家庭养育环境因素对学龄前儿童气质及行为问题的影响研究

【目的】 研究家庭养育环境因素对学龄前儿童气质和行为问题的影响,为临床有效指导提供参考。 【方法】 采用McDevitt SC教授编制《3~7岁儿童气质问卷》测查儿童气质,采用CBCL儿童行为量表调查儿童行为问题,采用自拟的家庭因素调查表了解其家庭养育环境因素,采用Logistic回归分析的方法筛选儿童气质及行为问题的影响因素。 【结果】 许多家庭养育环境因素对学龄前儿童气质类型和维度及行为问题的发生有重要影响。 【结论】 育儿者要重视营造良好的家庭养育环境,为学龄前儿童气质和行为发展创造有利条件。     

茌平县学龄前儿童气质特点及影响因素

【目的】 了解茌平县学龄前儿童气质特点及其影响因素。 【方法】 采用整群随机抽样方法,抽取茌平县城镇和农村4所幼儿园共1 000名儿童,应用《3～7岁儿童气质测查问卷》和自编一般情况问卷调查。分析茌平县学龄前儿童气质特点及其影响因素。 【结果】 在气质维度方面,该市儿童和常模组在9个维度上均有差异;男童和女童在活动水平、反应强度、持久性和注意分散四个维度上存在差异;不同年龄组儿童除在活动水平和趋避性上无差异外,其他七个维度均存在差异。在气质类型上,该市儿童和常模组、不同年龄组儿童在五个气质类型间的分布不同;而男童和女童在气质类型的分布上无差异。父亲职业、母亲受教育程度、家庭类型、教育方法、儿童和父母关系、入托时间等均是影响儿童气质的因素。 【结论】 茌平县学龄前儿童各气质维度和气质类型在性别和年龄间具有不同程度的差异;儿童气质受家庭环境的影响较大。     

上海市徐汇区436名4～6岁儿童气质特点调研

【目的】了解上海市徐汇区学龄前儿童气质类型分布特点并探讨其影响因素。【方法】随机抽取上海市徐汇区不同类型的5所托幼机构436名4~6岁儿童,采用NYLS的3~7岁儿童气质量表的家长评定问卷和自拟影响因素问卷进行调查,应用"儿童气质量表"进行气质类型评定,用SPSS11.5软件进行统计分析。【结果】难养型占12.2%,易养型占9.2%,启动缓慢型占8.3%,中间型占70.4%。学龄前儿童的气质发展与养育类型、家庭类型、儿童出生时父母亲的年龄、母亲怀孕情况、儿童的主要照顾人以及儿童与父母亲的相处时间等因素有关。【结论】儿童气质的发展受多因素影响,必须从多方面综合分析其气质特征,使儿童的气质与周围环境相协调,有利于促进儿童心理的健康发展。     

幼儿社会情绪发展影响因素的研究

目的 探讨1~2岁幼儿社会情绪发展的常见影响因素,为进一步开展对儿童早期社会情绪发展促进提供依据。方法 在济南、济宁、淄博、聊城、日照市城区人口随机抽取1~2岁儿童296名,进行家庭基本情况、《1~3岁儿童家庭养育环境量表》、《中国1~3岁幼儿气质问卷》、《12~36月龄儿童情绪社会性评估量表》测定。分析一般因素、儿童气质、家庭养育环境等因素与儿童社会情绪发展的关系。结果 不同气质类型、母亲围生期精神状态、父母亲教育程度的儿童之间在社会情绪发展方面差异存在统计学意义(P均< 0.05);家庭养育环境除忽视/惩罚因素外,情感温暖/环境气氛、社会适应/自理、语言/认知信息等因素均与儿童社会情绪发展呈现出显著的相关关系(P均<0.01)。结论 儿童气质、父母教育程度和母亲孕期精神状况和家庭养育环境均可能影响儿童早期社会情绪的发展。     

儿童感觉统合失调与家庭养育方式、儿童气质关系的研究

【目的】分析儿童感觉统合失调与家庭养育方式、儿童气质的关系，为预防其发生提供临床参考价值。【方法】对220例经感觉统合测定发现异常的儿童进行儿童气质测定和家庭养育方式调查。【结果】儿童感觉统合失调与家庭养育方式密切相关（r=0.08）：抚育困难型，中间近抚育困难型和发动缓慢型儿童重度感觉统合失调发生率高，矫治比较困难。【结论】家庭养育方式是影响儿童感觉统合失调的重要因素；困难型和发动缓慢型气质的儿童易于发生重度感觉统合失调。     

父母养育方式与儿童行为、气质的双向影响模式研究

【目的】以儿童行为和父母养育方式的"双向模式"理论为指导,通过建立结构方程模型,从量化的角度,对儿童行为、气质与父母养育方式互动模式进行研究和探索。【方法】随机抽取昆明市五华区5所幼儿园年龄为4~6岁的儿童500名,应用Rutter儿童行为问卷(家长卷)、父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU),NYLS3~7岁儿童气质问卷(PTQ)进行调查。【结果】父母养育方式与儿童气质、行为呈显著性相关;其互动模型的拟合度尚可,可以接受;在父亲的模型中影响儿童行为最重要的两个因素是父亲的情感温暖和过度保护,儿童行为通过气质间接影响父亲的养育方式;在母亲的模型中影响儿童行为最重要的两个因素是母亲的情感温暖和拒绝否认,儿童气质通过行为间接影响母亲的养育方式。【结论】父母养育方式与儿童行为、气质间可能存在双向影响的关系,但因果路径正反过程并不一致:儿童行为对父母养育方式的影响要大于养育方式对行为的影响,相比父亲,母亲的养育方式对于儿童的影响力更大。     

昆山地区12月龄幼儿气质及相关因素的研究

【目的】 了解昆山地区12月龄幼儿气质类型分布特征和影响因素,为早期行为干预提供依据。 【方法】 采用1～3岁幼儿气质问卷(CTTS)对738名在昆山市妇幼保健所门诊常规体检的12月龄幼儿进行气质测评,并用自行设计编制调查表对气质相关因素进行调查。 【结果】 幼儿气质类型构成比以中间偏易养型(56.10%)和中间偏难养型(31.44%)为主,各气质类型在性别上差异无统计学意义;男、女幼儿间活动水平差异有高度统计学意义(P<0.01);活动水平、节律性、趋避性、适应性、情绪本质、持久性、注意分散以及反应阈等气质维度,与全国常模相比差异有高度统计学意义(P<0.01);母亲生育年龄、母亲学历、母亲孕期看电视时间、看护人、看护人态度、看护人文化程度以及看护人性格等多种因素对幼儿气质维度有影响。看护人文化程度高、家庭月收入相对低家庭易养型幼儿比例高;父亲文化程度高、父亲不嗜好烟酒以及看护人态度严家庭中间偏易养型幼儿比例高;母亲生育年龄小、胎龄大、人工喂养以及母亲为干部家庭幼儿中间偏难养型比例高;母亲生育年龄大、孕期容易恐惧、母孕期每天睡眠时间偏少以及有孕期合并症记录家庭幼儿难养型比例高;父亲嗜好烟酒家庭幼儿启动缓慢型比例高。 【结论】 昆山幼儿气质类型以易养型、中间偏易养型占多数,活动水平存在男女性别差异,部分气质维度与全国常模相比差异显著,多因素综合作用影响昆山幼儿气质。     

北京市顺义区667名学龄前儿童气质特点及影响因素分析

目的调查分析北京市顺义区学龄前儿童气质特点及相关影响因素。方法采用随机整群抽样方法,选取北京市顺义区4所幼儿园的667名儿童,应用《中国3～7岁儿童气质量表》调查分析学龄前儿童气质特点,应用自拟问卷调查家庭养育环境、早期喂养方式等气质影响因素的情况,通过多元线性回归和Logistic回归分析儿童气质特点的影响因素。结果气质类型分布,易养型32.8%,中间近易养型28.9%,中间近难养型13.8%,难养型10.2%,启动缓慢型14.2%;积极气质类型合计占61.8%,消极气质类型合计占38.2%;不同性别、年龄儿童气质类型比较,差异均无统计学意义;气质各维度得分中,男童的活动维度得分高于女童,而心境和反应阈维度得分低于女童(P0.05),反应强度和反应阈维度得分随年龄增长而降低(P0.05)。多元线性回归分析显示,影响儿童气质维度的相关因素有性别、6月龄内喂养方式、婴幼儿时期营养状况和主要抚养人文化程度(P0.05);非条件Logistic回归分析显示,独生子女与否、6月龄内喂养方式、婴幼儿时期营养状况、母亲文化程度是影响儿童气质特点的相关因素。结论北京市顺义区学龄前儿童气质类型分布以积极气质类型为主,学龄前儿童气质发展受遗传和环境多种因素影响。     

九江市城区2～6岁儿童气质特征和依恋的关系研究

【目的】了解城区2~6岁儿童依恋类型及与气质的关系,探讨儿童气质特征在依恋形成中的作用。【方法】对203名2~6岁儿童分别采用"幼儿依恋行为分类卡片"(attachment Q-set,AQS)和幼儿、儿童气质问卷(CTTS、CPTS)进行依恋类型和气质测评,并调查儿童家庭养育情况。【结果】安全型依恋占54.7%,不安全型占45.3%;安全型与不安全型两者的气质类型分布差异有统计学意义(P0.01);儿童依恋水平有13.8%受气质情绪维度的影响;Lo-gistic回归分析显示节律性低、情绪本质消极、代养人为祖辈、教养态度不一致,儿童依恋更倾向于不安全型。对依恋类型影响贡献大小依次是情绪本质、带养人是否为母亲、节律性和教养态度是否一致。【结论】调查儿童依恋类型以安全型为主,儿童气质影响家庭中的亲子依恋性质。     

中山市2~3岁儿童的家庭养育环境与其气质相关性的调查分析

【目的】 探讨家庭养育环境因素与幼儿气质的相关性,为儿童保健工作及家庭养育提供参考。 【方法】 采用中国幼儿气质量表(CTTS)测查儿童气质,结合一般情况问卷和家庭环境量表中文版(FES-CV)调查入组幼儿的家庭养育环境,并分析家庭养育环境与儿童气质特质的相关性。 【结果】 家庭环境中的亲密度因子分与幼儿气质维度中的反应阈呈正相关,情感表达与注意分散呈正相关,成功性与节律性、持久性呈正相关,知识性与适应性呈负相关,道德宗教水平与活动水平呈正相关(P均<0.05)。 【结论】 幼儿气质特征的多个维度与家庭养育环境特征有一定关联性,提示家庭氛围和养育态度等因素对幼儿气质的形成有一定影响。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.