胫神经腓肠肌内侧头肌支切断的小腿减肥术

目的探索缩小小腿腓肠肌改善小腿外形的手术方法。方法通过窝皮肤皱襞4~5cm横切口,切断胫神经腓肠肌内侧头肌支,使腓肠肌内侧头失神经萎缩,达到小腿减肥的目的。测量并记录小腿周径和外形的变化。结果本组16例患者行胫神经腓肠肌内侧头肌支切断术后,小腿最大周径平均缩小(3.5±1.1)cm。小腿内侧曲线变得平缓。患者术后可立即下地行走,无明显肿胀。随访半年,站立、行走等日常活动未受影响。结论行胫神经腓肠肌内侧头肌支切断术,可缩小小腿,改善小腿外形,方法简便、安全,效果明显,同时不影响患者的行走功能。     

胫神经腓肠肌肌支切断小腿减肥术应用解剖探讨

目的:为临床胫神经腓肠肌肌支切断小腿减肥术提供形态学依据。方法:采用局部解剖学研究方法,观察测量胫神经在腘窝附近各分支走行位置、起点、长度及宽度。结果:胫神经在腘窝处发出4条主要分支:腓肠内侧皮神经、腓肠肌内侧头肌支、腓肠肌外侧头肌支和比目鱼肌肌支。变异情况主要有两种:①腓肠内侧皮神经与腓肠肌内侧头肌支共干起始(30%);②比目鱼肌肌支与腓肠肌外侧头肌支共干起始(30%)。腓肠肌内侧头肌支和腓肠肌外侧头肌支起点的平均高度分别为(-6.6±13.7)mm(、2.4±16.7)mm,神经起始处宽度分别为(2.3±0.4)mm(、2.5±0.4)mm,从起点到肌门处神经长度分别为(42±12)mm(、50±13)mm。结论:腓肠肌内、外侧头肌支从胫神经发出的位置比较恒定,神经较粗,较长,容易解剖分离。在腘窝皮肤皱褶处做长4～5cm横切口可暴露腓肠肌内、外侧头肌支。术中应注意神经变异情况,保护腓肠内侧皮神经和比目鱼肌肌支。     

胫神经腓肠肌内侧头肌支切断的小腿减肥术

目的探索缩小小腿腓肠肌改善小腿外形的手术方法.方法通过窝皮肤皱襞4～5cm横切口,切断胫神经腓肠肌内侧头肌支,使腓肠肌内侧头失神经萎缩,达到小腿减肥的目的.测量并记录小腿周径和外形的变化.结果本组16例患者行胫神经腓肠肌内侧头肌支切断术后,小腿最大周径平均缩小(3.5±1.1)cm.小腿内侧曲线变得平缓.患者术后可立即下地行走,无明显肿胀.随访半年,站立、行走等日常活动未受影响.结论行胫神经腓肠肌内侧头肌支切断术,可缩小小腿,改善小腿外形,方法简便、安全,效果明显,同时不影响患者的行走功能.     

小腿三头肌神经肌支的终支切断术之应用解剖

目的　为临床行肌门处选择性神经终支切断术 ,解除肌痉挛 ,提供形态学依据。方法　将至比目鱼肌近侧、腓肠肌内侧头、腓肠肌外侧头的神经肌支及其在肌门处的终支解剖分离 ,观察各终支的形态及分布。结果　神经发出终支较血管分支早。比目鱼肌近侧神经肌支 85 %为 1支 ,分为 2～ 6支终支 ,以 2支终支最多见 ;腓肠肌内侧头神经肌支 85 %为 1支 ,终支为 3支者占 95 % ,在肌门处发终支者占 75 % ;腓肠肌外侧头神经肌支为 1支 ,95 %分为 3支终支 ,在肌门处分为终支者占 80 %。结论　小腿三头肌的神经肌支 ,一般在肌门处发终支。各肌支的终支数目较恒定。小腿三头肌各肌门位置相对集中。模拟手术每侧可在同一切口内完成。     

抽脂结合腓肠神经内侧头离断术在小腿塑形中的应用

目的:探索抽脂结合腓肠神经内侧头离断在改善小腿外形的临床疗效。方法:通过腘窝皮肤皱襞处取3～5cm横切口,抽取脂肪结合离断腓肠神经内侧头,使皮下脂肪容积减少和腓肠肌内侧头失神经萎缩,达到小腿塑形的目的。测量并记录小腿周径和外形的变化。结果:本组14例患者行皮下抽脂结合离断腓肠神经内侧支术后,小腿最大周径缩小(3.5±1.5)cm。小腿内径曲线变得平缓。抽脂结合离断腓肠神经内侧头术后,患者休息2～3天后可下床行走,早期有轻度不适,适应2天后症状基本消失。随访半年,站立、行走等日常活动未受影响。结论:抽脂结合离断腓肠神经内侧头术,可缩小小腿容积,改善小腿外形,方法简便、安全,效果明显,同时不影响患者的日常功能活动。     

腓肠神经内侧头肌支切断术瘦小腿

目的探讨一种以腓肠神经内侧头肌支切断来改善小腿外形的新方法。方法在腘窝处切开,暴露腓肠神经内侧头肌支,并切断,使局部肌肉失神经萎缩,而缩小小腿的容积。结果本组4例,术后小腿周径平均缩小3.6±0.8cm,小腿外形满意。结论本方法为一简单、安全而有效的技术,能达到缩小小腿部的目的。     

整形

中老年人上睑皮肤松弛的个体化整复；半面短小症的手术治疗；鼻部美容；整形外科学原则和技术在面部外伤处理中的应用；胫神经腓肠肌内侧头肌支切断的小腿减肥术；隆乳术后填充物取出124例临床分析[编者按]     

选择性胫神经腓肠肌内、外侧头肌支离断小腿塑形术

目的 探索改善女性小腿后侧肌肉健壮粗大外观,安全有效地瘦小腿的手术方法.方法 利用肌肉失神经萎缩后体积减少的原理,将小腿腓肠肌体积有效缩小.采取胭窝横皱襞小切口.沿胫神经追寻并区分腓肠肌内、外侧头肌支,用神经电刺激器对神经确认后离断,使内外侧腓肠肌失神经萎缩,观测小腿术前术后外形及周径变化.结果 对48例腓肠肌肌性肥大女性96侧小腿行该术式,受术者术后早期可以行走、站立,随访3个月至2年,受术者下肢功能无影响,活动如常,小腿最大周径平均缩减(3.8±1.2)cm.小腿曲线变柔和,提踵位肌肉突出,外观明显改善.结论 行选择性胫神经腓肠肌肌支离断瘦小腿术,可改善小腿肌性健壮粗大外观,达到瘦小腿和改善小腿外形之目的;该术式安全,简便,痛苦小,恢复快,效果明显,符合微创美容手术的原则.     

远端蒂小腿皮神经营养血管肌皮复合组织瓣的解剖学研究

目的观测小腿皮神经营养血管链与周围肌肉内血管的吻合情况,为设计远端蒂小腿皮神经营养血管肌皮复合组织瓣转位术提供解剖学资料。方法对30侧红色乳胶灌注的成人下肢标本进行解剖,系统观测小腿皮神经营养血管链与周围肌肉内血管的吻合情况。结果腓肠神经营养血管为主的浅筋膜血管网与腓肠肌内、外侧头的肌皮穿支吻合,吻合支均为2—3支,内侧头的肌皮穿支较外侧粗大,位置恒定;隐神经营养血管主要通过胫后动脉肌间隙支的肌皮支与比目鱼肌肌支吻合,肌支2～3个,管径(0.5±0.2)mm,均有1—2支静脉伴行;腓浅神经营养血管分别向内、外侧发出2～3支肌支营养趾长伸肌和腓骨长肌,肌支外径(0.4±0.2)mm,皆有一支静脉伴行,另1～2支筋膜皮支浅出营养皮肤。结论远端蒂小腿皮神经营养血管肌皮复合组织瓣血供可靠,可以为修复特殊类型踝足部软组织缺损提供良好的供区。     

腓肠肌内侧头肌瓣移植结合负压引流治疗小腿软组织损伤

观察应用腓肠肌内侧头肌瓣转移结合负压引流治疗小腿毁损伤临床效果.应用腓肠肌内侧头肌移位肌瓣移植结合负压引流二期游离植皮12例,修复创面最大18 cm×10 cm,最小10 cm×6 cm.随访6～36个月.肌瓣全部成活,3例游离皮片少许坏死,经换药后愈合.术后肌瓣肿胀明显,半年后肢体外形恢复,1年后骨折愈合.下肢恢复负重行走.应用腓肠肌内侧头肌瓣转移负压吸引治疗小腿毁损软组织缺损骨外露创面可获得良好的临床疗效.     

Innervation of calf muscles in relation to calf reduction

Plump and muscular calves, a so-called radish-like leg, embarrass young women and cause a feeling of inferiority in Korea. Damage to motor nerves innervating a muscle makes the muscle paralyzed and dystrophic, with loss of muscle volume. The authors studied the morphometry of the motor branches of the tibial nerve innervating the gastrocnemius and soleus muscle and sensory medial sural cutaneous nerve in popliteal fossa. Dissection and exploration of the tibial nerve were performed in the popliteal fossae of 70 legs (of 18 males and 17 females) of embalmed Korean cadavers. The main branch of the tibial nerve innervating medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscle originated 3 cm above and below the popliteal crease. The medial gastrocnemius muscle had an additional nerve (49%). The medial sural cutaneous nerve came off the nerve into the medial gastrocnemius muscle (30%) and diverged 5.5 mm from the tibial nerve. The nerve into the soleus muscle originated from the nerve innervating the lateral gastrocnemius muscle (30%) and was 12.3 mm away from it. Surgeons should keep in mind that the medial sural cutaneous nerve originates from the nerve to medial gastrocnemius in 30% and the nerve to soleus muscle originates from the nerve to lateral gastrocnemius in 30%.     

胫神经腓肠肌肌支离断术治疗小腿腓肠肌肥大

目的:探讨一种简单、安全、有效的小腿肌肉肥大的治疗方法。方法:选择典型的小腿肌肉肥大病例,静脉+局麻下在腘窝横纹中央切开1.2～1.5cm皮肤、皮下组织,找到胫神经的腓肠肌内、外侧头肌支,用神经探测仪确定后离断。结果:自2005年共完成400例,经6～24个月随访,平均12个月,效果满意,小腿围较术前缩减3.63±1.10cm(P0.001),不影响小腿功能。结论:本法操作简单、效果明显,病人痛苦小,恢复快,符合美容手术微创的原则。     

Anatomic study and clinical application of distally-based neuro-myocutaneous compound flaps in the leg

OBJECTIVE: Anatomical study on the anastomosis between the neurovascular axis and the musculocutaneous perforators in leg. The distally-based neuron-myocutaneous flap was used for repairing special patients with soft tissue defect in foot and ankle. METHODS: Systematical observation was carried out on 30 injected lower legs about the anastomosis between the neurovascular axis and the musculocutaneous perforators, and we summarized the clinical experiences from February 2004 on 12 cases using distally-based neuron-myocutaneous flap for repairing special patients with soft tissue defect in foot and ankle. RESULTS: The neuron-vessels of sural nerve anastomosed permanently with the musculocutaneous perforators of medial and lateral head of gastrocnemius. There were two to three anastomoses found, respectively. The medial anastomotic branches were found larger in caliber than the lateral ones. The spatium intermuscular branches of the posterior tibial artery gave off their junior branches and anastomosed with the vessels in or out of the soleus muscle. There were two to three muscular branches perforated out of the soleus muscle, with mean caliber 0.5 +/- 0.2 mm and accompanying with one to two veins. The neuron-vessels of the superficial fibular nerve gave off alone its course two to three muscular branches to the long extensor muscle digits and the long fibular muscle, and one to two fasciocutaneous to the skin. The diameter of the muscular branches was 0.4 +/- 0.2 mm in average. Accounting for the operating models in the 12 cases, we had distally-based sural neuron-myocutaneous flap in 7 cases, saphenous neuron-myocutaneous flap in 4 cases, and superficial fibular neuron-myocutaneous flap in 1 case. All these cases were followed up at least for 2-6 months and had the significant results of nice limb's shape and cured osteomyelitis. CONCLUSION: Distally-based neuro-myocutaneous flap in leg can live with reliable blood circulation. These flaps offer excellent donor sites for repairing special the soft tissue defect in foot and ankle.     

Calf-Contouring Surgery of Gastrocnemius Hypertrophy: Selective Neurectomy of the Sural Nerve

Generally, Asians tend to have obese calves that are shorter and thicker than those of Caucasians. The cause of the enlarged calves is either an excess of subcutaneous fat or calf muscular hypertrophy, but some patients have both conditions. These features are accentuated by the contraction of the calf muscles when patients stand in tiptoe position or wear high heels. In the case of calf muscular hypertrophy without excessive subcutaneous fat, manipulation of the calf muscle is an effective method for reducing calf circumference. From January 2005 to December 2006, the authors performed selective sural neurectomy for 20 patients who complained of obese calves. Using a popliteal incision, the sural nerve branches to the medial and/or lateral gastrocnemius muscles were dissected from the posterior tibial nerve. Using a nerve stimulator, the branches with the most contractile portions were resected in 1 cm lengths at the distal ends. One medial branch was resected in 15 patients, and two branches were resected in 5 patients. In the case of a lateral neurectomy, only one branch was resected. Ultrasound-assisted liposuction was combined for five patients who also showed excessive subcutaneous fat. The patients ranged in age from 19 to 29 years (mean, 23 years). The follow-up period varied from 6 to 18 months. The circumferential change was checked 6 months postoperatively 15 cm below the medial condyle and 15 cm above the medial malleolus. These average circumferences were reduced, respectively, from 36.6 and 32.5 cm to 35.5 and 32.2 cm. In gait analysis performed at 6 months postoperatively, the calf muscle power was slightly reduced to 95% of the preoperative state, but still remained above the normal range. Subjectively, no patient complained of muscle weakness or gait disturbance. One patient showed lower leg edema after mountain climbing that subsided after 1 day of rest. The authors believe a selective neurectomy technique can be an effective method for treating obese calves.     

腓肠肌内侧头穿支动脉与腓肠神经营养血管联合蒂肌皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨腓肠肌内侧头穿支动脉与腓肠神经营养血管联合蒂肌皮瓣的临床应用效果.方法 自2006年2月至2010年3月,根据缺损部位及大小设计以腓肠肌内侧头穿支动脉与腓肠神经营养血管轴的联合蒂,沿腓肠肌内侧头血管轴切取皮瓣,顺行移位修复膑前及胫骨上段皮肤及软组织缺损7例.皮瓣切取范围8.0 cm×8.0 cm～12.0 cm×10.0 cm,联合血管蒂长1.8～3.0 cm,联合血管蒂发出位于腘褶皱以远10.0 ～ 17.0 cm,距后正中线2.0～5.0 cm的范围内.结果 6例伤口一期愈合.1例发生皮瓣远端表浅干性坏死,面积约1 cm×2 cm,经换药后逐渐愈合.随访6～ 15个月,无任何并发症,肌皮瓣质地优良,外观满意.结论 腓肠肌内侧头穿支动脉与腓肠神经营养血管联合蒂肌皮瓣手术操作简便,血供可靠且不牺牲主要动脉,切取面积大,转移距离长,为临床修复髌前及胫骨上段皮肤及软组织缺损提供了一种新方法.     

逆行腓肠神经营养血管岛状皮瓣感觉重建的解剖研究

目的研究应用股后皮神经主干重建逆行腓肠神经营养血管岛状皮瓣感觉功能的解剖学依据. 方法 30只成人尸体下肢标本,4%甲醛固定,手术放大镜下解剖股后皮神经主干于小腿后部的分布、分支及其与小隐静脉的关系,记录直径0.1 mm以上的神经分支,测量其长度及直径. 结果在小腿后窝处,股后皮神经主干下行进入浅筋膜,与小隐静脉伴行,70%位于小隐静脉内侧,30%位于小隐静脉外侧.股后皮神经主干全程有营养血管伴行.根据神经的分布范围,将股后皮神经分为3型:Ⅰ型,分布于小腿后部上1/4,占33.3%,神经干于窝中点直径为0.5±0.1 mm;Ⅱ型,分布于小腿后部上1/2,占43.3%,神经主干于窝中点的直径为1.0±0.4 mm,在小腿后部中上段(即:逆行腓肠神经营养血管岛状皮瓣的常用供区)发出分支2.0±0.8支,分支直径0.3±0.2 mm,分支长度3.5±2.7 mm,分支末端与小隐静脉之间的距离为0.8±0.6 mm;Ⅲ型,分布于小腿后部上3/4,占23.3%,神经主干于窝中点的直径为1.2±0.3 mm,在小腿后部中上段发出3.7±1.7支分支,分支直径0.4±0.1 mm,分支长度3.7±2.6 mm,分支末端与小隐静脉之间的距离为0.8±0.4 mm.在小腿后部中上段,未发现腓肠内侧皮神经发出分支进入浅筋膜. 结论通过股后皮神经主干与受区感觉神经分支吻合,股后皮神经(66.6%,Ⅱ型与Ⅲ型)可以用于重建逆行腓肠神经营养血管岛状皮瓣的感觉功能.     

The anatomic features of the sural nerve with an emphasis on its clinical importance

BACKGROUND: The sural nerve is formed by the union of the medial and lateral cutaneous nerves of the leg that originate from the tibial and common peroneal nerves. Operative procedures and traumatic injuries to the popliteal fossa, leg, ankle and foot place the sural nerve and its branches at risk. The aim of this study was to describe the course, variations and some clinically significant relations of the sural nerve. METHODS: The sural nerve was dissected in 30 lower limbs (leg-ankle-foot) of 15 cadavers. The specimens were measured, drawn and photographed. RESULTS: In 18 specimens (60%) the sural nerve originated from the union of the medial and lateral cutaneous nerves of the leg in the upper two-thirds of the leg (classic type). The union of the medial and lateral cutaneous branches was in the distal third of the leg in three specimens (10%). The lateral cutaneous nerve was absent in five (16.7%), and the medial cutaneous nerve was absent in 2 (6.7%) specimens. In two specimens (6.7%) the nerves had separate courses. The mean distance between the most prominent part of the lateral malleolus and the sural nerve was 12.76 +/- 8.79 mm. The mean distance between the tip of the lateral malleolus and sural nerve was 13.15 +/- 6.88 mm. The most common distribution of the sural nerve in the foot was to the lateral side of the fifth toe (60%), followed by the lateral two and a half toes (26.7%). CONCLUSIONS: These described variations and measurements should be helpful for planning operative approaches that minimize the risk of sural nerve injury.     

带隐神经的足内侧复合皮瓣的解剖学研究及临床应用

目的 探讨带隐神经的足内侧复合皮瓣的解剖特点及临床应用效果.方法 解剖观测10具尸体标本(20侧下肢)的足底内侧动脉的起源、走行、分支、外径、长度和分布.自2004年1月以来,采用带隐神经肌腱的足内侧复合皮瓣修复跟腱及其周围组织缺损12例,7例以带隐神经的皮瓣修复皮肤缺损,5例同时携带隐神经和趾展肌腱修复部分跟腱以及皮肤缺损.供区游离植皮.结果 足内侧动脉分为深支和浅支,其直径分别为(1.5±0.3)mm和(1.0±0.2)mm.18侧肢体深支再分为内侧支和外侧支;2侧肢体浅支再分为内侧支和外侧支,深支无大的分支.皮瓣供区有隐神经终支和足背内侧皮神经内侧支分布.临床应用12例,皮瓣全部存活,8例获随访1个月至2年,皮瓣色泽、质地、功能良好.结论 带隐神经的足内侧复合组织瓣修复跟腱及其周围组织缺损,解剖恒定,手术简便、安全,效果良好.     

Vascular risk associated with a posterior approach for posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the tibial inlay technique

This study evaluated the risk to the popliteal artery associated with the tibial inlay technique in posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction. Barium was injected into the femoral arteries of eight fresh-frozen cadaveric knees and anteroposterior (AP) radiographs were obtained. Dissection of the fascia overlying the gastrocnemius muscle, identification of the interval between the medial head of the gastrocnemius and the semimembranosus, and lateral retraction of the medial head of the gastrocnemius (the Burks and Schaffer approach) was performed. Subsequently, a bicortical screw was placed from posterior to anterior through the tibia as is performed in the tibial inlay technique. A second AP radiograph was obtained. The distance from the center of the screw to the edge of the popliteal artery was measured using digital calipers. The closest any screw came to the popliteal artery was 18.1 mm, and the average distance was 21.1 mm (21.1 +/- 4.6 mm, range: 18.1-31.7 mm). When this distance was calculated as a percentage of the tibial plateau width, the smallest value was 19.2% (24% +/- 4.9%, range: 19.2%-35.1%). A posterior approach for a tibial inlay PCL reconstruction procedure appears safe with respect to the popliteal artery.