The contribution of hospital library services to continuing medical education

Much of the literature relating to continuing medical education programs laments the lack of effectiveness of traditional lecture-based format, the most often used method of presentation in hospitals. A gap exists between the content taught in lectures and the application of that knowledge in actual patient care. The services of the medical librarian, already employed in most hospitals, can help ameliorate this problem. Further, libraries help to support quality improvement efforts. These three functions (library services, continuing medical education, and quality improvement) are interdependent. Each lends strength to the other, and, ideally, all are coordinated within the hospital structure.     

The impact of graduate medical education on teaching hospital efficiency

This quantitative research study assesses the efficiency of university teaching hospitals in providing hospital services and graduate medical education, identifying areas in which inefficient teaching hospitals differed from their efficient counterparts. The study analyzed American Hospital Association (AHA) data from 2002 in order to examine the efficiency of Council of Teaching Hospital (COTH) hospitals. An efficiency frontier was determined using Data Envelopment Analysis, an effective method of measuring efficiency widely accepted within the health care management literature. The study found that the performance of teaching hospitals increased approximately 6.6 percent when graduate medical education (GME) was included as a key measure of output. Additionally, average excess operating expenses per hospital went from $29,447,581 without residents to $8,321,407 with residents. The average excess full-time employees decreased by 24 percent from 187 without residents to 143 with residents. Conversely, the shortage of outpatient visits increased from an average of 29,461 per hospital without residents to 36,155 with residents. This study clearly documents the need to include GME when benchmarking teaching hospitals. It also shows inefficient COTH hospitals could save approximately $1.6 billion in excess overhead expenses if they emulate the practices of the most efficient members.     

健康教育对感染科医护人员手卫生依从性的影响

目的评价健康教育对医院感染科医护人员手卫生依从性的影响。方法由医院感染科全体医护人员组成手卫生健康教育圈,采用鱼骨图分析手卫生健康教育存在缺陷及其原因,在此基础上提出相应的防范措施,比较实施健康教育前后坚持手卫生的依从率。结果在坚持洗手、保证洗手时间长于70 s、洗手程序符合规范和严格使用消毒液4个方面,强化健康教育后全科医护人员的手卫生依从率由原来的58.3%提高到94.4%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论健康教育对感染科医护人员手卫生依从性有较大影响,品管圈活动促进手卫生健康教育的深入开展。     

Provision of an electronic library at the clinical frontline: evaluation of impact on hospital medical staff

Doctors need convenient access to the latest information if they are to meet the demands of clinical governance and evidence-based medicine. Forest Healthcare NHS Trust used its intranet to provide clinical areas with direct 24-hour access to library materials.     

Short-term outcomes and long-term impact of a programme in medical education for medical students

Objectives  There is growing appreciation of the value of early preparation of future medical educators. Staff development programmes, conferences and workshops pertaining to the training of educators may be crucial to the pursuit of a school's larger educational mission to educate students, doctors and scholars and to provide comprehensive knowledge, research, patient care and service. This study examined the efficacy of a 1-week educational intervention aimed at preparing medical students to become effective doctor educators by building skills early in their careers. The study asked whether participation in a 5-day teacher training programme led to increased knowledge of instructional methods, more favourable attitudes towards teaching, and the integration of structured instructional design methods in a student-developed teaching project.
Methods  A mixed methods research design was employed with quantitative data captured through pre- and post-test inventories, qualitative components captured through written comments, and a 2-year post-intervention survey. Quantitative analyses included pre-/post-intervention repeated measures with calculated effect sizes. Qualitative analysis was conducted using constant comparative methods.
Results  Subjects demonstrated improved content knowledge and more positive attitudes towards motivation, teaching confidence, teacher roles, varied pedagogy, and use of assessment, instructional planning, and evaluation. Subjects were able to incorporate the programme's teaching theory and methods into their teaching projects and assessment of peers' and others' teaching in their own institutions 2 years post-training.
Conclusions  This study demonstrates that a well-designed programme for teacher preparation can be pedagogically effective for training medical students to become better educators and that this learning can be incorporated into long-term practice.     

医学模式转变对英美国家健康教育发展的影响

健康教育指主动为学习创设机会,包括设计某些形式的交流以提升健康文化、知识水平及发展对个体、社区健康有利的生活技能[1],通过传播健康相关信息,动员全社会参与,营造有益于健康的环境,增强人们健康意识和自我保健能力,改变不健康生活方式,从而达到预防控制疾病,提高生命、生活质量,提高全民健康素质的目的。     

The effect of medical education on the attitudes of medical students towards disabled people

The negative attitudes of society towards disability and the resulting prejudicial behaviour affects the lives of disabled people. One of the declared aims of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Southampton is to improve attitudes. Hence, an attempt has been made to assess differences in the attitudes held by first- and fourth-year medical students, senior house officers and members of the general public towards disabled people. The measurement instrument used was the 'Attitudes Towards Disabled Persons (ATDP) Scale'. The total number of subjects in the survey was 428, of whom 263 (61%) responded. No significant differences were found between the attitudes of the four groups studied. However, a subpopulation of subjects who agreed with the statement that 'Disabled people cause more problems to doctors than non-disabled people' had attitudes which were significantly more negative.     

一年级医学生预防艾滋病同伴教育的近期效果研究

目的　探讨在一年级医学生中开展预防艾滋病同伴教育 (peereducation)的可行性。方法　 1 998年 9～ 1 0月 ,在某医科大学整群抽样选取 2 2 0人为干预组 ,2 1 9人为内对照组 ;在另一所医学大学抽取 2 1 0人为外对照组。对干预组实施预防艾滋病同伴教育 ,通过教育前后 2次问卷进行近期效果评价。结果　干预组、内对照组、外对照组教育前艾滋病知识均分分别为 1 3 .7、1 3.8、1 4 .0 ,3组间差异无显著性 ;教育干预后 ,3组知识均分分别为 1 9.1、1 4 .3、1 4 .3,干预组各题答对率均有明显提高 ,最大提高幅度达 55 .4% ,与两对照组比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5) ;内、外对照组间差异无显著性。结论　在一年级医学生中开展艾滋病—性病—安全性行为同伴教育是可行而有效的。     

健康教育对产后避孕行为的影响

利用WHO课题\