成年大鼠基底前脑nestin阳性神经元的性别差异

为了探讨成年雌雄大鼠基底前脑nestin阳性神经元的性别差异及其意义,本实验应用免疫组织化学方法对正常成年雌雄SD大鼠及去势2周和4周的雌雄SD大鼠基底前脑的内侧隔核(MS)、斜角带垂直支(vDB)及斜角带水平支(hDB)的nestin阳性神经元的变化进行了比较研究。结果显示正常雌雄大鼠MS、vDB及hDB的nestin阳性神经元数十分接近(P>0.05);而去睾丸2周大鼠组MS、vDB、hDB的nestin阳性神经元数则明显高于去卵巢2周大鼠组(P<0.05,P<0.01);去睾丸4周大鼠组vDB、hDB的nestin阳性神经元数依然明显高于去卵巢4周大鼠组(P<0.05),但两组MS间的nestin阳性神经元数差别不大(P>0.05);各组大鼠的nestin阳性神经元的胞体和树突均相似。以上结果表明,正常成年雌雄大鼠基底前脑的nestin阳性神经元数不存在性别差异,无论去势与否,nestin阳性神经元的形态始终不存在性别差异;而去势后nestin阳性神经元数却存在着明显的性别差异。提示基底前脑nestin阳性神经元的性别差异不仅与雌激素和雄激素在雌雄个体中所发挥的不同作用密切相关,而且还可能是促使学习记忆出现性别差异的形态学基础。     

雌激素对去卵巢大鼠基底前脑NOS及Nestin阳性神经元的影响

目的 观察雌激素替代对去卵巢大鼠基底前脑一氧化氮合酶(NOS)及巢蛋白(Nestin)阳性神经元的影响。方法 将28只健康成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为4个处理组:去势24 h雌激素替代组、去势2周雌激素替代组、去势植物油替代组及假手术组。用组织化学及免疫组织化学染色方法观察基底前脑的内侧隔核(MS)、斜角带垂直支(vDB)及水平支(hDB)的NOS和Nestin阳性神经元数的变化。结果 去势行植物油替代可使MS、vDB的NOS阳性神经元数明显下降(P<0.01);去势24 h或2周行雌激素替代均可使以上亚区的NOS阳性神经元数明显升高至正常水平(P<0.01)。去势行植物油替代或雌激素替代对hDB的:Nestin阳性神经元数的影响趋势与NOS阳性神经元的相似(P<0.01),但对MS及vDB的Nestin阳性神经元数影响不大(P>0.05)。结论 去卵巢行雌激素替代可选择性地使基底前脑不同亚区NOS、Nestin阳性神经元数升高,这可能与雌激素高调了NOS和Nestin的表达有关。     

植物雌激素对去卵巢大鼠基底前脑胆碱能神经元的影响

目的：观察植物雌激素对去卵巢大鼠基底前脑胆碱能神经元表达的影响，探讨植物雌激素在中枢神经系统的保护作用及机制。方法：采用乙酰胆碱转移酶(ChAT)免疫组织化学ABC法，观察去卵巢大鼠5w后各组基底前脑内侧隔核(MS)，斜角带垂直支(VDB)胆碱能神经元的数目。结果：与去卵巢对照组相比，植物雌激素用药组、雌激素用药组的内侧隔核，斜角带垂直支胆碱能神经元数目明显升高(P＜0．05)，与假手术组差别不明显。结论：本研究提示植物雌激素能明显增加去卵巢大鼠基底前脑胆碱能神经元的表达，从而对中枢神经系统退行性病变起保护作用，并有望预防和治疗老年性痴呆。     

雄性大鼠去势后基底前脑NOS及Nestin阳性神经元的变化

目的　探讨睾丸源性雄激素对基底前脑一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)及巢蛋白 (Nestin)阳性神经元的影响 ,为阐明基底前脑的功能提供资料。方法　将 16只成年健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为去势组和对照组 ,2周后用组织化学及免疫组织化学染色方法观察基底前脑的内侧隔核 (MS)、斜角带垂直支 (vDB)及水平支 (hDB)的NOS和Nestin阳性神经元的形态和数目变化。结果　与对照组相比较 ,去势组大鼠MS、vDB的NOS阳性神经元数分别明显升高了 37 2 %和 2 9 1% (P <0 0 5 ) ;而且去势组大鼠MS、vDB的Nestin阳性神经元数升高更明显 ,分别达 6 8 2 %和 5 6 9% (P <0 0 5 ) ,但去势组大鼠hDB的NOS和Nestin阳性神经元数均升高不明显 (P >0 0 5 )。去势组与对照组大鼠的NOS和Nestin阳性神经元的形态均相似。结论　雄性大鼠去势后可选择性地使基底前脑各亚区的NOS、Nestin阳性神经元数升高 ,但不影响神经元的形态 ,这可能与神经元的表达摆脱了睾丸源性雄激素的抑制作用有关。     

Nestin在成年大鼠基底前脑表达的鉴定

目的鉴定巢蛋白(Nestin)在成年大鼠基底前脑的表达。方法应用小鼠抗大鼠Nestin单克隆抗体(Rat401)对成年大鼠基底前脑进行了免疫组织化学研究和Westen-blot检测。结果Nestin免疫反应阳性神经元广泛分布于成年大鼠基底前脑的隔-斜角带(MS-DBB)复合体,基底前脑MS-DBB复合体的内侧隔核(MS)、斜角带垂直支(vDB)和斜角带水平支(hDB)分别有一相对分子质量约为240000的单一蛋白带。结论成年大鼠基底前脑MS、vDB和hDB均存在Nestin表达。     

成年大鼠基底前脑隔-斜角带复合体的巢蛋白免疫阳性神经元至海马的纤维投射

目的 观察大鼠基底前脑巢蛋白(nestin)免疫阳性神经元的纤维投射。方法 先用荧光素逆行追踪法显示基底前脑内投射至海马的荧光素标记神经元，观察摄片后再进行nestin免疫组织化学染色。对比荧光照片和免疫组织化学染色照片，辨认荧光素和nestin双标神经元。结果 在基底前脑注射侧的内侧隔核(MS)和斜角带核的垂直支(vDB)和水平支(hDB)均存在荧光素标记细胞，其中一部分为nestin免疫阳性。在MS、vDB和hDB，双标细胞占逆行标记细胞的比例分别为21．3％、25％和20．6％；占nestin阳性细胞的比例分别为26．6％、15．7％和16．3％。结论 大鼠基底前脑的nestin免疫阳性神经元发出神经纤维向海马投射。提示在基底前脑有一个平行于隔-海马胆碱能投射和GABA能投射的第3条通路。     

神经干细胞移植对老年痴呆模型鼠基底前脑胆碱能神经元和学习记忆能力的影响

目的:探讨神经干细胞移植对老年性痴呆模型鼠基底前脑胆碱能神经元及学习记忆能力的影响.方法:利用无血清培养技术获得新生SD鼠的基底前脑神经干细胞,切断SD大鼠左侧穹隆海马伞,基底前脑注射神经干细胞.4周后行Y迷宫测试学习记忆能力,免疫组化结合图像分析技术观察各组大鼠基底前脑胆碱能神经元变化.结果:损伤组损伤侧的内侧隔核(MS)和斜角带核(VDB)的NGFR阳性神经元大量减少,分别减少59.7%和5 1.4%.NSC移植组损伤侧的NGFR阳性神经元得到补充和保护,MS和VDB细胞数分别下降22.0%和26.1%.同时,NSC移植组损伤侧MS的NGFR阳性神经元的面积、周长显著增大(P＜0.01),灰度显著增加(P＜0.01);损伤侧VDB的NGFR阳性神经元的面积明显增大且灰度明显增加(P＜0.05),周长显著增大(P＜0.01).Y迷宫测试结果显示,NSC移植组大鼠的空间学习能力得到明显改善(P＜0.05),记忆能力得到显著提高(P＜0.01),基底前脑NGFR阳性细胞数与大鼠的空间学习记忆能力呈正相关.结论:神经干细胞移植对老年性痴呆模型鼠基底前脑胆碱能神经元有明显的补充和保护作用,同时大鼠的学习记忆能力得到明显的改善.     

雄激素替代对去睾丸大鼠基底前脑NOS及Nestin阳性神经元的影响

目的　观察雄激素替代对去睾丸大鼠基底前脑一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)及巢蛋白 (Nestin)阳性神经元的影响。方法　将 2 8只健康成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为 4组 :去势 2 4h雄激素替代组、去势 2w雄激素替代组、去势 2 4h芝麻油替代组及假手术组。用组织化学及免疫组织化学染色方法观察基底前脑NOS和Nestin阳性神经元变化。结果　去势芝麻油替代组内侧隔核 (MS)、斜角带垂直支 (vDB)NOS阳性神经元数明显多于假手术组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;去势 2 4h或 2w行雄激素替代MS和vDBNOS阳性神经元数少于假手术组水平 (P <0 .0 5、P <0 .0 1) ,但去势芝麻油替代或雄激素替代对斜角带水平支 (hDB)的NOS阳性神经元数影响不大 (P >0 .0 5 )。去势芝麻油替代或雄激素替代 ,Nestin阳性神经数的变化趋势与NOS阳性神经元的相似。结论　去睾丸行雄激素替代 ,可选择性地使基底前脑的NOS、Nestin阳性神经元数明显下降 ,但与替代的时程关系不大 ,提示雄激素可能通过其受体下调NOS和Nestin的表达。     

秋水仙碱对基底前脑巢蛋白阳性和阴性胆碱能神经元的影响

目的:通过研究侧脑室注射秋水仙碱前后基底前脑巢蛋白阳性和阴性胆碱能神经元变化,探讨巢蛋白表达对基底前脑神经元机能的影响及其可能机制。方法:成年健康雌性SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组和侧脑室注射秋水仙碱组,术后分别于24 h、48 h、3 d、7 d、14 d和28 d取脑行冷冻切片与免疫组织化学显色,比较秋水仙碱注射后不同时间点基底前脑巢蛋白~+和巢蛋白~-胆碱能神经元的数目变化。结果:大鼠侧脑室秋水仙碱注射后24 h,基底前脑的内侧隔核(MS)、斜角带核垂直支(vDB)和水平支(hDB)的巢蛋白~+和巢蛋白的胆碱能神经元数目都急骤下降。随着时间的推移巢蛋白~+神经元数目逐渐恢复,术后14 d,巢蛋白~+神经元数目基本恢复至正常水平,但巢蛋白~-胆碱能神经元数目一直维持较低水平。结论:侧脑室注射秋水仙碱后,基底前脑巢蛋白~+和巢蛋白~-的胆碱能神经元都急骤减少,但巢蛋白~+神经元在减少后可逐渐恢复,而巢蛋白~-神经元则不能恢复。     

侧脑室注射192-IgG-saporin致痴呆动物模型的实验研究

建立老年性痴呆模型大鼠,并观察其学习记忆能力及基底前脑胆碱能神经元数目的变化。在成年SD大鼠左侧侧脑室注射免疫毒素192-IgG-saporin(2.5μg/5μl),3周后行Y迷宫检测其学习和记忆能力;4周后处死大鼠,采用免疫组化结合图像分析技术观察各组大鼠基底前脑ChAT阳性神经元数目的变化。结果显示:模型组大鼠的学习记忆能力与正常组相比明显下降(P<0.01);模型组基底前脑的内侧隔核(MS)和斜角带垂直部(VDB)胆碱能神经元数目分别减少至正常组的9.70%和14.09%,与正常组相比均明显下降(P<0.01);学习、记忆能力与基底前脑胆碱能神经元数目密切相关。上述结果表明应用192-IgG-saporin免疫毒素能成功建立AD大鼠动物模型,该模型可用于抗痴呆药物的筛选及药效的评价。     

Rates of oxygen consumption and of anaerobic glycolysis in renal cortex and medulla of adult and new-born rats and guinea-pigs

1. Rates of oxygen uptake and of anaerobic glycolysis were estimated in slices from the renal cortex and medulla (a) of adult rats and guinea-pigs, (b) of new-born (1-, 5- and 21-day-old) rats and of guinea-pigs of 1, 12, 21, 24 and 120 hr age.2. In the adult rat, Q(O2) values for the cortex were 12.55 +/- 0.20 (22) and for the medulla: 8.56 +/- 0.17 (22) mul./hr.mg dry weight, while in the new-born rat (24 hr old) they were 10.99 +/- 0.46 (12) and 9.33 +/- 0.18 (9) mul./hr.mg dry weight respectively.3. Values for Q(CO2) (N2) (anaerobic glycolysis) in the 14 hr old new-born rat were in the renal cortex 9.65 +/- 0.35 (5) and in the medulla 7.39 +/- 0.43 (5) mul./hr.mg dry weight; while in the adult they were 2.25 +/- 0.08 (16) and 5.76 +/- 0.14 (16) mul./hr.mg dry weight, respectively.4. In the adult guinea-pig values for Q(CO2) (N2) were of the same order as in the adult rat, though the rate of O(2) uptake was for the cortex 8.12 +/- 0.22 (12) and for the medulla 5.02 +/- 0.23 (11) mul./hr.mg dry weight.5. Though the Q(O2) values in the renal cortex and medulla were smaller in the 1 hr old new-born guinea-pig, they were already increasing in the 12 hr old neonate.6. The results are discussed in the light of enzyme changes occurring during the process of maturation of the nephron as indicated by histochemical observations.     

Modes of reinforcement and gender and culture of experimenter and subject: effects of "alien" and external reinforcement for Japanese and American men and women

In this study, we examined external and "alien" reinforcement (ER and AR. respectively) as a factor in social learning, and studied the combined effects of culture and reinforcement mode. A female (Experiment 1) and a male (Experiment 2) experimenters conducted experimental sessions. Both men and women, who grew up in the same culture as the experimenter, participated and performed the experimental task. A three-way interaction effect of experimenter gender, culture, and reinforcement mode was found on task performance. And the effect was more pronounced for a Japanese experimenter. A female and a male experimenters conducted Experiments 3 and 4, respectively; however participants this time were men and women who grew up in different cultures than the experimenter. Results indicated that the pattern of the subject gender and reinforcement mode interaction effect, when the experimenter was Japanese with American subjects, was exactly opposite to that when the experimenter was American. These experiments showed that AR was as effective for social learning as ER, and that the cultural backgrounds of experimenter and subject influenced AR and ER effectiveness.     

Timing and intensity of early fevers and the development of allergies and asthma

BACKGROUND: Early childhood fevers appear to protect against later allergies and asthma. What is not known is the time in which fevers exert this effect and whether the degree of temperature increase is important. OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine the relationship between the time and degree of early fevers and later allergies and asthma. METHODS: Eight hundred thirty-five children from southeast Michigan were enrolled at birth. Clinic records from their first 2 years were abstracted for episodes of fever. At age 6 to 7 years, children underwent allergy testing. We examined fevers occurring within 6-month intervals in the first 2 years of life and outcomes at age 6 to 7 years. The primary outcome measures were allergic sensitization, asthma, asthma with allergic sensitization, and asthma without allergic sensitization. RESULTS: In the unadjusted analysis each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months of age was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (odds ratio [OR], 0.71; 95% CI, 0.54-0.93) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.21-0.90) at age 6 to 7 years. Likewise, every 1 degrees C increase in the maximum temperature between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61-0.96) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40-0.94). After adjusting for potential confounders, each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower likelihood of asthma with allergic sensitization (adjusted OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.11-0.94) at age 6 to 7 years. CONCLUSIONS: Both the timing and intensity of childhood fevers appear to be important factors in the development of allergies and asthma.     

纳米水平分子成像与诊疗一体化研究进展与挑战

分子成像能以非侵入性的方式重现活体细胞的生理功能和生物学过程,提高疾病的早期和特异性诊断水平。纳米颗粒/材料具有物理性质可控性高、易于表面修饰、血液循环时间长和可功能化等优点,在疾病诊断与治疗中显示出巨大潜力。但如何阐明纳米材料多功能间的内在联系、解决其代谢及安全性等关键机制难题、实现纳米颗粒/材料多功能性到临床多功能...