子宫内膜癌前哨淋巴结检测方法及意义

关于是否对早期子宫内膜癌患者进行淋巴结切除术以及淋巴结切除术的范围一直存在争议。国际妇产科联盟(FIGO)2009年对子宫内膜癌的手术临床分期进行修改之后,更引起了对淋巴结切除术的探讨。FIGO建议,子宫内膜癌的基本手术范围包括腹水冲洗、筋膜外全子宫和双附件切除、盆腔或加腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除[1]。淋巴结状况和子宫内膜癌患者的无病生存率和总生存率密切相关[2],但关于淋巴结切除术的必要性和范围缺乏     

子宫内膜癌手术治疗的进展

2009年FIGO修订了子宫内膜癌手术病理分期。FIGO分期已推行20年但仍有问题和不足。手术治疗存在以下争议:是否要求所有患者均行盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术、淋巴结切除的范围,年轻低危早期者能否保留卵巢。2010年NCCN子宫内膜癌指南推荐所有可行手术者均行盆腔、腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除。前哨淋巴结检测可用于诊断早期子宫内膜癌。     

子宫内膜癌腹膜后淋巴结切除的现状与争议

子宫内膜癌以手术治疗为主,腹膜后淋巴结切除是其全面分期手术不可或缺的内容之一。淋巴结转移与否不仅是子宫内膜癌手术病理分期的重要依据,也是指导术后辅助治疗和判断患者预后的重要参考。目前关于腹膜后淋巴结,尤其是腹主动脉旁淋巴结的切除是否作为子宫内膜癌手术治疗的常规内容,国内外各规范指南及临床实践中都有较大争议。本文就子宫内膜癌腹膜后淋巴结切除的现状与争议进行文献综述,以期为临床实践提供参考和指引。     

子宫内膜癌手术方式的选择与预后

目的 探讨各种手术方式对子宫内膜癌患者预后的影响。方法 收集我院1970～1998年收治的子宫内膜癌患者238例,将所有病例按手术病理分期、病理类型和组织学分级分为低危、中危和高危三组,比较各种手术方式对各组患者预后的影响。结果 低、中危组主要行全子宫加双附件切除术或次广泛子宫切除术,各种术式生存率无显著差异(P>0.05)。高危组Ⅰa+Ⅰb期、Ⅰc期、Ⅱ期行次广泛(或广泛性)子宫切除附加盆腔淋巴结清扫术与单纯行次广泛子宫切除术相比,生存率差异无显著性(P>O.05)。Ⅲ、Ⅳ期主要行次广泛子宫切除术或广泛性子宫切除附加盆腔淋巴结清扫术,这两种术式的生存率差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论Ⅰa+Ⅰb期腺癌可以单纯行全子宫加双附件切除术或次广泛子宫切除术。Ⅰa+Ⅰb期除腺癌外其他病理类型以及Ⅰc、Ⅱ期可以行广泛性子宫切除术附加盆腔淋巴结清扫术。Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者预后差,手术方式对预后影响不大。     

子宫内膜癌淋巴转移与预后

子宫内膜癌的发生率逐年上升.手术仍然是目前治疗子宫内膜癌的主要方法,手术的主要目的包括手术探查(手术分期)与实施全子宫切除、双侧附件切除及腹膜后淋巴结(包括盆腔淋巴结与腹主动脉旁淋巴结)切除[1,2].双侧附件与腹膜后淋巴结均是子宫内膜癌最常见的转移部位,所以是手术分期与治疗必须切除的范围,这是治疗子宫内膜癌的关键所在,与其预后密切相关,尤其是腹膜后淋巴结转移是独立的预后因素.     

盆腹腔淋巴取样术在子宫内膜癌手术中的临床意义

目的探讨盆腹腔淋巴取样术在子宫内膜癌的临床意义。方法分析2000年1月-2007年12月上海同济大学附属第一妇婴保健院手术治疗的213例子宫内膜癌患者,其中,86例行盆腹腔淋巴取样术,127例行淋巴结切除术。手术方式根据手术切除淋巴结的情况分为两组。①取样组：淋巴取样术,筋膜外全子宫双附件切除/次广泛子宫切除术＋盆腔/腹主动脉旁淋巴结取样术86例;②切除组：次广泛/广泛子宫切除术＋盆腔淋巴结切除/腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术127例。结果取样组：切除淋巴结中位数18枚,淋巴结的转移10例。切除组：切除淋巴结中位数32枚,淋巴结转移11例。5年生存率分别为94.2%和94.5%。取样组无病发症发生,淋巴结切除组中有9例,分别是1例术中大出血（〉2000ml）,淋巴囊肿感染6例,淋巴漏2例。结论在子宫内膜癌中淋巴结取样术可准确了解淋巴结的转移情况,适宜手术分期,并不影响生存率,是避免过度手术减少并发症发生的有效方法。     

子宫内膜癌腹腔镜技术诊治指南（2023年版）

<正>1背景子宫内膜癌以手术为主要治疗手段。传统的手术方式是开腹手术,但开腹手术存在手术切口大、恢复慢等缺点。随着技术的进步、人们对生活质量要求的提高、腹腔镜设备的改进及操作技术的熟练掌握,子宫内膜癌的手术方式也随之发生了巨大转变。1992年,Childers首次对Ⅰ期子宫内膜癌患者行腹腔镜下盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术+经阴道全子宫切除术,初步认为腹腔镜下子宫内膜癌分期手术可作为Ⅰ期子宫内膜癌的可选择术式^[1]。随后国内外学者针对子宫内膜癌的腹腔镜治疗进行了多项前瞻性随机对照研究,     

早期子宫内膜癌盆腹腔淋巴结切除的临床意义

１９８８年,ＦＩＧＯ［１］倡导实施子宫内膜癌手术分期,将盆腹腔淋巴结转移作为一个重要的分期指标。目前,关于切除盆腹腔淋巴结的方式、手术并发症和对预后的影响等问题还存在不同的认识［２］。因此,我们复习近年来有关文献,就淋巴结切除术在早期子宫内膜癌诊治中...     

腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除在子宫内膜癌手术治疗中的意义

目的:探讨腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除对子宫内膜癌手术病理分期及预后的影响。方法:回顾性分析我院行系统性盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除的68例子宫内膜癌患者的临床病理资料。结果:15例(22.1%)发生淋巴结转移的患者中,12例(17.6%)发生盆腔淋巴结转移,7例(10.3%)发生腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移,其中4例(5.9%)患者同时出现盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移,3例(4.4%)为单纯腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移。临床分期与手术病理分期不符合率为22.1%。术后随访6～57个月,平均26个月,获访率100%,1例复发,1例复发并死亡。结论:系统性盆腔及腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除术不仅对进行准确的手术病理分期,指导术后辅助治疗有重要意义,而且能提供预后相关信息。     

早期子宫内膜癌的外科治疗

子宫内膜癌是最常见的妇科恶性肿瘤之一。最近的前瞻性研究表明,随着腹腔镜手术技术的进步,对子宫内膜癌患者进行微创手术治疗已经实现。标准的子宫内膜癌手术治疗为包括全子宫和双侧输卵管、卵巢在内的切除手术。最新发展的机器人手术平台为要求甚高的传统腹腔镜手术提供了可选的高级技术,并能使更多的子宫内膜癌患者采用微创手术进行治疗。早期子宫内膜癌的外科手术治疗中联合腹、盆腔淋巴结清扫的分期手术以及保留生育功能的治疗对患者的临床效果一直是热点话题。关于包括淋巴结清扫在内的全面分期手术对早期子宫内膜癌患者的益处仍存在争议。对目前早期子宫内膜癌的定义、预后因素及最新的手术治疗进展和一些正在被纳入的新技术进行综述。     

Prospective evaluation of the morbidity of complete lymphadenectomy in endometrial cancer

Fanning S, Firestein S. Prospective evaluation of the morbidity of complete lymphadenectomy in endometrial cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 1998; 8 : 270–273.
The purpose of this study is to prospectively evaluate the morbidity of complete lymphadenectomy in endometrial cancer. Eighty consecutive eligible patients with endometrial cancer underwent surgical staging consisting of total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, peritoneal cytology, complete bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy, and aortic lymphadenectomy. We prospectively evaluated operative time, blood loss, and morbidity of lymphadenectomy.
The median number of pelvic lymph nodes resected was 21 and aortic lymph nodes was 7. Median time of lymphadenectomy was 24 min. Median blood loss from lymphadenectomy was < 25 cc. There was one complication from lymphadenectomy. We conclude that, in this prospective study, complete pelvic and aortic lymphadenectomy in the surgical staging of endometrial cancer was performed quickly, with minimal blood loss and morbidity. In endometrial carcinoma surgical staging, the majority of operative time, blood loss, and morbidity is secondary to hysterectomy/oophorectomy rather than lymphadenectomy.     

Long-term survival of intermediate risk endometrial cancer (stage IG3, IC, II) treated with full lymphadenectomy and brachytherapy without teletherapy

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine long-term survival and late complications of intermediate risk endometrial cancer (Stage IG3, IC, and II) treated with full lymphadenectomy and brachytherapy without teletherapy. METHODS: Two-hundred sixty-five consecutive patients underwent surgical staging for endometrial cancer consisting of hysterectomy, oophorectomy, and bilateral pelvic and periaortic lymphadenectomy. Sixty-six patients had intermediate risk endometrial cancer (Stage IG3, IC, and II) and received postoperative brachytherapy without teletherapy. Mean age was 68 years and mean weight was 188 lb. Seventy-seven percent had associated medical illness. RESULTS: At a mean follow-up of 4.4 years, Kaplan-Meier estimated 5-year progression free survival is 97%. Two patients (3%) developed distant recurrence (abdomen, lungs) with no vaginal or pelvic recurrence. Major complications occurred in 6% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Complete lymphadenectomy with brachytherapy without teletherapy for intermediate risk endometrial cancer results in excellent progression-free survival and minimal major morbidity.     

The role of lymphadenectomy in endometrial cancer

The role of lymphadenectomy in the management of endometrial cancer is rapidly evolving. Although retrospective reports have suggested that lymphadenectomy is associated with a therapeutic benefit, recent prospective trials have questioned the therapeutic effect of lymphadenectomy. Lymphadenectomy remains the gold standard for detecting metastatic disease to the regional nodes. In this review, we discuss the controversies surrounding lymphadenectomy for endometrial cancer.     

Paraaortic lymphadenectomy in gynecological tumors

The purpose of this Study was to determine role of para-aortic lymphadenectomy in patients with gynecologic malignancies. In review literature the authors reports was to show role of paraaortic lymphadenectomy in surgical staging and the most important role in treatment plan. The results confirm the diagnostic and prognostic value of paraaortic lymphadenectomy in patients with endometrial carcinoma, cervical cancer and ovarian cancer and adjuvant treatment after primary surgical procedure. The authors affirm that lymph nodes metastases represent the most reliable markers of high risk patients. The position about therapeutic role of paraaortic lymphadenectomy remains controversial.     

Status of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Endometrial Cancer

The role of lymphadenectomy in surgical staging remains one of the biggest controversies in the management of endometrial cancer. The concept of sentinel lymph node biopsy in endometrial cancer has been evaluated for a number of years, with promising sensitivity rates and negative predictive values. The possibility of adequate staging while avoiding systematic lymphadenectomy leads to a significant reduction in the rate of peri- and postoperative morbidity. Nevertheless, the status of sentinel lymph node biopsy in endometrial cancer has not yet been fully elucidated and is variously assessed internationally. According to current European guidelines and recommendations, sentinel lymph node biopsy in endometrial cancer should be performed only in the context of clinical studies. In this review article, the developments of the past decade are explored concisely. In addition, current data regarding the technical aspects, accuracy and prognostic relevance of sentinel lymph node biopsy are explained and evaluated critically.Key words: endometrial cancer, sentinel lymph node, sentinel mapping, ultrastaging     

Endometrial cancer -- suggestions for the update of the guidelines

Surgical therapy is the mainstay of the treatment of endometrial cancer. Apart from total abdominal hysterectomy und bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, complete pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy has become an integral part of the primary surgical procedure, allowing for definite surgical/histopathological staging. In surgically staged patients, adjuvant measures including external radiotherapy can be applied with a clear indication and unnecessary toxicity can be avoided. In addition complete lymphadenectomy has probably a relevant therapeutic effect. As so far no randomized trials have been completed and lymphadenectomy in the often multi-morbid and obese endometrial cancer patients requires a certain amount of expertise, it is not accepted by all experts or is accepted only if a variety of parameters obtained pre- and intraoperatively are present. On the other hand, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network of the USA recommends a complete pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy for all patients with endometrial cancer, except for those with Stage IA, Grade 1 disease where this procedure is optional. The efficacy of an adjuvant pelvic teletherapy in Stage I patients has been questioned by several randomized trials. In patients having a complete surgical staging, external radiotherapy is often not necessary and can be replaced by vaginal brachytherapy. In advanced stages of endometrial cancer chemotherapy has been shown to be superior to whole abdominal radiotherapy. New multimodal concepts including surgical staging, adjuvant chemo- and targeted radiotherapy have to be evaluated. In the palliative setting novel endocrine strategies are being assessed in addition to the well established progestagen therapy. The efficacy of the standard chemotherapy with adriamycin/cisplatin could be somewhat improved by adding paclitaxel, at the expense of a markedly increased toxicity. Women with the diagnosis of endometrial cancer should be treated in the context of certified clinical trials as it has become the standard for patients with breast or ovarian cancer.     

Endometriumkarzinom im Stadium IB

The role of surgical lymph node dissection and adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) in early stage endometrial cancer is no longer clearly defined. The increased appreciation of lymphadenectomy and the absence of survival advantage from adjuvant RT have given rise to controversies over how patients should adequately be treated in stage IB endometrial cancer. Based on the available data in the literature, for stage IB grade 1 or 2, the risk of pelvic relapse is considered too low to justify pelvic RT. However, intravaginal RT (IVRT) should be recommended for those ≥ 60 years old or with lymphovascular invasion (LVI). For patients with stage IB grade 3 (and IC all grades), the treatment recommendation is mainly based on whether surgical lymph node staging was performed. These patients have—without surgical lymph node staging—a high risk of pelvic recurrence and should therefore primarily undergo relaparotomy for lymphadenectomy or pelvic RT as second choice. If these patients had a surgical lymph node staging, then IVRT alone is a reasonable alternative to pelvic RT. Overall survival may not be the only ideal endpoint for stage IB endometrial cancer since causes of death are mostly other than endometrial cancer. Conventional pelvic RT may be overtreatment in some patients, in particular in those patients with a large number of negative lymph nodes after lymphadenectomy. However, negative surgical staging should not be understood to mean that adjuvant RT can be omitted in all patients.     

Sentinel node identification and intraoperative lymphatic mapping. First results of a pilot study in patients with endometrial cancer

INTRODUCTION: To minimize the surgical morbidity after lymphadenectomy, sentinel node biopsy (SLNB) has become fundamental in the management of different malignancies. We decided to evaluate sentinel lymph node (SNL) biopsies also in patients with endometrial cancer undergoing hysterectomy with lymphadenectomy. METHODS: In the setting of a prospective study we developed a technique for sentinel node biopsy of ten patients with histologically confirmed endometrial cancer. Prior to surgery 99m Tc Nanocol was injected in the peritumoral region by hysteroscopy. Six hours later lymphoscintigraphy was performed to identify the draining lymph nodes. During surgery we first detected the sentinel lymph node by a hand-held gamma tracer and then removed it. Surgery was completed by the standard therapy of total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and pelvic and/or para-aortic lymphadenectomy. RESULTS: Scintigraphic identification was possible in eight out of ten patients. Intraoperative identification of sentinel lymph nodes was possible in seven out of eight patients. In five patients we found the sentinel lymph nodes in the pelvic region while the other two patients had bilateral sentinel nodes in the pelvic and para-aortic region. Histologically confirmed microscopic tumor metastases of the SLNs and para-aortic lymph nodes were only found in one case. The sentinel lymph nodes from the other six patients were free of tumor and accurately reflected the pathological status. CONCLUSION: The identification of sentinel lymph nodes in endometrial cancer is a practical and safe method. In order to improve this technique as a standard procedure for staging of endometrial cancer further studies with a larger number of patients have to be done.     

Endometrial cancer: what's new?

OBJECTIVES: New and much debated data of the endometrial cancer concerning the preoperative assessment of myometrial invasion, the surgical staging, and the adjuvant treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Medline (1998-2002): searching for "endometrial carcinoma". RESULTS: The pap smears are useful when it is difficult to have a transvaginal ultrasonography or an MRI. We can perform the pap smears and the endometrial biopsy in the clinic. If a patient has pap smears with malignant cells or elevated preoperative CA 125, it probably is a cancer with poor prognostic factors. Surgical staging with abdominal and node evaluation is necessary. The MRI seems to be the best preoperative imaging because we have information about adnexal and abdominal metastases, pelvic or aortic nodes and the invasion of the myometrium. So it gives us information on the surgical route, and provides indication for a lymphadenectomy. The surgical staging is a part of the treatment of the endometrial cancer: an exploration of the peritoneal cavity, a pelvic lymphadenectomy, a para-aortic lymphadenectomy if the pelvic nodes are positive or if there are factors of bad prognosis (deep stage IC, grade 3, adnexal or abdominal involvement, serous carcinoma of the endometrium). It can be performed if technical conditions are correct. The adjuvant teletherapy in the documented stage IpN0 (surgical staging with pelvic lymphadenectomy) does not seem to be necessary. But we can perform an adjuvant brachytherapy (high-dose rate if it is possible) in patients with a high local recurrence (stage IC, stage I with grade 3, stage IB grade 2). CONCLUSION: The preoperative MRI is useful choosing the surgical approach, and the depth of the myometrial invasion, which can be an indication for a pelvic lymphadenectomy. The surgical staging must be a part of the treatment of the endometrial cancer. So the adjuvant teletherapy in patients with stage IpN0 documented should not be used.