头孢他啶阿维巴坦治疗颅内多重耐药革兰阴性菌感染的进展

随着细菌耐药问题日益突出,颅内多重耐药(MDR)革兰阴性菌感染成为临床的棘手问题.近年上市的头孢他啶阿维巴坦(CAZ-AVI)对MDR革兰阴性菌显示出良好的抗菌活性,本文介绍了临床上8例CAZ-AVI治疗MDR革兰阴性菌颅内感染病例,除1例治疗失败外,其余7例均显示有效.CAZ-AVI有望成为临床治疗颅内革兰阴性菌感染...     

湖南衡阳地区呼吸道感染革兰阴性杆菌的菌群分布及耐药性分析

目的了解本院近2年呼吸道感染革兰阴性杆菌菌群分布及常见致病菌的耐药情况。方法收集本院2006年10月~2008年10月临床送检的5914份痰标本,采用API鉴定系统进行菌株鉴定及药敏试验。结果共分离出1386株革兰阴性杆菌,最常见的呼吸道革兰阴性杆菌是铜绿假单胞菌(31.0%),其次是鲍曼不动杆菌(14.2%)、大肠埃希菌(12.6%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(11.3%)、阴沟肠杆菌(8.4%)、产酸克雷伯菌(7.6%)与嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(4.6%)。主要革兰阴性杆菌均对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感,且除嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌外对亚胺培南和美罗培南也均敏感。各主要致病革兰阴性菌对替卡西林、替卡西林/克拉维酸、头孢他啶、环丙沙星、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦、哌拉西林、庆大霉素与妥布霉素均耐药。产酸克雷伯菌产ESBLs的菌株高达52.8%,大肠埃希菌为46.0%,肺炎克雷伯菌为38.5%,肠杆菌科中产ESBLs菌株对青霉素类和头孢类抗生素耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs菌株。产ESBLs和非产ESBLs肠杆菌科细菌均对替卡西林、头孢噻吩、复方磺胺甲唑与阿莫西林耐药,而对亚胺培南、美罗培南与头孢哌酮/舒巴坦均敏感。结论呼吸道分离的革兰阴性杆菌均存在严重耐药问题,及时监测病原菌变化及耐药趋势以指导临床用药至关重要。     

ICU抗菌药物用量与革兰阴性菌耐药的相关性分析

目的 分析我院2013—2018年ICU抗菌药物用量与常见革兰阴性菌耐药率变化的关系,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考。方法 回顾性调查我院ICU病房6年来抗菌药物用量和常见革兰阴性菌的分布情况及耐药率,采用Pearson相关性分析方法分析两者之间的关系。结果 6年来我院ICU病房抗菌药物的总用量逐年上升,碳青霉烯类和β-内酰胺/β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的使用量排在前两位。ICU病房分离的排名前3位的革兰阴性菌为鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌,2018年3种细菌的耐碳青霉烯菌株分离率分别达到了84.62%、53.54%和66.41%。相关性分析显示碳青霉烯类的用量与鲍曼不动杆菌对替加环素的耐药率(r=0.871, P=0.024)及对左氧氟沙星的耐药率(r=0.900, P=0.015)成正相关,与肺炎克雷伯菌对美罗培南(r=0.852, P=0.031)、头孢吡肟(r=0.817, P=0.047)及左氧氟沙星(r=0.857, P=0.029)的耐药率成正相关。结论 广谱抗菌药物的使用与革兰阴性菌的耐药之间存在复杂的相关性,因此应严格控制并合理使用抗菌药物,以延缓细菌耐药的发展。     

呼吸内科门诊革兰阴性杆菌耐药性分析

目的:研究我院呼吸内科门诊病人中分离的革兰阴性杆菌耐药情况,并探讨对耐药菌感染的治疗策略。方法:选呼吸内科门诊病人116例,男性85例,女性31例,年龄(59±s 8)a,均有使用抗生素史。采集病人的标本包括痰液78份(其中7份来自纤支镜气管吸出物)、血液3份、尿液7份、支气管灌注液26份、胸腔积液2份。采用E试验法测定116株革兰阴性杆菌对11种抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果:116株革兰阴性杆菌对11种抗菌药物均有不同程度耐药。筛选出超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)产生菌11株,抗菌活性最强的是亚胺培南、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦和哌拉西林-三唑巴坦,敏感率分别为89.4%、76.3%和69.1%。结论:亚胺培南、β-内酰胺类抗菌药物与β-内酰胺酶抑制药复合制剂可作为治疗产β-内酰胺酶耐药株感染的选用药物,而亚胺培南可列为首选。     

柳州市工人医院呼吸病房2009年1月—2012年12月革兰阴性菌的分布与耐药性分析

目的 分析广西柳州市工人医院2009年1月-2012年12月呼吸病房常见革兰阴性菌的分布及对抗菌药物的耐药情况,为临床医师合理用药提供可靠依据.方法 对2009年1月-2012年12月柳州市工人医院呼吸病房送检分离出的病原菌菌株及其耐药性进行回顾性调查分析.结果 共分离出常见的革兰阴性菌1 434株,主要以肺炎克雷伯菌和鲍曼不动杆菌为主,分别占25.9％、19.7％;大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌检出率分别17.0％、12.6％.大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的平均检出率分别为34.4％、54.9％.大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦保持较高的敏感性,敏感率为65％～100％.鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌对多数抗菌药物高度耐药,且呈逐年上升趋势.结论 不同的革兰阴性菌对各类抗菌药物的耐药性存在差异,应加强革兰阴性杆菌耐药性的动态监测,为临床医师合理使用抗菌药物提供科学依据.     

医院感染常见革兰阴性菌的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的以了解医院感染革兰阴性菌的临床分布及耐药特点,为临床抗菌药物的应用提供依据。方法对2010年²012年我院常见的医院感染革兰阴性菌的临床分布及耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果在医院感染细菌前5位的革兰阴性菌为大肠埃氏菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、其次是产气肠杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、食麦芽假单胞菌。细菌均呈现多耐药趋势,临床常用的第一、二、三代头孢菌素类、单环内酰胺类、头霉素类、部分β-内酰胺酶抑制剂由于细菌产ESBLs及Amp C而发生耐药,第四代头孢吡肟耐药率也达50%2012年我院常见的医院感染革兰阴性菌的临床分布及耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果在医院感染细菌前5位的革兰阴性菌为大肠埃氏菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、其次是产气肠杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、食麦芽假单胞菌。细菌均呈现多耐药趋势,临床常用的第一、二、三代头孢菌素类、单环内酰胺类、头霉素类、部分β-内酰胺酶抑制剂由于细菌产ESBLs及Amp C而发生耐药,第四代头孢吡肟耐药率也达50%⁶0%,耐碳青霉烯类鲍氏不动杆菌由于碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的使用强度增加而显著增加,我院美罗培南、亚胺培南耐药率逐年明显上升已接近60%。而氨基糖苷类中的阿米卡星除鲍曼氏不动杆菌外由于近期少用使敏感性有所提高。结论分析医院感染常见感染细菌分布及耐药性,对指导临床合理应用抗菌药物及预防和控制耐药菌在医院内传播有着重要意义。     

医院感染革兰阴性细菌耐药性分析

目的：探讨医院感染革兰阴性细菌的耐药性,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法：采用生物梅里埃公司的API系统及VITEK2系统进行细菌鉴定,用K-B法及VITEK2进行药敏试验,用WHONET5．4软件分析细菌的耐药性。结果：2475株革兰阴性细菌主要来源于痰、尿、血液及脓液,其中以铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌为主,分别占31．1％、13．9％、13．3％、11．4％和5．4％,产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌阳性检出率分别为49．1％和33．5％;美洛培南、亚胺培南、哌拉西林,他唑巴坦的耐药率最低,分别为19．7％、20．9％和26．5％。结论：铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌是医院感染的主要革兰阴性致病菌,加强耐药性监测,合理应用抗生素药物十分重要。     

2010—2013年广西壮族自治区脑科医院革兰阴性菌的分布与耐药性分析

目的了解广西壮族自治区脑科医院临床常见革兰阴性菌的分布及耐药性变迁,为指导临床合理使用抗菌药物提供可靠依据。方法回顾性分析2010—2013年广西壮族自治区脑科医院临床各科室送检标本分离的革兰阴性菌及其耐药性进行回顾性调查分析。结果 4年间送检标本共分离出7 450株病原菌,主要以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌为主,检出率依次为28.4%、20.9%、18.7%、15.2%、6.2%。4年间大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的平均检出率分别为56.3%、36.9%。药敏结果显示,不同菌属对抗生素的耐药率有差别,肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌和阴沟肠杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物总体上有较高的敏感性;铜绿假单胞菌对喹诺酮类、亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率相对较低;鲍曼不动杆菌对多数抗菌药物高度耐药,且呈逐年上升趋势。结论广西壮族自治区脑科医院临床常见革兰阴性菌对常用抗菌药物耐药严重,应加强革兰阴性菌耐药性的动态监测,以指导临床进行合理规范的抗感染治疗。     

The development of efflux pump inhibitors to treat Gram-negative infections

ABSTRACT

Introduction: One of the possibilities for reducing the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance is the use of anti-resistance compounds capable of resensitizing resistant microorganisms to current antimicrobials. For this purpose, multidrug efflux pumps, whose inhibition may increase bacterial susceptibility to several antibiotics, including macrolides to which Gram-negatives are considered intrinsically resistant, have emerged as suitable targets.

Areas covered: In the current review, the authors discuss different mechanisms that can be exploited for inhibiting multidrug efflux pumps and describe the properties and the potential therapeutic value of already studied efflux pumps inhibitors. Although efforts have already been made to develop these inhibitors, there are currently no good candidates for treating infectious diseases. Consequently, the authors also discuss potential approaches for their development.

Expert opinion: Classical anti-resistance drugs such as beta-lactamases inhibitors, while useful, are only purposeful for treating infections caused by beta-lactamase producers. However, inhibitors of multidrug efflux pumps, which are present on all organisms, can sensitize both susceptible and resistant bacteria to antibiotics belonging to several different structural families. Since some efflux pumps are involved in bacterial infections, their inhibition may also reduce the infectivity of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens.     

65例革兰阴性菌败血症临床特点与病原菌耐药分析

目的 探讨革兰阴性菌败血症临床特点和致病菌耐药性的变化，指导临床诊断和合理用药。方法 回顾性分析了我院1999年3月至2004年6月诊断为革兰阴性菌败血症的所有病例。结果 革兰阴性菌败血症主要分布于感染科、血液科和ICU：前三种菌分别为大肠埃希菌、阴沟肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌。革兰阴性菌出现多重耐药且耐药水平增高。结论 感染科、血液科和ICU是革兰阴性菌败血症的高发科室；革兰阴性菌出现多重耐药且耐药水平增高，应重视革兰阴性菌败血症的防治，开展常规产酶菌的检测，指导抗生素合理应用。     

Recent advances in the pharmacological management of infections due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria

ABSTRACT

Introduction: The emergence and diffusion of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB) is an unprecedented threat, with prevalences as high as 10–50% being reported in many countries.

Areas covered: In the present review, we discuss the management of infections due to MDR-GNB, focusing in particular on current strategies and novel agents with already available results from phase 3 randomized controlled trials.

Expert commentary: Some new drugs, such as ceftolozane/tazobactam, ceftazidime/avibactam, and meropenem/vaborbactam, which have become available in the past months, have increased our chance of improving survival in severe carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections; while others, with potent activity against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii which is currently the highest priority regarding the need for novel agents, will become available in the near future. In the meantime, the focus of both clinical practice and research is slowly but steadily widening from efficacy and tolerability of new treatment options to also future preservation of their antimicrobial activity. This is reflected in clinical practice by more attention paid to antimicrobial stewardship initiatives, and in clinical research by growing interest in exploring resistance development as a major endpoint in both preclinical and clinical studies.     

肝病患者细菌感染的类型及耐药性

目的 了解肝病患者的革兰氏阴性细菌感染的类型及耐药性，为临床合理用药提供依据。方法 分析2000～2002年传染病医院肝病患者的革兰氏阴性细菌感染的类型、分布及耐药情况，并加以分析比较。结果 从539例患者分离到655株革兰氏阴性菌，分别来源于血液169，腹水174，痰及咽拭子178，尿液134，菌属分布包括大肠埃希氏菌44．89％，克雷伯氏菌属18．17％，气单胞菌属13．13％，不动杆菌属7．02％，假单胞菌属5．95％，肠杆菌属5．34％。气单胞菌属主要在血液、腹水中占94．19％，不动杆菌属、铜绿假单胞菌主要在呼吸道占73．91％和74．36％，而尿道感染大肠埃希氏菌占绝对优势，70．90％。不同菌属对不同种类抗生素的敏感性不同。产ESBLs菌分布于大肠埃希氏菌及肺炎克雷伯氏菌，产酶率分别为18．03％及2l.01％。对抗生素的敏感率在ESBL阴性组以亚胺培南／西司他丁、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、第三代头孢菌素和阿米卡星较好，产酶菌对亚胺培南／西司他丁和头孢美唑的敏感性较好。结论 肝病患者革兰氏阴性细菌感染的感染部位、菌属分布及耐药性有其自身的特点。临床用药应根据感染部位、菌属及药敏结果综合分析，真正做到合理用药。     

Clinical management of cUTI,cIAI, and HABP/VABP attributable to carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative infections in Spain

IntroductionCarbapenem-resistant Gram-negative (CRGN) infections are a major public health problem in Spain, often implicated in complicated, healthcare-associated infections that require the use of potentially toxic antibacterial agents of last resort. The objective of this study was to assess the clinical management of complicated infections caused by CRGN bacteria in Spanish hospitals.MethodsThe study included: 1) a survey assessing the GN infection and antibacterial susceptibility profile in five participating Spanish hospitals and 2) a non-interventional, retrospective single cohort chart review of 100 patients with complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI), complicated intra-abdominal infection (cIAI), or hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia/ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (HABP/ VABP) attributable to CRGN pathogens.ResultsIn the participating hospitals CRGN prevalence was 9.3% amongst complicated infections. In the retrospective cohort, 92% of infections were healthcare-associated, and Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most common pathogens. OXA was the most frequently detected carbapenemase type (71.4%). We found that carbapenems were frequently used to treat cUTI, cIAI, HABP/VABP caused by CRGN pathogens. Carbapenem use, particularly in combination with other agents, persisted after confirmation of carbapenem resistance. Clinical cure was 66.0%, mortality during hospitalization 35.0%, mortality at the time of chart review 62.0%, and 6-months-post-discharge readmission 47.7%.ConclusionOur results reflect the high burden and unmet needs associated with the management of complicated infections attributable to CRGN pathogens in Spain and highlight the urgent need for enhanced clinical management of these difficult-to-treat infections.     

1989株细菌检测及耐药性分析

目的 调查遂宁市中心医院2011年临床分离病原菌对抗菌药物的耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据 方法 采用纸片扩散法及VITEK 2系统进行抗菌药物敏感性试验,采用WHONET5.4软件及SPSS 13.0软件进行数据分析 结果 分离的1 989株病原菌中,革兰阳性菌占23.2％,革兰阴性菌占76.8％;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌株栓出率分别为24.7％、78.6％,未发现对万古霉素耐药的葡萄球菌大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)检出率分别为38％、23％.结论 革兰阳性菌对万古霉素,奎宁始霉素/达福普汀、替考拉宁,利奈唑胺等均敏感;肠杆菌对碳青霉烯类敏感.     

2002年临床常见革兰氏阴性杆菌耐药性监测

目的　调查国家细菌耐药性监测网临床常见革兰氏阴性杆菌对各种抗菌药物的耐药性现状。方法　药物敏感性试验采用纸片扩散法 ,耐药性数据分析采用 WHONET5软件。结果　 2 0 0 2年国家细菌耐药性监测网 8个省、市、自治区的 5 7家三级甲等医院共收集患者首次分离株 2 4 82 6株 ;大肠埃希氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌是最常见菌。主要标本为痰、尿和伤口及分泌物 ,分别占全部标本的 4 7.9% ,16 .8%和 10 .4 %。绝大多数肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南敏感 ,其次为第三代头孢菌素、含酶抑制剂的头孢菌素及阿米卡星。 15 % (15 .6 %～ 5 1.2 % )的肠杆菌、柠檬酸杆菌、沙雷氏菌和普罗威登氏菌对第三代头孢菌素耐药。除大肠埃希氏菌外 ,环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星对其他肠杆菌科细菌的耐药率低于 30 % (6 .0 %～ 2 9.7% ) ;产超广谱β-内酰胺酶 (ESBL s)的大肠埃希氏菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌株的检出率分别为 18.2 %和 2 2 .6 % ;铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为 19.1%和 15 .2 %。鲍氏不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素较敏感 ,但对头孢哌酮、头孢他啶和阿米卡星的耐药率分别为 5 2 .8% ,4 1.6 %和 31.8%。结论　细菌耐药性问题是抗感染治疗的主要威胁 ,合理使用抗菌药物以降低耐药性和采取有效措     

我院2008-2012年ICU常用抗菌药物用量与革兰阴性菌耐药性的相关性分析

目的探讨重症监护室(ICU)的常用抗菌药物用量变化与革兰阴性病原菌耐药率是否存在显著相关性。方法回顾性统计ICU常用8种抗革兰阴性菌的抗菌药物的DDDs/(100床·d),及同期4种革兰阴性菌的耐药率变化。结果头孢哌酮舒巴坦、亚胺培南、哌拉西林他唑巴坦用量与耐头孢哌酮舒巴坦、耐亚胺培南的鲍曼不动杆菌和耐头孢哌酮舒巴坦、耐哌拉西林他唑巴坦、耐头孢吡肟的肺炎克雷伯菌的正相关性有统计学意义;左氧氟沙星的用量与耐哌拉西林他唑巴坦、耐头孢吡肟的鲍曼不动杆菌、耐头孢吡肟的铜绿假单胞菌和耐哌拉西林他唑巴坦的大肠埃希菌都呈显著性负相关。结论抗菌药物用量与一些革兰阴性菌耐药率存在显著的相关性,可为临床抗菌药物选择提供理论依据。     

厄他培南应用对医院革兰阴性菌耐药性影响的系统综述

目的：探讨厄他培南应用对于医院革兰阴性菌耐药性的影响,为医院抗菌药物管理提供决策支持。方法：对相关中、英文数据库中关于厄他培南对医院革兰阴性菌耐药性影响的文献进行系统综述。结果：经计算机系统检索到4098篇文献,进一步筛选得到17篇符合入选和排除标准的文献。所纳入文献研究的菌种主要为院内感染常见的铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Pae）,鲍曼不动杆菌（Acinetobacter baumannii,Aba）、大肠埃希菌（Escherichia coli,Eco）及肺炎克雷伯菌（Klebsiella pneumoniae,Kpn）,研究周期从24个月至132个月不等,研究方法主要为时间序列分析法。由于研究环境,研究周期以及研究方法不完全相同,各文献的研究结果也不完全一致。对于Pae和Aba耐药性的影响主要有3种结果,即正向,负向和无影响;对于厄他培南抗菌谱可以覆盖的肠杆菌科细菌如Eco,Kpn的研究结果有两种即负向的影响和无影响。结论：厄他培南对于医院常见革兰阴性菌的耐药性并无明显的不利影响,有其适应证时可优先选用,但是各家医院有条件仍需进行持续性的耐药监测,以指导临床实践和抗菌药物管理。     

某院临床标本中革兰阴性菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解痰液、尿液、全血标本中革兰阴性菌的分布及其耐药情况。方法应用WHONET5.4软件对住院患者所有痰液、尿液、全血标本分离的革兰阴性菌进行回顾性统计分析。结果痰标本中肺炎克雷伯菌最多,占26.06%,其次为大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌。尿液和全血标本中大肠埃希菌最多,分别占69.03%、54.41%,其次为肺炎克雷伯菌、奇异变形杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌;尿液中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌检出率为52.7%,痰液检出率为40.8%,全血检出率最低,为38.8%。肠杆菌科细菌对头孢唑啉耐药性最高,为65.9%,对亚胺培南耐药性最低,为1.4%;非发酵菌对呋喃妥因耐药性最高,为90.6%,对厄他培南耐药性最低,为23.8%。结论三种标本分离的革兰阴性菌以肠杆菌科细菌为主;非发酵菌耐药性高于肠杆菌科细菌耐药性,尿液标本分离的肠杆菌科菌株的耐药性较另外两种标本分离菌株的耐药性高,痰标本分离的非发酵菌普遍较其他两种标本分离菌株的耐药性高;血标本分离出的革兰阴性菌较其他两种标本分离菌株的耐药性低。     

Inhaled colistin for the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: A real-life experience in tertiary care hospitals in Saudi Arabia

BackgroundNosocomial pneumonia (NP) due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative pathogens, has continued to rise over the last several decades. Parenteral administration of colistin results in poor alveolar penetration and subtherapeutic concentration; therefore, direct drug deposition at site of infection may improve the effectiveness while minimizing the systemic exposure. The aim of this study is to describe the safety and effectiveness of inhaled colistin for the treatment of NP caused by MDR Gram-negative pathogens.MethodPatients who received inhaled colistin from May 2015 to May 2019 at 2 different tertiary care hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia were identified from pharmacy databases and their charts were retrospectively reviewed.Results86 patients were enrolled in this study. The mean age was 56 ± 20 years. The mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) was 17 ± 5. The responsible pathogens for NP were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (60%) Acinetobacter baumannii (28%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (9%). Most patients (76/86) received concomitant intravenous antibiotics. Mean colistin total daily dose was 6 ± 3 million international units divided into 2–3 doses. Mean inhaled colistin duration of therapy was 11 ± 6 days. Favorable clinical outcome was achieved in 51 (59%) patients while favorable microbiological outcome occurred in 29 (34%) patients. Death due to all causes was noted in 39 (45%) cases. Renal injury occurred in 19 (22%) patients, all received concomitant intravenous colistin.ConclusionInhaled colistin can be considered as salvage therapy as adjunct to intravenous administration for treatment of patients with NP due to MDR Gram-negative pathogens.     

Relationships between antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria causing nosocomial infections from 1991-2003 at a university hospital in Taiwan

This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial use in a university hospital in Taiwan. Disk susceptibility data of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens, Proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp., Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and other non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli causing nosocomial infections were evaluated. Data on annual patient-days and annual consumption (defined daily dose (DDD) per 1000 patient-days) of extended-spectrum cephalosporins (cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, flumoxef, cefepime and cefpirome), β-lactam–β-lactamase inhibitor combinations (ticarcillin/clavulanic acid and piperacillin/tazobactam), carbapenems (imipenem and meropenem), aminoglycosides (amikacin, gentamicin and tobramycin), fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin (oral and injectable) and oral levofloxacin and moxifloxacin) from 1991 to 2003 were analysed. Increasing trends of incidences of several of these bacteria causing all nosocomial infections or nosocomial bloodstream infections were noted from 1991 to 2003. The annual patient-days of the hospital significantly increased, from 360 210 in 1991 to 672 676 in 2002 (linear regression analysis, P < 0.05), but slightly decreased in 2003 (629 168) owing to the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic in Taiwan. The rise in cefotaxime-resistant or ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli and meropenem-resistant P. aeruginosa was significantly correlated with increased consumption of extended-spectrum cephalosporins, β-lactam–β-lactamase inhibitor combinations, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides (for ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli and meropenem-resistant P. aeruginosa only) in the hospital (Pearson's correlation coefficient, r > 0.72 (or <−0.72) and P-value < 0.05). Increased ciprofloxacin-resistant K. pneumoniae and meropenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. was significantly associated with the increased usage of extended-spectrum cephalosporins but not with the other four classes of antibiotics. This 13-year study in a hospital demonstrated significant changes in antimicrobial use, which may have affected antimicrobial resistance in certain Gram-negative bacteria at the hospital.