彩超、宫腔镜、病理对子宫内膜病变诊断价值的研究

目的 探讨经阴道彩超、官腔镜、病理检查对子宫内膜病变的诊断价值。方法 对60例可疑子宫内膜病变患者采用阴道彩超检查、诊断性官腔镜检查及诊刮术，与病理检查结果做对照分析。结果 60例病理确诊为功能失调性子宫出血者为49例，子宫黏膜下肌瘤为0例，子宫内膜癌为1例，子宫内膜息肉为10例。阴道彩超诊断子宫内膜增厚为49例，子宫黏膜下肌瘤为8例，子宫内膜癌为0例，子宫内膜息肉为3例。宫腔镜检查诊断功能失调性子宫出血者为43例，子宫黏膜下肌瘤为3例，子宫内膜癌为0例，子宫内膜息肉为14例。结论 经阴道彩超是筛选子宫内膜病变的方便、简捷、有效与经济的方法，宫腔镜是可靠的诊断方法，而金标准是子宫内膜病理学检查。     

子宫内膜癌诊断方法

子宫内膜癌是原发于子宫内膜的上皮性恶性肿瘤,是女性生殖道三大恶性肿瘤之一。近年来其发病率有上升的趋势,尤其围绝经期及绝经后妇女,发病率更高。其多表现为异常阴道出血或阴道排液等,特别是对有高危因素者,应考虑到有子宫内膜癌的可能。多年来,国内外众多学者也在不断地探索子宫内膜癌的诊断方法。辅助检查包括超声、电子计算机断层扫描（CT）、磁共振成像（MRI）、宫腔镜检查（HS）、子宫内膜活检术及子宫内膜细胞学检查（ECT）和肿瘤标记物的检测等,应联合多种辅助检查来明确诊断。综述有关该病诊断的最新研究进展。     

绝经后子宫内膜增厚的阴道超声诊断进展

随着我国女性健康意识的提高,绝经后子宫内膜增厚越来越受到重视。子宫内膜癌是女性生殖器官常见恶性肿瘤之一,在绝经后妇女中常表现为子宫内膜增厚和绝经后阴道出血。经阴道超声测量绝经后妇女的子宫内膜厚度是常用的子宫内膜癌早期筛查手段。在医学上,对于无阴道出血症状的绝经期女性,子宫内膜厚度与子宫内膜癌相关性尚不明确。无症状绝经期子宫内膜增厚的患者要根据是否存在高危因素个体化评估患子宫内膜癌的风险。适当的诊断不仅对子宫内膜病变的早发现早治疗有重要意义,也可避免造成绝经女性的过度恐慌和减少不必要的有创诊疗,在临床中有现实意义。综述绝经后子宫内膜增厚疾病的特点以及经阴道超声检查的评估价值。     

子宫内膜癌筛查进展

随着子宫内膜癌发病的增高和年轻化的趋势,子宫内膜癌的筛查日益得到重视。目前筛查方法有血清学肿瘤标志物检测和经阴道彩色多普勒超声检查,但灵敏度不高;诊断性刮宫和宫腔镜下取材病理学检查是诊断的金标准,但因是有创操作,不宜作为筛查方法;应用子宫内膜取样器取材进行子宫内膜细胞学检查,因无子宫内膜细胞学诊断标准,至今未能得到广泛推广。子宫内膜取样器取材进行子宫内膜微量组织病理学检查,有一定应用前景,但尚需积累大样本进一步研究。     

绝经后无症状子宫内膜增厚女性的临床评估

子宫内膜癌发病率逐年上升,早期准确的诊断能够极大地改善患者预后。绝经后子宫内膜增厚的女性,如有阴道出血等症状,应积极按照子宫内膜病变的筛查流程;而无症状的女性是否应该积极筛查、如何进行筛查仍有争议。多数研究结果证明经阴道超声(TVUS)结合子宫内膜组织病理学检查时,可评估内膜病变,但是TVUS下内膜厚度与子宫内膜癌及癌前病变的关系仍存争议。TVUS在绝经后无症状子宫内膜增厚人群中的低特异性给临床处理造成困扰,且绝经后无症状人群行TVUS筛查能否提高子宫内膜癌总体5年生存率仍被质疑。随着医疗检查手段的不断发展,经阴道注水超声、子宫内膜细胞学检查等新兴子宫内膜病变筛查手段似乎能够替代TVUS用来评估该人群的子宫内膜情况,或弥补TVUS的不足。分析临床常用的几种检查手段在绝经后无症状子宫内膜增厚女性中的应用现状,总结现有绝经后无症状子宫内膜增厚的病理内膜厚度阈值,综述该人群的临床处理评估策略。     

超声检查在子宫内膜病变诊断中的价值研究

目的 评估超声检查在子宫内膜病变诊断中的应用价值.方法 选取40例子宫内膜病变患者,患者均行经阴道超声、经腹部超声进行检查,分析子宫内膜病变的超声特征及其诊断准确率.结果 40例子宫内膜病变患者经手术病理确诊为子宫内膜增生22例,子宫内膜息肉12例,子宫内膜癌6例,超声诊断准确率为90.00％,对比差异无统计学意义(P...     

绝经后反复阴道流血病理类型探讨

目的:探讨首次绝经后阴道流血(PMB)子宫内膜病理检查未提示癌变及癌前病变的患者,发生绝经后反复阴道流血(RPMB)的病理诊断结果。方法:回顾性分析1998年1月1日至2013年12月31日期间因RPMB就诊于北京协和医院患者的临床病理资料。结果:北京协和医院15年间因PMB就诊行子宫内膜活检的患者918例中,有RPMB患者112例,首次子宫内膜活检病理检查未提示癌变及癌前病变。RPMB患者中诊断为子宫内膜癌的发生率为8.04%(9/112),与PMB患者的子宫内膜癌发生率7.95%(73/918)比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。有7例(12.50%)患者在接受全子宫+双侧附件切除术后诊断为卵巢性索间质肿瘤。结论:首次子宫内膜活检病理未提示癌变及癌前病变的RPMB患者子宫内膜癌的风险未增加。反复绝经后阴道流血患者应警惕卵巢性索间质肿瘤。     

子宫内膜增生超声诊断价值

目的:探讨经阴道超声诊断子宫内膜增生价值。方法:对2010年1月至2010年12月105例40—68岁因月经过多、不规则子宫出血和绝经后子宫出血的患者经阴道彩色多普勒超声检查。结果:诊刮或手术后病理切片证实内膜增生89例,子宫黏膜下肌瘤3例,子宫内膜癌8例,内膜息肉5例。所有病例经诊断性刮宫和手术后送病理检查。结论:经阴道超声对子宫内膜增生早期发现具有重要的临床价值。     

应用宫腔镜与阴道超声波联合检查对绝经后子宫出血中子宫内膜癌的诊断价值

目的 探讨绝经后子宫出血中子宫内膜癌的检出。方法 对绝经后子宫出血的患者８４例行经阴道超声检查（ＴＶＳ）,测量子宫内膜厚度,后行宫腔镜检查,对可疑病变多处活检,并以内膜厚度５ｍｍ为区分点,观察子宫内膜癌的检出情况。结果 ８４例患者子宫内膜厚度大于６ｍｍ中子宫内膜癌１７例,占２０．２％,通过ＴＶＳ检出６例,检出率为７５％。联合检查优于ＴＶＳ及宫腔镜检查,其预测率分别为９４．１％、９７．０％、８８．９％。结论 两种检查互为祢补,优于单一检查,是较准确的诊断子宫内膜癌的一种新方法。     

绝经后无症状子宫内膜增厚的临床分析

<正>近年,绝经后子宫内膜增厚的患者逐渐增多。有学者建议,行宫腔镜检查或诊断性刮宫,以便早期发现子宫内膜癌及癌前病变。绝经后无阴道出血等症状而仅B超检查发现的子宫内膜增厚的患者,宫腔镜检查或诊断性刮宫结果显示,子宫内膜的病理性变化少,恶性病变更少[1-4]。因此这部分患者是否需行宫腔镜检查或诊断性刮宫,意见尚不一致。本文通过回顾分析我院216例绝经后无症状子宫内膜增厚患者的临     

Endometrial cultures in acute pelvic inflammatory disease

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation of endometrial culture results with the clinical diagnosis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).Methods: A total of 130 patients admitted with the clinical diagnosis of acute PID were prospectively enrolled in this study. Endometrial cultures by transcervical aspirate currette were obtained from all patients.Results: Of 130 patients, 114 were discharged with a clinical diagnosis of PID. Of these 114 patients, 112 had positive endometrial cultures for pathogenic organisms. The correlation between endometrial culture results and the clinical diagnosis of acute PID was 98.2%. When patients with only mycoplasmas in the endometrial cavity were excluded, the correlation between endometrial culture results and the clinical diagnosis of acute PID was 93.8%.Conclusion: These data demonstrate the exceedingly high degree of correlation between endometrial culture results and the clinical diagnosis of acute PID. Therefore, endometrial cultures may serve as a useful adjunct in the evaluation of patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute PID.     

子宫内膜癌的侵袭性诊断技术应用现状

诊断子宫内膜癌唯一的方法是通过侵袭性操作获取子宫内膜组织后进行病理诊断。在中国,分段诊刮和宫腔镜是检查子宫内膜最主要的方式。分段诊刮应用广泛、操作方便、但仍有子宫内膜癌漏诊或者过低诊断的问题,如在超声辅助下操作,诊断效率有提高;宫腔镜联合直视下子宫内膜活检是最准确的子宫内膜病变检查方法。目前还没有证据表明,宫腔镜操作引起的肿瘤阳性腹腔冲洗液与盆腹腔肿瘤复发和远期预后不良有关。     

子宫内膜癌的侵袭性诊断技术应用现状

诊断子宫内膜癌唯一的方法是通过侵袭性操作获取子宫内膜组织后进行病理诊断。在中国,分段诊刮和宫腔镜是检查子宫内膜最主要的方式。分段诊刮应用广泛、操作方便、但仍有子宫内膜癌漏诊或者过低诊断的问题,如在超声辅助下操作,诊断效率有提高;宫腔镜联合直视下子宫内膜活检是最准确的子宫内膜病变检查方法。目前还没有证据表明,宫腔镜操作引起的肿瘤阳性腹腔冲洗液与盆腹腔肿瘤复发和远期预后不良有关。     

Hysteroscopic view in atypical endometrial hyperplasias: A correlation with pathologic findings on hysterectomy specimens

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether hysteroscopic imaging can contribute to decrease the rate of undetected endometrial carcinomas concurrent with atypical hyperplasia diagnosed by endometrial biopsy. DESIGN: Retrospective study. DESIGN CLASSIFICATION: Canadian Task Force Classification II-3. SETTING: Public hospital. PATIENTS: Hysteroscopic reports of 25 menopausal patients undergoing endometrial biopsy yielding a diagnosis of atypical hyperplasia were reviewed. On the basis of this diagnosis, all patients were treated by hysterectomy, and the pathologic findings on the uterine specimen were correlated with the diagnoses obtained by hysteroscopic view. INTERVENTIONS: Hysteroscopy was video-assisted and carried out with normal saline solution used as liquid distension medium; a 5-mm sheathed hysteroscope, with a working channel, was used for each examination. After hysteroscopic inspection, an endometrial sampling targeted under vision was performed by mechanical or electrosurgical instrumentation. When extensive features of hyperplastic or neoplastic growth were observed, we combined a blind sampling procedure with Vabra-curettage. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values of hysteroscopic inspection to foresee the diagnosis of endometrial cancer incidentally detected on hysterectomy specimen. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: On the basis of histopathologic study of uterine specimens, non atypical hyperplasias were detected in 3 patients, the diagnosis of complex atypical hyperplasia was confirmed in 11 patients, whereas a concurrent infiltrating endometrial adenocarcinoma was detected in 11 patients (44.0%). In the 14 patients with diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia, no feature suggesting endometrial malignancy was reported by hysteroscopic inspection. In the 11 cases showing infiltrating carcinomas, hysteroscopic view was consistent with endometrial malignancy in 9 patients and with endometrial hyperplasia in 2 patients. An intramucous endometrial carcinoma without evidence of myometrial invasion was found on hysterectomy specimens of these two latter patients. From these figures, sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values of hysteroscopy to foresee a diagnosis of infiltrating carcinoma were 84.6%, 100%, 87.5%, and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Hysteroscopic view is a sensitive and specific method to identify among patients with a diagnosis of atypical hyperplasia on endometrial biopsy those with a coexisting infiltrating carcinoma.     

Tamoxifen, endometrial cancer risk and liquid based cytology. A paradigmatic case

Long-term users of tamoxifen (TMX) are at increased risk for developing endometrial cancer. Early diagnosis is mainly based on transvaginal scan (TVS) and hysteroscopy with endometrial biopsy. Nevertheless, TVS does not provide a definitive diagnosis in most cases, particularly due to its high false-positive rate. In addition TMX related changes, such as "pseudocistic" pattern, affect endoscopic evaluation of the endometrium and biopsy sampling (in particular blind procedures) frequently yields insufficient tissue for diagnosis. The cause of the high inadequacy rate of endometrial biopsies in women on TMX might be related to the increase in endometrial fibrous component. The present case emphasizes the main difficulties in surveillance and early diagnosis of endometrial pathologies in TMX users. Liquid-based endometrial cytology played a determinant role in the diagnostic pathway of this patient. We believe it could be used solely or in association with TVS leading to many advantages in the surveillance of women receiving TMX.     

Diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma: predictive value of transvaginal color Doppler

The objective of this study was to determine whether transvaginal ultrasound plus color Doppler flow improve the ability to diagnose endometrial carcinoma and allow better discrimination between benign and malignant endometrial lesions. One hundred thirty women with abnormal uterine bleeding were evaluated with transvaginal color Doppler before fractional dilatation and curettage (D&C). The endometrial line thickness and endometrial characteristics were evaluated by endosonography. The resistive and pulsatile indices of the uterine arteries and of the endometrium were evaluated with transvaginal color Doppler. Following D&C and tissue diagnosis, women were divided into two groups, 62 with a histologic diagnosis of endometrial adenocarcinoma and 68 with benign endometrial tissue. All women with endometrial carcinoma underwent TAH and BSO. A complete histopathologic study was done an all surgical specimens. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage and tissue grading were determined in all cases. The histopathologic findings were correlated with ultrasound and transvaginal color Doppler results. Patients with adenocarcinoma had an average endometrial thickness of 26.13 mm (range 8-87 mm). The average thickness for functional endometrium (proliferative) was 10.5 mm (range 6-23 mm). There was no case of carcinoma where the endometrial thickness was less than 8 mm. Intraendometrial neovascularization was not observed in any case with functional or atrophic endometrium. The flow indices in patients with endometrial adenocarcinomas are significantly different from the flow indices of patients with benign endometrial tissue. Transvaginal color Doppler increases the sensitivity of endometrial malignancy diagnosis. The method is capable of detecting important differences in flow indices and endometrial line characteristics between benign and malignant endometrial tissue.     

Preoperative Factors of Endometrial Carcinoma in Patients Undergoing Hysterectomy for Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia

ObjectiveTo identify clinicopathological preoperative factors associated with concurrent endometrial carcinoma in patients undergoing surgical management of atypical endometrial hyperplasia.MethodsThe records of all patients who underwent hysterectomy for preoperatively diagnosed atypical endometrial hyperplasia at a tertiary care hospital from April 2017 to April 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Clinicopathological characteristics of patients were extracted. Patients who did not undergo hysterectomy or who had evidence of simple hyperplasia or carcinoma on initial biopsy were excluded. Univariate analysis was performed. A multivariate regression model for progression to endometrial carcinoma was developed.ResultsA total of 126 patients were included. Of these patients, 19 (15.1%) had a final diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma, whereas 86 (68.2%) retained the diagnosis of atypical endometrial hyperplasia and 21 (16.7%) were found to have no residual atypical endometrial hyperplasia. The odds of a patient being diagnosed with endometrial carcinoma were 6.1 times higher (95% CI 1.32–27.68) if they had an endometrial stripe thickness >1.1 cm and 13.5 times higher (95% CI 3.56–51.1) if there was histological suspicion of carcinoma. The odds of a patient being diagnosed with endometrial carcinoma were significantly lower if the patient had an initial diagnosis of atypical endometrial hyperplasia in a polyp (OR 0.07; 95% CI 0.02–0.34).ConclusionOur results suggest that an endometrial stripe thickness >1.1 cm, a histological suspicion of carcinoma on preoperative pathology, and the absence of polyp involvement on initial diagnosis are the strongest predictors of endometrial carcinoma at the time of hysterectomy in patients with atypical endometrial hyperplasia.     

¿Hiperplasia endometrial atípica o adenocarcinoma de endometrio? Un reto

Objective

To determine the prevalence of endometrial adenocarcinoma in patients with a diagnosis of atypical endometrial hyperplasia after endometrial biopsy.

Patients and methods

Twenty patients with a diagnosis of atypical endometrial hyperplasia after endometrial biopsy by means of office hysteroscopy and/or after endometrial resection by means of operative hysteroscopy.

Results

Hysterectomy was performed in 15 patients and eight cases of endometrial adenocarcinoma were found. Reintervention was required in two patients, who underwent laparoscopic lymphadenectomy.     

Cytological diagnosis of endometrial cancer and preinvasive endometrial lesions. A comparison of the Endo-Pap sampler with fractional curettage

The value of the Endo-Pap endometrial cell sampling device in the cytological assessment of the endometrium was compared with fractional curettage. 318 symptomatic women were studied consecutively, among whom were 42 with malignant tumors of the uterus. Satisfactory material for cytological diagnosis of the endometrial state was obtained in 96%, whereas only 91% of the histopathological material was suitable for interpretation. 35 of 36 women with primary cancers of the corpus uteri had atypical endometrial cytology (sensitivity 0.97). Of 42 uterine cancers, including one metastatic ovarian carcinoma, two adenocarcinomas and three squamous carcinomas of the cervix, 40 were detected by endometrial cytology (sensitivity 0.95). All 5 cases of high grade cytological atypia in endometrial polyps or endometrial hyperplasia could be diagnosed by abnormal endometrial cytology and 4 of 5 patients with adenomatous endometrial hyperplasia were diagnosed correctly. Endometrial cytology obtained with the Endo-Pap sampler is a simple and cheap diagnostic method with which to detect endometrial cancer. It is also effective for diagnosis of preinvasive endometrial lesions with highgrade cytological atypia. Clinicians should recognize that out-patient investigation of the endometrial state by endometrial cell sampling with the Endo-Pap is reliable and can usually replace fractional curettage.