA）终末端、大脑前动脉（ACA）、大脑后动脉（PcA）的血流速度和频谱信号。结果老年糖尿病患者颅内动脉血流速度明显增快，其血管狭窄发生率高于非糖尿病者。结论TCD检查对老年糖尿病患者颅内血管状况的评价具有重要的参考价值。     

TCD对55例2型糖尿病患者脑血流变化的临床研究

目的应用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)检查老年糖尿病患者颅内血管状况,以了解糖尿病与血流动力学变化的关系。方法对55例老年糖尿病患者与60例非糖尿病者进行TCD检查,观察大脑中动脉(MCA)、颈内动脉(ICA)终末端、大脑前动脉(ACA)、大脑后动脉(PCA)的血流速度和频谱信号。结果老年糖尿病患者颅内动脉血流速度明显增快,其血管狭窄发生率高于非糖尿病者。结论TCD检查对老年糖尿病患者颅内血管状况的评价具有重要的参考价值。     

200例偏头痛患者急性发作期的经颅多普勒超声（TCD）检测及相关因素分析

目的探讨经颅多普勒超声（TCD）对偏头痛急性发作期的检测意义。方法将200例偏头痛患者按不同年龄段分成5组,在急性发作期进行TCD检测血流速度。结果偏头痛患者不同年龄段急性发作期脑血流速度和正常人血流速度与同名动脉比较,偏头痛患者MCA及PCA、VA血流速度和正常人血流速度比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。偏头痛患者TCD检测的总体表现脑血管血流速度增快。有先兆偏头痛与无先兆偏头痛的2组血流速度比较不明显（P〉0．05）。结论TCD能敏感地反映偏头痛患者在急性发作期颅脑血管舒缩功能及其血流动力学变化情况,TCD检测结果可作为偏头痛患者急性发作期的诊断依据。     

2型糖尿病患者无症状的大脑中动脉狭窄的危险因素分析

目的 探讨住院2型糖尿病患者无症状大脑中动脉（MCA）狭窄的相关危险因素。方法回顾性总结227例2型糖尿病住院患者的病历资料，排除合并中风或中风史以及其他颅内疾病患者。用TCD诊断MCA狭窄。结果227例患者中MCA狭窄者共61例，狭窄率（26．9％），狭窄组病人年龄、病程、收缩压、尿酸水平、合并高血压和心电图异常率明显高于非狭窄组；Logistic回归分析显示糖尿病病人的病程以及合并高血压是无症状颅内动脉狭窄的独立危险因素。结论糖尿病病程延长及合并高血压是无症状MCA狭窄的独立危险因素。     

血浆同型半胱氨酸与2型糖尿病慢性并发症的相关研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者慢性并发症脑血管病变与高同型半胱氨酸血症的相关性。方法 对32例伴高同型半胱氨酸血症并已确诊的2型糖尿病患者与无高同型半胱氨酸血症的16例2型糖尿病患者做对照研究。两组均进行TCD检查,就血流收缩期速度(Vs)、平均血流速度(Vm)参数的结果作比较分析。结果TCD显示高同型半胱氨酸的糖尿病患者脑血管病变发生率为60％,明显高于对照组(P<0.05),且频谱有特异性改变。病例组各检测动脉以大脑中动脉(MCA)、颈内动脉末端(ICA)、基底动脉(BA)的Vm数值明显高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.001)。结论 伴有高同型半胱氨酸血症的2型糖尿病患者更易出现脑血管病变。     

局灶及弥漫性颅高压对脑血流动力学的影响

目的观察局灶性及弥漫性颅高压（ICH）对大脑中动脉（MCA）、基底动脉（BA）、颈内动脉颅外段（ESICA）血流动力学的不同影响,探讨经颅多普勒（TCD）对颅内压的评估价值。方法对118例颅高压患者进行187次腰穿测颅内压（ICP）前行TCD检查,对TCD资料及脑脊液压力进行分析,并与对照组比较。结果随ICP升高,TCD检测血管MCA、BA、ESICA均表现出高阻力血流频谱,脉动指数（PI）增大。ICP与ESICA的平均血流速度（Vm）相关性最大（r=-0．314,P=0．000）,与MCA的PI相关性最大（r=0．758,P=0．000）。局灶性颅高压Vm病侧慢于健侧,PI高于健侧,弥漫性颅高压双侧Vm、PI无显著差异。结论评估局灶性颅高压应检测病变侧MCA,弥漫性颅高压检测双侧MCA均可,在双侧颞窗透声不好时可检测ESICA。     

高血压病的TCD研究

目的：观察各期高血压病患者脑血流动力学改变情况，为脑卒中的防治提供依据。方法：应用彩色经颅多普勒对155例各期高血压病患者和50例正常对照组的双侧大脑中动脉（MCA），大脑前动脉（ACA）、大脑后动脉（PCA）、基底动脉（BA）的平均血流速度（Vm）和血流脉动指数（PI）进行观察。结果：高血压Ⅰ组颈内动脉系统Vm增高，BA、PCA无变化，PI值均无变化；Ⅱ、Ⅲ期随着分期增高颈内动脉系统、BA的Vm逐渐降低，PCA无变化，PI均逐渐增高，Ⅱ、Ⅲ期分别有6％、14％MCA或ACA狭窄．结论：Ⅰ期高血压患者处于高血流动力学状态，Ⅱ、Ⅲ期高血压随病情发展血流速度减慢，血管组力渐加大，20％出现血管狭窄，高血压病对颈内动脉系统血流动力学的影响较椎一基底动脉早且严重。     

椎基底动脉缺血性眩晕的经颅多普勒超声诊断价值

目的分析椎基底动脉缺血性眩晕老年患者颅脑多普勒超声(TCD)检查的血流动力学指标以及异常情况。方法选取2014—2016年茌平县人民医院收治的90例椎基底动脉缺血性眩晕患者90例为观察组,选取同期健康体检的老年人为对照组,对比2组TCD检测指标及检查结果异常率。结果 90例椎基底动脉缺血性眩晕患者中TCD检查存在异常的患者73例(81.11%),其中60例为椎基底动脉血流异常(82.19%)。观察组大脑前动脉(ACA)、大脑中动脉(MCA)、大脑后动脉(PCA)以及基底动脉(BA)与椎动脉(VA)的Vm均明显低于对照组(P0.05),ACA、VA、BA的PI指数明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论椎基底动脉缺血性眩晕老年患者TCD检查可见颅内血流指标改变明显,椎基底动脉改变较为明显。     

TCD诊断血管性头痛40例体会

近年来作者使用经颅多普勒（TCD）检查了大量以头痛为主诉的病人，积累了一定的经验和体会，本文选取40例TCD检查疑为血管性头痛患者的资料分析如下：1一般资料40例均为本部门诊患者，其中男历例，女14例，年龄20－60岁，就诊时均处于头痛发作期，并经临床排除高血压、脑血管病变等严重器质性疾病所致头痛者，使用仪器为Translink9000型经颇多普勒血流分析仪，探头频率为2兆赫。按常规经颞窗及枕窗分别检测左、右大脑中动脉（MCA）、前动脉（ACA）、后动脉（PCA）及椎动脉（VA）和基底动脉（BA）的血流速度参数（峰值血流速度（、平…     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。