重视青少年的性道德教育

1 当代青少年的性现状 两年前,北京市政协150位委员提交的一份,关于青少年性健康教育的调查报告,反映出当前北京市未成年人性科学和性健康的知识贫乏,许多青少年竟不知道月经来潮或遗精代表着什么,32.8%的学生认为高二以后没有异性朋友,会被同学瞧不起;34.5%的男生和40.5%的女生不知道淋病是性传染病.     

高中生性知识来源与知晓现状调查研究

目的:了解内江地区高中生性知识现状及其来源,为有针对性地开展青春期性教育提供依据。方法:采用随机整群抽样法,对内江地区1176名学生进行性知识现状及其来源问卷调查。结果:高中生性知识缺乏,多数学生不清楚性器官的名称,17.50%的男生对遗精有困扰,60.69%的女生对月经有困扰;7.89%的男生及20.68%的女生认为性梦"是道德不好的表现"或"让人难堪";11.04%的男生及25.14%的女生认为性幻想"是道德不好的表现"或"让人难堪";40.74%的男生及77.42%的女生不清楚"性自慰是人类的正常性行为之一"。高中生性知识获取途径多样,但质量堪忧,49.06%的高中生性知识的第一位来源是"同学或朋友";35.74%的男生及18.55%的女生浏览过色情读物,40.00%的男生及12.10%的女生观看过黄色视频材料。结论:内江地区高中生性观念较开放,但性知识缺乏;性知识获取途径多样,但质量堪忧;切实加强性教育师资建设,力求性教育教师专业化;充分发挥同伴教育的优势,调动学生自学能力;转变家长观念,发挥家庭性教育的优势。     

重庆市大学生性知识来源和性教育需求调查

通过对重庆市8所大学的900名在校大学生进行问卷调查,研究表明:76.47%的男生、28.72%的女生看过直接描写性交的各种科学材料;对性教育需求,最迫切的是"预防性病/艾滋病";从重庆与全国的对比来看,男生在"异性交往/恋爱心理"上以及女生在"预防性病/艾滋病"上存在显著性差异.     

佛山市高中生恋爱、性相关态度与性行为的现状调查研究

目的:了解当前佛山市高中生恋爱、性相关态度与性行为的现状,为开展更为有效的青春期性健康教育提供依据。方法:采用线上发放自编问卷调查的方法,对佛山市1055名高中学生开展调查。结果:高中生对于恋爱的接受程度高,男生达到79. 0%,女生达到71. 3%;高中男生已经发生性行为的比例为9. 3%,打算发生性行为的比例为23. 1%,女生已经发生性行为的比例为6. 3%,打算发生性行为的比例为4. 4%;男生能正确使用安全套的占39. 5%,女生能正确使用安全套的占14. 6%;88. 2%的高中生认为应当尊重性伴侣,不强制发生性行为。结论:佛山市高中学生性态度较为开放,性与生殖健康知识掌握情况不理想,对于恋爱等亲密关系的接受程度很高,性行为发生率较高,高中生发生性行为时大部分不能正确使用安全套或不用安全套。     

中职学生性行为和艾滋病相关知识及态度调查研究

目的:分析本地区中职学生关于性行为与艾滋病相关知识及态度,为性病与艾滋病的防治提供依据,制定教育策略。方法:随机抽取本地区5所中职院校的1366名学生,以年级分为3组,并应用《中国青少年健康危险行为调查问卷》对其危险行为进行调查。结果:性行为发生情况的分析:男学生发生性行为的比例明显高于女学生,男生中职二、三年级发生性行为的比例显著高于一年级,以上差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05),不同年级女学生的性行为发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);特殊意义的异性朋友的调查,男学生具有特殊意义的异性朋友的比例显著高于女学生,重组家庭学生的比例远高于其他类型的家庭,上述差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);边缘性行为的调查:拥抱、接吻及抚摸异性身体三种边缘性行为的调查中,男生发生的比例均高于女生,且报告率随年级的升高而上升,重组家庭学生的报告率显著高于其他类型的家庭,上述差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);艾滋病教育及相关知识的调查,男生对知识的了解及受教育情况均明显好于女生,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:对中职学生要做好性行为预防教育,采取相应措施进行科学的,适当的干预与引导。     

成都市小学生性别角色观念的实证研究

目的:了解成都市小学生性别角色观念的现况,为开展儿童青少年性别教育、促进儿童青少年身心健康发展提供科学依据。方法:采用随机整群抽样的方法,抽取成都市某普通小学的9~13岁小学生共362名,应用四川省性社会学与性教育研究中心编制的问卷进行调查。结果:34.08%的学生表示对青春期发育存在性别困惑;在可以选择自己性别的情况下,55.11%的男生和47.85%的女生选择了同性,女生选择异性的比例(12.37%)高于男生(2.84%);男生更倾向于维护传统的性别角色,而女生更倾向于性别平等的性别角色。结论:针对小学生性别角色异常、性别刻板印象和性别平等意识较低等问题,需要从家庭、学校和大众传媒三个方面进行综合教育和干预。     

对西部大学生性现状的调查研究——以宁夏师范学院为例

对宁夏师范学院大学生性现状进行了自行设计的问卷调查,为在大学生中开展性健康教育提供依据。结果表明:(1)我校大学生的性观念比较保守;(2)男女生进入青春期的年龄对异性交往有一定的影响;(3)大学生能正确看待"黄色"书刊与音像,负面影响不大。(4)大学男生对性产业的态度较女生宽容;(5)大学生对性不同层面的知识都有较大的需求。     

哈尔滨市中职学生青春期性健康知识、态度及需求现状调查

目的:了解并分析哈尔滨市中等职业技术学校学生的青春期性健康知识、性行为态度及性健康需求的现状,为进行有针对性的青春健康教育提供依据。方法:采用整群抽样的方法对哈尔滨市三所中职学校的1020名学生,其中男生576人、女生444人进行问卷调查。结果:对于青春期性健康知识学生有一定了解但掌握的不够系统,男生了解的较女生广泛,态度相对开放;相比城镇学生,农村学生对知识了解较少且态度保守;有68.1%的男生和70.2%的女生谈过恋爱;有过性交史的学生比例很高,达17.6%,男生有25.5%高于女生的7.4%。中职学生在遇到性方面忧虑时38.1%的男生和44.7%的女生都选择最先和同性朋友交谈,很少有人选择和老师交谈。学生最愿意获得知识和服务的途径是通过医疗机构,男女生分别有20.3%和27.3%;有35.4%的男生和29.8%的女生最愿意网上交谈的方式。结论:中职学生对青春期性健康知识掌握不够系统,态度比较开放,对知识和服务的需求较大。     

大学生性别差异对待知觉调查研究

目的:通过学生视角,了解高等教育中性别平等原则贯彻情况。方法:选择郑州某所普通本科高校167名一年级学生为本研究对象,采用问卷调查方法,对其进行关于教师和学生互动中的性别差异对待情况调查。结果:43. 1%(72名)的学生认为教师存在针对性别的差异对待,且在此部分学生中,女生认为性别差异对待不好的占比高于男生。学生总结的教师差异对待案例主要包括体育和体力劳动、课堂互动、惩罚严厉程度、男生机会优势;其中,举例体育和体力劳动的学生大部分赞同性别差异对待,举例男生优势者则均持否定态度。结论:高等教育中性别平等原则贯彻仍需加强。     

性道德教育对专科学生性道德观念影响的研究

目的:阐明性道德教育对青年学生性道德观念的影响,为今后青年学生中开展有效的性道德教育提供科学依据。方法:选择桂林市师范专科学校学生,以4小时的课堂讲授方式,实施性道德教育。结果:通过本次性道德教育,男生和女生对使用安全套的认识均有所提高(与教育前比较,P<0.05),对拒绝婚前性交的观念也均有所提高(与教育前比较P<0.05)。男生与女生在拒绝大学期间发生性交观念的转变有所不同,其中对男生无效(与教育前比较,P>0.05),对女生有效(与教育前比较,P<0.05)。男生对婚前性行为危害认识有所提高(与教育前比较,P<0.05),女生未见提高(与教育前比较,P>0.05)。未能见男女生对婚外性交行为认识的提高(与教育前比较,P>0.05)。结论:目前的性道德教育对青年树立正确的性观念有一定帮助,这需要引起全社会特别重视。     

Prevalence and correlates of exchanging sex for drugs or money among adolescents in the United States

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the prevalence and correlates of exchanging sex for drugs or money among a nationally representative sample of 13,294 adolescents in the United States. METHODS: Data are from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, waves I and II. The lifetime prevalence of exchanging sex was estimated and a cross sectional analysis of sociodemographic and behavioural correlates was conducted. Unadjusted odds ratios were obtained. RESULTS: 3.5% of adolescents had ever exchanged sex for drugs or money. Two thirds of these youths were boys. The odds of having exchanged sex were higher for youths who had used drugs, had run away from home, were depressed, and had engaged in various sexual risk behaviours. 15% of boys and 20% of girls who had exchanged sex reported they had ever been told they have HIV or another sexually transmitted infection (STI). CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents with a history of exchanging sex have engaged in other high risk behaviours and may experience poor health outcomes, including depression and HIV/STIs. These findings should help inform strategies to prevent this high risk sexual behaviour and its potential consequences.     

Sex difference in partner notification: results from three population based surveys in France

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the proportion of individuals in the general population who did not notify their sexual partners at the time of an STD diagnosis, according to the sex of the patient and the type of partner. METHODS: We analysed behaviour at the time of diagnosis of a self reported STD, using data from three large French national population based surveys of adults (ACSF, Barométre Santé) and adolescents (ACSJ). Univariate and multivariate analyses took into account the complex sampling design. RESULTS: In the ACSF, 14% (95% CI: 4% to 24%) of men reported that they had not informed their main sexual partner compared with only 2% (95% CI: 0% to 5%) of women (p = 0.03). This sex difference was independent of the nature of the STD, the patient's age, level of education, and number of partners. Similarly, in the ACSJ, 51% (95% CI: 21% to 81%) of boys reported that they had not talked about this STD with their current sexual partner compared with only 9% (95% CI: 0% to 26%) of girls (p = 0.04). Notification by a sexual partner had led to discovery of the STD more frequently in male subjects than in female subjects, both in adults (32% of men compared with 4% of women (p=0.04)), and adolescents (36% of boys compared with 12% of girls). Most subjects, irrespective of sex, had not informed partners other than their main or current partner: 73% (95% CI: 62% to 84%) of adults and 86% (95% CI: 77% to 95%) of adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Procedures must be developed urgently to improve the notification of sexual partners, particularly female partners and adolescents, who are unlikely to be tested early without such notification.     

The course of eczema in children aged 5-7 years and its relation to atopy: differences between boys and girls

BACKGROUND: The role of atopy in the pathophysiology of eczema is still under debate. The concept and analyses of the nonatopic and atopic subtypes of eczema have gained increasing interest in recent studies. The course of these subtypes and differences between boys and girls have not been investigated so far. OBJECTIVES: To examine the course of nonatopic and atopic eczema in preschool children from Germany with regard to sex. METHODS: Repeated cross-sectional studies were performed in 5-7-year-old preschool children from Germany between 1994 and 2000. Individuals with eczema were identified by a dermatological examination. In addition to a questionnaire, skin prick tests and analyses of serum IgE antibodies against seven and five environmental allergens, respectively, were performed. Atopy was defined by sensitization to at least one of five common aeroallergens (birch, grass and mugwort pollen, house dust mites, cat dander). In part of the study population investigations of spare time behaviour and skin function were carried out (including stratum corneum hydration and skin surface pH). RESULTS: A total of 2693 girls and 2783 boys underwent a full dermatological examination of the skin and determination of sensitization. Among the girls, 8.7% demonstrated eczema clinically at the day of investigation in contrast to 6.1% of the boys. In girls, early onset eczema (< 2 years of age) was strongly related to atopy at age 5-7 years [odds ratio (OR) 3.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.7-5.1], whereas late-onset eczema (> or = 2 years of age) was not (OR 1.0; 95% CI 0.7-1.5). Boys were more often atopic at the age of 5-7 years than girls (28.3% vs. 20.6%), and early and late-onset eczema were related to atopy without such a difference (OR 2.8, 95% CI 2.0-4.0; OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3-2.8, respectively). The excess of current eczema in 5-7-year-old girls compared with boys was related to the nonatopic type. The higher susceptibility of girls in that age group to develop eczema was reflected by the skin physiological examination: even girls without eczema had significantly higher skin surface pH and lower stratum corneum hydration than boys. Additionally, questionnaire data revealed that girls more often than boys predominantly played indoors, which was associated with more eczema. CONCLUSIONS: Atopy and eczema develop differently in boys and girls. Boys are more often atopic, whereas girls suffer significantly more often from eczema without relation to atopy. The nonatopic type of eczema in preschool girls is noticed predominantly after their second birthday. Genetic and lifestyle factors may contribute to this difference.     

Atopic dermatitis in adolescent boys is associated with greater psychological morbidity compared with girls of the same age: the Young-HUNT study

BACKGROUND: Having atopic dermatitis (AD) as well as other chronic diseases is often associated with reduced mental health. Adolescents with AD are thought to be especially vulnerable, but few studies have included an ample number of young people. OBJECTIVES: To study self-reported mental distress among boys and girls 13-19 years of age with AD compared with mental distress among healthy adolescents as well as mental distress among adolescents with other chronic diseases or complaints, such as headache, neck or shoulder pain, asthma, allergy and rhinitis. METHODS: The Young-HUNT study was conducted as a cross-sectional, population-based survey in 1995-97. All students in Nord-Trondelag County, Norway, aged 13-19 years were invited, and some 89% participated. A questionnaire on mental and somatic health, life-style and social conditions was completed during one school hour. RESULTS: A total of 4384 girls and 4433 boys participated. The prevalence of mental distress was higher among older teenagers, and more than every fourth girl aged 17-19 reported mental distress. Although more girls than boys reported mental distress, AD, headache and neck or shoulder pain, the odds for reporting both AD and mental distress were higher for boys [odds ratio (OR) = 2.1 (1.6-2.9)] compared with girls [OR = 1.3 (1.1-1.6)]. A corresponding sex difference in reporting mental distress was also seen for some other chronic diseases or complaints. CONCLUSIONS: In adolescents aged 13-19 years there was a strong and significant association between self-reported mental distress and AD as well as headache and neck or shoulder pain for both sexes. Although boys reported fewer complaints as AD, they perceived the complaints a heavier burden than did the girls.     

Is heritability of alopecia areata sex-specific? A nationwide population-based cohort study

Previous studies have demonstrated the heritability of alopecia areata (AA). However, whether the heritability of AA is sex-specific has not been examined. A nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study was performed using the Taiwan Maternal and Child Health Database from 2004 to 2017. We examined the heritability of AA in offspring of parents with and without AA, and determined whether the transmission of AA from parents to the next generation may occur in opposite directions depending on sex. We found that the risk ratio (RR) for heritability of AA between parents with and without AA was approximately two-fold. In addition, for fathers with AA, the risk of AA in offspring tended to be higher in girls than in boys (RR: 2.97; 95% confidence interval: 0.94, 9.31). Therefore, the present study confirms the heritability of AA, and further studies examining the sex-specific heritability of AA with a larger sample are warranted.     

Mongolian Spots in Chinese Children

Ninety-two Chinese Canadian newborn infants (49 boys and 43 girls) and 1633 Chinese Canadian children (819 boys and 814 girls) in Calgary, Alberta, Canada were examined for the presence of Mongolian spots. Mongolian spots were present in all newborns and disappeared slowly until 6 years of age when the rate of disappearance increased. At 10 years of age, none were found. The overall incidence regardless of age was 58% in boys and 53.3% in girls. The most frequent site of involvement was the sacrococcygeal area, followed by the gluteal and lumbar areas. Both sides were equally affected. In only 7.8% of boys and 3.3% of girls was the involved area greater than 15% of the body surface area. Most (63.8% of boys and 67.4% of girls) had less than 5% involved. The color of the Mongolian spots varied from gray to grayish blue to grayish black. In general, younger children had darker Mongolian spots.     

Anxiety, depression, and nature of acne vulgaris in adolescents

BACKGROUND: The reported prevalence of acne in adolescence is variable; improved treatment may have modified its prevalence and severity; acne has been related to psychiatric morbidity for many years. METHODS: Two thousand six hundred and fifty-seven high school students were examined, and adolescents with acne were interviewed about the subject of acne vulgaris. The severity of acne was graded using the Global Acne Grading System (GAGS). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale was evaluated for one of every two subjects with acne (n = 308) and for the same number of sex-matched control subjects (n = 308) to determine the prevalence of depression and anxiety. RESULTS: Six hundred and fifteen of the subjects (23. 1%) were determined to have acne. Acne prevalence in girls and boys was 16.1% and 29.2%, respectively (P < 0.001). Two hundred and twenty-five (15.8%) of 1424 boys and only 109 (8.8%) of 1233 girls had moderate or severe/very severe acne (P < 0.001), but the GAGS scores in the groups of boys and girls with acne were not significantly different. The acne and control groups showed no significant differences in the HAD anxiety and depression subscale scores. The HAD anxiety subscale scores of girls were significantly higher than those of boys in the acne group. The severity of acne was not correlated with the HAD anxiety or depression subscale scores. CONCLUSIONS: Acne results in higher anxiety in adolescent girls. Although acne and moderate/severe acne are more common in adolescent boys, the severity of acne was found to be similar in boys and girls with acne. Adolescent girls are more vulnerable than boys to the negative psychological effects of acne.     

Lifestyle and nickel allergy in a Swedish adolescent population: effects of piercing, tattooing and orthodontic appliances

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of life-style practices in adolescents and their association with nickel allergy. Upper secondary school pupils (n?=?4,376; 15-23 years) were patch-tested for nickel aller-gy, follow-ing completion of a questionnaire (answered by?6,095). Almost 86% girls and 21% of boys reported piercing. More girls (6%) than boys (3%) had a tattoo. Twenty-six percent of the girls and 18% of the boys were regular smokers. Vegetarian/vegan diets were reported by 20% of girls and by 6% of boys. Piercing, female gender, and vocational programme increased the risk of nickel allergy, whereas orthodontic appliance treat-ment prior to piercing reduced the risk of nickel allergy. Pupils in vocational programmes had the highest prevalence of nickel allergy. Lifestyle behaviours are interconnected and cluster in subgroups of adolescents. Female sex, piercing and choice of educational programme are prominent lifestyle markers. A trend shift is observed, where more girls than boys report tattooing.