保留肾组织手术治疗肾癌

１９８９年１２月～１９９７年４月行保留肾组织手术治疗肾癌１４例，其中双侧肾癌５例，对侧肾有病变或潜在功能受损的肾癌３例，对侧肾正常肾癌６例。肿瘤平均直径２９ｃｍ，病理分期为Ｔ１、Ｔ２。１４例中５例行剜出术，９例行肾部分切除术。本组术后无外科并发症，平均随访４６６个月，无瘤存活１２例，无局部复发。存活时间超过７年者２例，５年者４例，３年者１例，１年者２例，半年者３例。保留肾组织手术是早期局限性肾癌的有效治疗方法，可用于对侧肾正常、肿瘤体积较小的早期肾癌的治疗     

双侧肾同时发生肾细胞癌的保肾手术治疗

目的评价保肾手术在双侧肾癌治疗中的作用。方法报告一组双侧肾同时发生的肾细胞癌行保肾手术治疗结果。１９９０～１９９６年５例双侧Ⅱ期肾细胞癌，肾肿瘤直径１．５～５．５ｃｍ，平均４．０ｃｍ；共１３枚肿瘤，其中４例２枚，１例５枚。３例一侧作肾根治性切除，一侧作保肾手术，２例双侧肾均作保肾手术。结果平均随访３０个月，１例术后３年发现肺转移，无１例局部复发。结论保肾手术对体积较小的双肾癌是安全有效的治疗方法。     

保留肾单位手术治疗肾癌的临床价值

目的 评价保留肾单位手术治疗肾细胞癌的临床价值。方法 １９９４年３月－１９９８年１２月,采用局部低温,保留肾单位手术治疗肾细胞癌１１例,其中对侧肾正常者８例,单侧肾癌,对侧肾受损者２例,双侧肾癌者１例。肿瘤直径１．５－６．８ｃｍ,平均３．８ｃｍ。Ｒｏｂｏｓｏｎ分期Ⅰ期８例,Ⅱ期３例。８例行肾部分切除术,３例行肿瘤剜除术。结果 １１例随访３－５７个月,平均３６．８个月。未见并发症及肿瘤局部复发。结论     

局限性肾癌保留肾单位手术20例分析

目的探讨保留肾单位手术（nephrom-sparing surgery,NSS）治疗局限性肾癌的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析20例行NSS肾癌患者的临床资料,其中双侧肾癌1例,孤立肾肾癌1例,对侧肾有病变或潜在功能损害的肾癌3例,对侧肾正常的肾癌15例。肿瘤直径平均3.9（1.3-7.4）cm。行肿瘤剜除术13例,肾部分切除术4例,肾楔形切除术3例。结果 20例患者手术均成功。术后平均随访29（15-37）个月,1例双侧肾癌患者术后14月出现远处转移死亡,1例术后12个月因局部复发改行根治性肾切除术,2例术后出现暂时性肾功能不全。结论 NSS治疗肾癌安全有效,尤其适用于局限性肾癌患者。     

保留肾单位的肾癌切除术探讨

目的 探讨保留肾单位的肾癌切除术的适应证及术中处理。方法 肾癌患者53例。男32例，女21例。年龄21～76岁。病程1周～13个月。均经B超检查发现为单侧肾脏肿瘤，均除外对侧肾病变。肿瘤位于肾上极和下极者38例行肾部分切除术，肿瘤位于肾中部者15例行肾楔形切除术。术中肾血管全阻断，10～15min放松肾蒂钳，肾创面采用止血纱布填塞加可吸收线涤纶布外固定缝合。术后行干扰素治疗（500万U皮下注射，隔日1次，共3个月），每3个月复查。结果 肿瘤切除时间7～21min，平均12min。53例患者均经术中冰冻切片及术后病理学检查确诊为肾细胞癌，切缘阴性。肾癌最大直径6cm者1例，余均〈4cm。临床分期均为T1N0M0。术后随访6．48个月，肿瘤无复发，术侧肾脏功能良好。结论肾癌的快速切除可缩短肾血管全阻断时间，手术效果满意。对于直径〈4cm单发肿瘤或肿瘤直径〉4cm但位于肾浅表呈外凸性生长的T1肾癌，保留肾单位的肾癌切除术是值得积极尝试的治疗方式之一。     

双侧肾细胞癌21例报告

目的 探讨双侧肾细胞癌手术治疗的疗效。方法 1990年1月至2005年1月收治双侧肾细胞癌患者21例。其中同时性10例，异时性11例。肿瘤位于肾上极15枚，中极19枚，下极20枚；左肾28枚，右肾26枚。肿瘤直径0．5～16．0cm，平均4．5cm。2例伴下腔静脉癌栓。17例经手术治疗。6例同时性肾癌中，5例行双侧一期手术，1例行分期手术。其中1例行双肾部分切除术；1例行双肾部分切除及左肾上腺切除术；3例行一侧肾癌根治术及对侧肾部分切除术；1例行一侧肾癌根治术，对侧肾部分切除术及下腔静脉切开取癌栓术。11例异时性肾癌均分期手术。其中3例行双肾部分切除术；1例行一侧肾癌根治术，对侧肾肿瘤剜出术；1例行一侧肾癌根治术，对侧肾部分切除术加下腔静脉切开取癌栓术；6例行一侧肾癌根治术，对侧肾部分切除术。未行手术治疗4例．其中行介入治疗1例，生物学治疗1例，保守治疗2例。结果 21例随访3个月～24年，平均3．4年。17例手术治疗者中，13例未见肿瘤复发和转移，术后肾功能均可；1例术后10个月出现左上肺转移，已带瘤存活9个月；1例术后1年出现残肾肿瘤复发，经生物学和中药治疗，已带瘤存活5个月；2例死于肿瘤转移。4例未手术者中，1例10个月后死于胰腺转移，1例4个月后死于肾衰竭，1例6个月后死于脑血管意外，1例伴腹膜后淋巴结转移者经化疗和生物学治疗，病情稳定，已带瘤存活7个月。异时性肾癌者的先发一侧行肾癌根治术，对侧肾出现肿瘤的时间为7个月～18年。结论 双侧肾癌并非手术禁忌，如果采取积极的治疗措施，仍可获得满意的手术效果。保肾手术是目前较为理想的治疗方法，如果保留足够的肾实质，患者仍可获得良好的生存状态。     

双侧肾癌的诊治与预后（附6例报告）

目的：探讨双侧肾癌（Bilateral renal cell carcinoma,BRCC）患者的诊治与预后。方法：1999年1月～2006年1月我院共诊治BRCC患者6例,平均发病年龄53（35～74）岁。其中双侧同时性肾癌3例,异时性肾癌3例。肿瘤位于肾上极6枚,中极7枚,下极1枚;左肾6枚,右肾8枚;肿瘤平均直径4．6（3～7）cm。3例同时性肾癌患者,2例行双侧同期手术,1例行分期手术。其中2例行一侧肾癌根治术,对侧保留肾单位手术（NSS）;1例一侧先行NSS,2周后再行对侧肾癌根治术。3例异时性肾癌患者均行分期手术治疗,均行一侧肾癌根治术,对侧NSS术。结果：6例随访12～156个月,平均84．5个月。肿瘤转移2例,分别死于肺转移和骨转移;肿瘤局部复发2例;无瘤生存2例。结论：NSS是目前较为理想的双侧肾癌治疗方法。治疗双侧肾癌的原则为尽可能切除肿瘤和最大限度保存。肾功能。     

肾癌保留肾单位手术的临床价值(附17例报告)

目的　评价肾癌保留肾单位手术的临床价值。　方法　回顾性研究 17例行保留肾单位手术的肾癌患者临床资料 ,其中单侧 15例 ,双肾异时性肾癌且一侧为多发肿瘤 2例。绝对指征 2例 ,相对指征 6例 ,选择性指征 9例。肿瘤直径 2～ 6cm ,均为T1期 (1997年TNM标准 ) ;行改良肾肿瘤剜除术 (切缘于肾肿瘤外 1cm正常肾实质处 ) 15例 ,肾上极切除术 1例 ,楔形切除术 1例。 2 0例同期肾癌临床及分期相当但行根治性手术的患者资料作随访对照 ,并作生存率时序检验。　结果　 17例患者随访 3～ 6 3个月 ,平均 35 .2个月 ,未见并发症及残肾肿瘤复发。无瘤生存率与根治性手术者相近。　结论　肾癌保留肾单位手术安全、有效 ,适合于对侧肾功能正常、一侧局限的偶发肾肿瘤患者。     

肾癌肾部分切除术的临床价值及合适的手术切缘的探讨

目的：探讨肾癌肾部分切除术(保留肾单位手术)的临床价值及合适的手术切缘。方法：回顾性分析15例行肾部分切除术的肾癌患者临床资料．其中双侧异时性肾癌且一侧为多发肿瘤2例，单发肿瘤13例。肿瘤直径2～6cm．均为T1期(1997年TNM分期标准)。对15例肾癌患者行肾部分切除术．手术切缘位于肿瘤外1cm。另取肾癌根治性手术标本21例．于体外沿假包膜行肾肿瘤剜除术．并随机切取肿瘤边缘0．3cm、0．5cm及1cm处肾实质及肾蒂处淋巴脂肪组织行病理检查。结果：15冽患者随访12～72个月．平均41个月．未见并发症及残肾内肿瘤复发。21例标本于体外行肿瘤剜除后肉眼下均无肿瘤组织残留，送检组织均无肿瘤细胞浸润。结论：肾部分切除术能安全有效地治疗局限的早期肾癌患者．而手术切缘为肿瘤边缘1cm处较为合适。     

保留肾单位手术治疗肾癌的临床价值(附11例报告)

目的　评价保留肾单位手术治疗肾细胞癌的临床价值。　方法　 1994年 3月～ 1998年 12月 ,采用局部低温、保留肾单位手术治疗肾细胞癌 11例 ,其中对侧肾正常者 8例 ,单侧肾癌、对侧肾受损者 2例 ,双侧肾癌者 1例。肿瘤直径 1.5～ 6 .8cm ,平均 3.8cm。Roboson分期Ⅰ期 8例 ,Ⅱ期 3例。 8例行肾部分切除术 ,3例行肿瘤剜除术。　结果　 11例随访 3～ 5 7个月 ,平均 36 .8个月。未见并发症及肿瘤局部复发。　结论　保留肾单位手术治疗肾细胞癌安全有效 ,尤其适宜于局限性、体积小和低期肾癌患者。     

The role of nephron sparing surgery for metastatic (pM1) renal cell carcinoma

PURPOSE: Studies have demonstrated increased time to progression when cytoreductive nephrectomy is performed for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. We evaluated the role of nephron sparing surgery in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We selected all patients with pM1 renal cell carcinoma treated with nephron sparing surgery or radical nephrectomy, and all patients with pM0 renal cell carcinoma undergoing nephron sparing surgery for solitary kidney from 1970 to 2002 from the Mayo Clinic Nephrectomy Registry. RESULTS: We identified 16 patients who underwent nephron sparing surgery for pM1 renal cell carcinoma. Solitary kidney was present in 12, 3 had bilateral synchronous disease and 1 had elective nephron sparing surgery. Cancer specific survival rates at 1, 3 and 5 years were 81%, 49% and 49%, respectively. We identified 404 patients who underwent radical nephrectomy for pM1 renal cell carcinoma. Cancer specific survival rates at 1, 3 and 5 years were 51%, 21% and 13%, respectively. The pM1 nephron sparing surgery for solitary kidney cases were more likely to have early (33% vs 10%, p = 0.009) or late (50% vs 19%, p = 0.018) complications compared with pM1 radical nephrectomy cases. There were no significant differences in early (p = 0.475) or late (p = 0.350) complications between pM1 nephron sparing surgery cases and 139 pM0 nephron sparing surgery cases. CONCLUSIONS: Cancer specific survival rates in pM1 nephron sparing surgery cases were comparable to pM1 radical nephrectomy cases. Although there were differences in early and late complications between the pM1 nephron sparing surgery and pM1 radical nephrectomy groups, there were no differences when compared with imperative pM0 nephron sparing surgery cases. This study demonstrates that nephron sparing surgery can achieve adequate cytoreductive therapy while preserving renal function, with postoperative complication rates similar to those of pM0 nephron sparing surgery cases.     

Renal cell carcinoma in the solitary kidney: an analysis of complications and outcome after nephron sparing surgery

PURPOSE: We evaluated surgical techniques, pathological features and extended outcomes in patients with renal cell carcinoma in a solitary kidney treated with surgical excision. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1970 and 1998, 76 patients underwent nephron sparing surgery for sporadic renal cell carcinoma in a solitary kidney, including 63 with tissue specimens available for pathological review who comprised the cohort. Six (9.5%) patients had a congenitally absent kidney and 57 (90.5%) had previously undergone contralateral nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. The clinical and pathological features examined were patient age at nephron sparing surgery, sex, type of nephron sparing surgery (enucleation, partial nephrectomy or ex vivo resection), tumor size, nuclear grade, histological subtype and 1997 tumor stage. Overall cancer specific, local recurrence-free and metastasis-free survival as well as early (within 30 days of nephron sparing surgery) and late (30 days to 1 year after nephron sparing surgery) complications were assessed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were done to test for the associations of clinical and pathological features with outcome. RESULTS: Most patients were treated with enucleation (36.5%), standard partial nephrectomy (38.1%) or the 2 procedures (11.1%) and in 8 (12.7%) ex vivo tumor resection was done. The renal cell carcinoma histological subtypes were clear cell in 82.5% of cases, papillary in 15.9% and chromophobe in 1.6%. Grade was 1 to 3 in 10 (15.9%), 42 (66.7%) and 10 (15.9%) tumors, respectively. At 5 and 10 years the overall survival rate was 74.7% and 45.8%, the cancer specific survival rate was 80.7% and 63.7%, the local recurrence-free survival rate was 89.2% and 80.3%, and the metastasis-free survival rate was 69% and 50.4%, respectively. Tumor stage and nuclear grade were significantly associated with death from any cause, death from renal cell carcinoma and distant metastases on multivariate analysis. Notably no patient with papillary or chromophobe renal cell carcinoma died of renal cell carcinoma, or had recurrence or metastasis. The type of nephron sparing surgery was not significantly associated with outcome, although there were too few patients with recurrence to assess the association of the type of nephron sparing surgery with local recurrence. The most common early complication was acute renal failure in 12.7% of cases, while the most common late complications were proteinuria in 15.9% and renal insufficiency in 12.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The 1997 tumor stage and nuclear grade were significant predictors of death from any cause, death from renal cell carcinoma and distant metastases in patients treated with nephron sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma involving a solitary kidney. Nephron sparing surgery in a solitary kidney can be performed safely and with minimal morbidity.     

保留肾单位手术治疗早期肾癌的长期疗效观察

目的：探讨保留肾单位手术治疗早期肾癌的临床应用价值。方法：对采取保留肾单位手术治疗的23例孤立肾或对侧肾功能不全的早期肾癌临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：术后均未发生严重并发症，术后病理均为T1a期，其中透明细胞癌19例，嫌色细胞癌2例，乳头状肾癌1例，囊性肾癌1例。术后平均随访44．7个月，肿瘤复发1例，复发率为4．3％。1年、3年无瘤生存率分别为100％(23／23)、93．8％(15／16)。随访期间未出现肾功能衰竭而需透析治疗者。结论：孤立肾或对侧肾功能不全的早期肾癌，是施行保留肾单位手术的绝对指征，在最大限度保留肾功能的前提下可以获得与根治性肾切除相似的疗效。     

术中超声辅助下行孤立肾肾癌保留肾单位手术效果观察

目的：探讨术中超声辅助下孤立肾肾癌保留肾单位手术对选择性肾动脉阻断以及确定肿瘤切缘的作用。方法：回顾2004-2011年先天性或获得性孤立肾肾细胞癌行保留肾单位手术患者资料,共7例术中采用超声多普勒确认肾段动脉阻断效果,并对肿瘤包膜边缘行超声检测从而进一步确定肿瘤切缘。术后1个月、6个月以及1年随访对比术前肾功能变化,并规律随访患者预后至今。结果：7例手术均成功行保留肾单位手术,超声引导检测下行选择性肾段动脉阻断5例,另2例采用单纯肾动脉于阻断下手术,术中超声发现肿瘤可疑卫星灶2例并指导切缘。术后6个月及1年随访肾功能与术前相比无明显下降,所有患者随访至今,平均随访45．4个月,均未见肿瘤复发或转移。结论：术中超声辅助下行保留肾单位手术是治疗孤立肾肾癌的理想方法,有助于肿瘤的准确切除和肾功能保护。     

肾癌患者治疗方法的选择

目的:探讨肾细胞癌的不同手术方式、术前肾动脉栓塞及免疫治疗的临床应用价值。方法:回顾性分析179例肾细胞癌患者的临床资料。对患者的临床资料分组进行对比,并对治疗效果和随访结果作进一步统计学分析。结果:小肾癌行肾癌根治术与保留肾组织手术效果比较,在手术时间、术后住院时间、术后5年生存率上差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);78例术前行选择性肾动脉栓塞者,手术证实栓塞效果满意。结论:保肾单位手术是治疗局限性小肾癌的有效手段;较大的肾癌术前进行肾动脉栓塞术便于手术切除病灶,提高了肿瘤的切除率;免疫治疗是继手术治疗之后的又一种主要临床治疗方式,尤其肿瘤疫苗的出现,对于晚期肾癌及转移癌效果明显。     

56例肾细胞癌手术治疗的临床分析

目的：探讨肾细胞癌（肾癌）的手术方式,以进一步提高其疗效。方法：对56例肾癌手术治疗的临床资料进行回顾性分析,实施根治性肾切除术者48例,其中4例同时进行下腔静脉癌栓切除术;实施保留肾单位手术者3例;实施其他类型手术者5例。结果：病理类型为透明细胞癌40例,颗粒细胞癌10例,混合型癌6例。42例获得随访,其中3年、5年和10年生存率分别为71.4%(30/42) 、54.2%(13/24)和20.0%(2/10)。结论：根治性肾切除术仍是目前 肾癌最有效的治疗方法,保留肾单位手术应严格掌握手术适应证。     

Nephron sparing surgery for central renal tumors: experience with 33 cases

PURPOSE: Nephron sparing surgery is standard treatment for small, peripherally located renal cell carcinoma. In patients with a solitary kidney, bilateral tumors or impaired renal function nephron sparing surgery provides the only option to nephrectomy and subsequent hemodialysis or transplantation. We retrospectively investigated the value of nephron sparing surgery for centrally located renal cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1969 and 1997, 311 renal tumor enucleations were performed at our institution. The tumor was centrally located in 33 cases. The indication for enucleation was elective in 7 cases and imperative in 26, including bilateral tumor in 16 (metachronous in 9 and synchronous in 7), chronic renal failure in 4 and solitary kidney in 6. Four patients had metastasis at enucleation. RESULTS: Convalescence was unremarkable in 28 cases. Hemorrhage occurred in 1 patient, a urinary fistula in 2 and a local abscess secondary to a urinary fistula in 1. One patient died postoperatively of heart failure. Average serum creatinine was 1.25, 1.63 and 1.33 mg./dl. preoperatively, at hospital discharge and at a mean followup of 33 months, respectively. Hemodialysis was necessary transiently during convalescence in 1 patient and permanently starting 6 years after enucleation in another. Definitive histology revealed oncocytoma in 4 cases and renal cell carcinoma in 29. Disease was stages pT1 to pT3 in 9, 18 and 2 cases, and grades 1 to 3 in 6, 18 and 5, respectively. Local recurrence developed in 2 patients. Mean followup was 5.2 years (range 0.3 to 16.7). At a mean followup of 6.2 years (range 0.7 to 16.7) 20 patients were free of disease. In addition to the patient who died postoperatively, 9 died of renal cell carcinoma at a mean of 1.6 years (range 0.3 to 5.3) and 3 died of other causes at 5, 11 and 12 years postoperatively, respectively. No patient who underwent elective enucleation died. CONCLUSIONS: Nephron sparing surgery for centrally located kidney tumors is technically feasible and associated with an acceptable complication rate. Local tumor control is excellent, and the overall prognosis depends on contralateral disease and metastasis. Benign tumors may be diagnosed and removed without loss of the kidney. By avoiding hemodialysis quality of life is improved.     

腹腔镜保留肾单位手术治疗小肾癌18例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜保留肾单位手术治疗小肾癌的方法和疗效。方法选择小肾癌患者18例,肿瘤直径1．5～3．0cm,经后腹腔途径腹腔镜保留肾单位肿瘤切除11例,经腹腔途径手术7例。术中距瘤体0．5～1cm用超声刀切除肿瘤,肿瘤床多处活检送快速病理。结果幅例手术均获成功,无中转开放。手术时间85—140rain,平均110min;术中出血量50～600ml,平均145ml;术后住院时间8～13天,平均9．6天。术后随访8～30个月,未见肿瘤局部复发,未见转移,切口未见种植。结论腹腔镜保留肾单位手术治疗小肾癌,创伤小、临床效果肯定,可作为小肾癌首选治疗方法。