解读美国甲状腺协会和临床内分泌医师协会2011年甲亢诊治指南

最近,美国甲状腺协会和临床内分泌医师协会联合发表了甲亢诊治指南,总共提出了100项指南性的参考建议.该指南系统介绍了甲亢的诊断和治疗,重点强调了131I治疗、抗甲状腺药物治疗和手术治疗的适应证、禁忌证、治疗准备、治疗方法和随诊策略,并详细介绍了儿童甲亢、妊娠期甲亢、甲亢突眼和一些少见甲亢的诊治原则.     

2021 Korean Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System and Imaging-Based Management of Thyroid Nodules: Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology Consensus Statement and Recommendations

Incidental thyroid nodules are commonly detected on ultrasonography (US). This has contributed to the rapidly rising incidence of low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma over the last 20 years. The appropriate diagnosis and management of these patients is based on the risk factors related to the patients as well as the thyroid nodules. The Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology (KSThR) published consensus recommendations for US-based management of thyroid nodules in 2011 and revised them in 2016. These guidelines have been used as the standard guidelines in Korea. However, recent advances in the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules have necessitated the revision of the original recommendations. The task force of the KSThR has revised the Korean Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System and recommendations for US lexicon, biopsy criteria, US criteria of extrathyroidal extension, optimal thyroid computed tomography protocol, and US follow-up of thyroid nodules before and after biopsy. The biopsy criteria were revised to reduce unnecessary biopsies for benign nodules while maintaining an appropriate sensitivity for the detection of malignant tumors in small (1–2 cm) thyroid nodules. The goal of these recommendations is to provide the optimal scientific evidence and expert opinion consensus regarding US-based diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules.     

Sonographic Diagnosis of Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients with Thyroid Cancer and Comparison of European and Korean Guidelines for Stratifying the Risk of Malignant Lymph Node

ObjectiveTo evaluate the ultrasonography (US) features for diagnosing metastasis in cervical lymph nodes (LNs) in patients with thyroid cancer and compare the US classification of risk of LN metastasis between European and Korean guidelines.Materials and MethodsFrom January 2014 to December 2018, US-guided fine-needle aspiration was performed on 836 LNs from 714 patients for the preoperative nodal staging of thyroid cancer. The US features of LNs were retrospectively reviewed for the following features: size, presence of hilum, margin, orientation, cystic change, punctate echogenic foci (PEF), large echogenic foci, eccentric cortical thickening, abnormal vascularity, and cortical hyperechogenicity. A multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the independent US features for the diagnosis of metastatic LNs. The diagnostic performance of independent US features was subsequently evaluated. LNs were categorized according to the Korean Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (K-TIRADS) and European Thyroid Association (ETA) guidelines, and the correlation between the two sets of classifications was assessed.ResultsAbsence of the hilum, presence of cystic changes, PEF, abnormal vascularity, and cortical hyperechogenicity were independent US features of metastatic LNs. Cystic changes, PEF, abnormal vascularity, and cortical hyperechogenicity showed high specificity (86.8%–99.6%). The absence of the hilum had the highest sensitivity yet low specificity (66.4%). When LNs were classified according to the ETA guidelines and K-TIRADS, they yielded similar categorizations of malignancy risks and were strongly correlated (Spearman coefficient, 0.9766 [95% confidence interval, 0.973–0.979]). According to the ETA guidelines, 9.8% (82/836) of LNs were classified as “not specified.”ConclusionAbsence of hilum, cystic changes, PEF, abnormal vascularity, and cortical hyperechogenicity were independent US features suggestive of metastatic LNs in thyroid cancer. Both K-TIRADS and the ETA guidelines provided similar risk stratification for metastatic LNs with a high correlation; however, the ETA guidelines failed to classify 9.8% of LNs into a specific risk stratum. These results may provide a basis for revising LN classification in future guidelines.     

131I治疗前刺激性Tg在分化型甲状腺癌风险评估及治疗决策中的意义

甲状腺球蛋白(Tg)是分化型甲状腺癌(DTC)患者长期随访的重要指标之一。DTC患者的血清Tg监测包括刺激性Tg(sTg)(TSH>30μIU/ml刺激状态下的Tg水平)和非刺激性Tg (TSH抑制状态下的Tg水平)测定,前者对于DTC患者的病情监测具有更高的灵敏度和特异度。目前,"清甲"治疗后sTg是DTC患者病情监测的重要手段;而131I治疗前sTg (ps-Tg)由于受残余甲状腺组织的影响,在DTC病情评估及治疗决策方面的意义尚存在争议。自2009年美国甲状腺协会的相关指南中指出ps-Tg水平可能对DTC患者的疾病状态有一定的预测作用后,近5年来有关ps-Tg与131I治疗后疾病状态与预后间关系的研究备受关注。笔者主要就ps-Tg在DTC风险评估及治疗决策中的意义进行综述。     

美国甲状腺协会和临床内分泌医师协会2012年甲减诊治指南介绍

近期,美国甲状腺协会和临床内分泌医师协会联合发表了甲减诊治指南,该指南以循证医学为根据,对所涉及的15个方面的问题共提出了52条指南性的参考建议。该指南重点强调了促甲状腺激素对多数甲状腺功能减退症（甲减）患者的诊断价值,指出甲减的标准治疗方法是给予左旋甲状腺素,对于促甲状腺激素水平小于10 mIU/L的亚临床甲减患者,需要根据患者的个体情况决定治疗方案。     

Factors Associated with Dose Determination of Radioactive Iodine Therapy for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

Radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy for differentiated thyroid cancer has been successfully used for more than 70 years. However, there is still plenty of controversy surrounding the use and doses of radioiodine. There is insufficient evidence to answer the questions. Recent American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines seem to favor low-dose RAI, based on recent clinical trials and meta-analyses. However, long-term follow-up data remains limited, and there are additional factors we should consider that might affect the efficacy of RAI therapy. Therefore, until sufficient data are available, it is necessary to remain cautious about determining RAI doses by considering multiple patient-specific variables.     

Assessment of the impact of 2015 American Thyroid Association guidelines in management of differentiated thyroid cancer patients

The 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) guideline have suggested modifications in the risk stratification (RS) for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients, introduced the concept of dynamic risk stratification (DRS) and redefined the role of radioactive iodine (RAI) in treatment algorithm. The aim of this retrospective audit was to assess the practical implications of these modifications in management of DTC. A total of 138 DTC patients were stratified according to ATA 2009 and 2015 guidelines into low (LR), intermediate (IR) and high (HR) risk groups. Change in RS and in intention of RAI use was calculated. Deviation in administered RAI dosage from the guidelines was assessed. 1-year follow-up data was audited to assess how the DRS modified the initial risk estimate. A total of 11.6% of patients changed their RS categories in 2015 guidelines. A total of 10.1% got upstaged to HR, and 1.4% got downstaged to LR. In 2.17% of patients’ intention of RAI use changed to remnant ablation from adjuvant therapy and 65% of the LR patients won’t require any RAI therapy. A total of 26.7% of patients had received significantly more RAI dosage according to ATA 2015. At 1-year follow-up according to DRS 84% of LR, 75% of IR and 44% of HR patients showed excellent response (ER). More patients changed RS to HR than to LR. Intention of RAI use changed in only a small number of patients. Significantly higher dosage of RAI is being administered to patients in current practice. The effect of DRS in modifying the initial RS was most prominent in IR, with most showing ER to initial therapy.     

Ultrasonography and the Ultrasound-Based Management of Thyroid Nodules: Consensus Statement and Recommendations

The detection of thyroid nodules has become more common with the widespread use of ultrasonography (US). US is the mainstay for detecting and making the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules as well as for providing guidance for a biopsy. The Task Force on Thyroid Nodules of the Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology has developed recommendations for the US diagnosis and US-based management of thyroid nodules. The review and recommendations in this report have been based on a comprehensive analysis of the current literature, the results of multicenter studies and from the consensus of experts.     

Sentinel node in breast cancer procedural guidelines

Content Procedure guidelines for scintigraphic detection of sentinel node in breast cancer are presented. Authors The paper was written by several experts in this field on behalf of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine Oncology and Dosimetry committees and approved by the Executive Committee. An Editorial commentary on this paper is available at . Disclaimer: The European Association of Nuclear Medicine has written and approved guidelines to promote the cost-effective use of high-quality nuclear medicine procedures. These generic recommendations cannot be rigidly applied to all patients in all practice settings. The guidelines should not be deemed inclusive of all proper procedures or exclusive of other procedures reasonably directed to obtaining the same results. Advances in medicine occur at a rapid rate. The date of a guideline should always be considered in determining its current applicability. All authors declare they have no conflict of interest.     

Radionuclide diagnosis and therapy of thyroid cancer: current status report

Thyroid cancer is uncommon, with an incidence of 10,300 new patients each year and a mortality of 1,100 patients each year. Patient survival correlates with many factors, including tumor pathology, age, primary lesion size, distant metastases, extent of surgery, and radioiodine therapy. Deaths from thyroid cancer may occur many years after diagnosis, and such an indolent course has hampered the analysis of the multiple treatment programs advocated. Thyroid imaging continues to play an important role in the initial detection and follow-up management of thyroid cancer, but the search for a specific tracer for the primary lesion continues. The complementary role of serum thyroglobulin and radioiodine in the follow-up of the thyroidectomized patient is discussed. Radioiodine therapy has proven effectiveness in those patients with radioiodine-avid distant metastases and/or regional metastases. Whether radioiodine ablation of residual thyroid bed activity is beneficial remains controversial.     

Utilidad de la ecografía en la evaluación de los nódulos tiroideos

ObjectiveTo evaluate the diagnostic capacity of ultrasonography (US) for differentiating between malignant and benign thyroid nodules and its usefulness in obviating unnecessary invasive procedures.Patients and methodsFrom January 2012 through December 2014, a total of 321 fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) procedures were done in 302 patients selected according to the criteria recommended by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinology guidelines and the American Thyroid Association guidelines. We analyzed the following characteristics on US: location, size, morphology, contour, consistency, echostructure, echogenicity, calcifications, and vascularization. We used univariate and multivariate analyses to investigate the relationship between the US findings and thyroid cancer.ResultsThe prevalence of malignancy in our study population was 5.92%. The US findings that were significantly associated with a greater probability of malignancy were microcalcifications, central vascularization, and hypoechogenicity. The US findings that were associated with a lower risk of malignancy were areas of colloid degeneration and nodule heterogeneity.ConclusionOur results suggest that decisions about whether to perform FNAB should be based on the presence of suspicious US findings found with our statistic model rather than on the size of the nodule. Thus, unnecessary FNAB procedures on nodules without suspicious US characteristics can be avoided.     

Comparison of Thyroid Risk Categorization Systems and Fine-Needle Aspiration Recommendations in a Multi-Institutional Thyroid Ultrasound Registry

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare how often fine-needle aspiration (FNA) would be recommended for nodules in unselected, low-risk adult patients referred for sonographic evaluation of thyroid nodules by ACR Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS), the American Thyroid Association guidelines (ATA), Korean Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (K-TIRADS), European Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (EU-TIRADS), and Artificial Intelligence Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (AI-TIRADS).MethodsSeven practices prospectively submitted thyroid ultrasound reports on adult patients to the ACR Thyroid Imaging Research Registry between October 2018 and March 2020. Data were collected about the sonographic features of each nodule using a structured reporting template with fields for the five ACR TI-RADS ultrasound categories plus maximum nodule size. The nodules were also retrospectively categorized according to criteria from ACR TI-RADS, the ATA, K-TIRADS, EU-TIRADS, and AI-TIRADS to compare FNA recommendation rates.ResultsFor 27,933 nodules in 12,208 patients, ACR TI-RADS recommended FNA for 8,128 nodules (29.1%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.286-0.296). The ATA guidelines, EU-TIRADS, K-TIRADS, and AI-TIRADS would have recommended FNA for 16,385 (58.7%, 95% CI 0.581-0.592), 10,854 (38.9%, 95% CI 0.383-0.394), 15,917 (57.0%, 95% CI 0.564-0.576), and 7,342 (26.3%, 95% CI 0.258-0.268) nodules, respectively. Recommendation for FNA on TR3 and TR4 nodules was lowest for ACR TI-RADS at 18% and 30%, respectively. ACR TI-RADS categorized more nodules as TR2, which does not require FNA. At the high suspicion level, the FNA rate was similar for all guidelines at 68.7% to 75.5%.ConclusionACR TI-RADS recommends 25% to 50% fewer biopsies compared with ATA, EU-TIRADS, and K-TIRADS because of differences in size thresholds and criteria for risk levels.     

Nutrition on the Run

Abstract

Approximately 7.6 million high school students in the United States participate in sports. Although most sport-related injuries in adolescents are considered minor emergencies, life-threatening illnesses or injuries may occur, such as sudden cardiac arrest, heat stroke, status asthmaticus and exercise-induced asthma, catastrophic brain injuries, cervical spine injuries, heat- and cold-related illness, blunt chest/abdominal injuries, and extremity fractures resulting in compartment syndrome. Emergency preparedness in athletics involves the identification of and planning for medical services to promote the safety of the athlete, to limit injury, and to provide medical care at the site of practice or competition. Several national organizations have published guidelines for emergency preparedness in school-based athletics. Our article reviews guidelines for emergency preparedness put forth by the Sideline Preparedness collaboration (comprised of 6 major professional associations, including the American Academy of Family Physicians, American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, American College of Sports Medicine, American Medical Society for Sports Medicine, American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, and American Osteopathic Academy of Sports Medicine), the National Athletic Trainers' Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics' Committee on School Health, and the American Heart Association. Additionally, we review published data examining compliance of US high schools with these recommendations for emergency preparedness in school-based athletics, determine deficiencies, and provide recommendations for improvement based on these deficiencies.     

Guidelines for radioiodine therapy of differentiated thyroid cancer

Introduction  The purpose of the present guidelines on the radioiodine therapy (RAIT) of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) formulated by the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) Therapy Committee is to provide advice to nuclear medicine clinicians and other members of the DTC-treating community on how to ablate thyroid remnant or treat inoperable advanced DTC or both employing large 131-iodine (¹³¹I) activities. Discussion  For this purpose, recommendations have been formulated based on recent literature and expert opinion regarding the rationale, indications and contraindications for these procedures, as well as the radioiodine activities and the administration and patient preparation techniques to be used. Recommendations also are provided on pre-RAIT history and examinations, patient counselling and precautions that should be associated with ¹³¹I iodine ablation and treatment. Furthermore, potential side effects of radioiodine therapy and alternate or additional treatments to this modality are reviewed. Appendices furnish information on dosimetry and post-therapy scintigraphy.     

Thyroid dosimetry in Europe following the Chernobyl accident

Thyroid dose estimates for European populations following the Chernobyl accident in 1986 have been presented in the literature. These dose estimates used standard values for parameters such as thyroid mass, iodine uptake and biological half-life. Previous work has shown that these values are not representative of European populations and that local values should be utilized. Using published data on revised thyroid dose estimates, thyroid dosimetry data arising as a result of the Chernobyl accident are presented for 22 European countries. When these are compared with previously published estimates it is found that in all cases the previous results underestimate the thyroid dose by up to a factor of 4. Risk estimates on the incidence of fatal and non-fatal thyroid cancers are also determined from this new data and, again, the results are underestimated. The results show an increase in the number of fatal cancers, rising from 149 as predicted by the NEA to 310 under the new estimates, and from 180 as predicted by UNSCEAR to the new estimate of 380.     

Computed tomography screening for lung cancer

1. Screening with low-dose computed tomography reduces mortality from lung cancer in high-risk patients. 2. Lung cancer screening with chest radiography alone or in combination with sputum analysis is currently not recommended. 3. The feasibility and impact of screening in patients with a low or moderate risk for primary lung cancer are currently not known. 4. A standardized framework for testing and management in a multidisciplinary fashion is necessary to provide lung cancer screening. 5. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network and the American Lung Association have recently issued guidelines for lung cancer screening with computed tomography in high-risk patients.     

2022 KLCA-NCC Korea Practice Guidelines for the Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and the fourth most common cancer among men in South Korea, where the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B infection is high in middle and old age. The current practice guidelines will provide useful and sensible advice for the clinical management of patients with HCC. A total of 49 experts in the fields of hepatology, oncology, surgery, radiology, and radiation oncology from the Korean Liver Cancer Association-National Cancer Center Korea Practice Guideline Revision Committee revised the 2018 Korean guidelines and developed new recommendations that integrate the most up-to-date research findings and expert opinions. These guidelines provide useful information and direction for all clinicians, trainees, and researchers in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.     

EANM procedure guidelines for therapy of benign thyroid disease

The purpose of the present guidelines on the ¹³¹I therapy of benign thyroid disorders formulated by the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) Therapy Committee is to provide advice to nuclear medicine clinicians on how to treat benign thyroid conditions employing optimal ¹³¹I activities. The recommendations were formulated based on recent literature and expert opinion regarding rationale, indications and contraindications for the use of ¹³¹I procedures, as well as the adequate ¹³¹I activities in different thyroid disorders, and the administration and patient preparation techniques to be used. Recommendations are also provided on history and examinations before ¹³¹I therapy, patient counselling and precautions associated with ¹³¹I therapy. Furthermore, potential side effects and alternative treatment modalities are reviewed. Special attention is paid to these aspects in the treatment of children undergoing this procedure.