重症急性胰腺炎的营养支持

目的探讨营养支持在重症急性胰腺炎治疗过程的作用。方法对４６例重症急性胰腺炎病人进行治疗的同时给予营养支持。在行全肠外营养２～３周后始加用肠内营养,同时减少肠外营养量;肠外营养加肠内营养１周后逐步改为全肠内营养,直到病人达到了或基本达到了正氮平衡。结果在营养支持期间,绝大多数病人达到了或基本达到了正氮平衡。结论只要使用和管理妥当,营养支持在重症胰腺炎治疗中将会达到良好的预期目的。     

Reduction of operative morbidity and mortality by combined preoperative and postoperative nutritional support

A previously developed and validated predictive nutritional assessment model (Prognostic Nutritional Index) was applied to a heterogenous surgical population. Without knowledge of the then undeveloped PNI, adequate preoperative nutritional repletion (TPN) was provided on clinical indications alone to 50 of 145 patients with the remaining 95 patients receiving no preoperative total parenteral nutrition. Analysis of the two groups found no baseline differences in nutritional status, type and severity of disease and/or operative therapy, and other potentially important variables. In the high-risk stratified group as defined by admission nutritional assessment and calculated PNI (greater than or equal to 50%), adequate preoperative TPN reduced postoperative complications 2.5-fold (p < 0.01), postoperative major sepsis six-fold (p < 0.005) and mortality five-fold (p < 0.01). Clinical "eyeball" evaluation of nutritional status cannot identify high-risk individuals. This nutritional assessment predictive model (PNI) identifies the subset of operative candidates in whom adequate preoperative nutritional support significantly reduces operative morbidity and/or mortality.     

Nutritional support of the surgical patient

Malnutrition, unfortunately, is not uncommon and malnourished patients suffer increased morbidity and mortality from surgery. Identification of protein-calorie deficient patients can be performed rapidly and inexpensively through standard techniques of nutritional assessment. If the gastrointestinal tract is available, safe and economic nutritional support may be provided by mouth or by tube feeding. If the gastrointestinal tract cannot be utilized, total parenteral nutrition (TPN) may be instituted via a central vein, or in selected instances peripheral amino acids, fat emulsions, or both may suffice. When failure of various organs (heart, kidneys, liver) complicates malnutrition and the underlying surgical condition, adequate nutritional support can and should be provided by adjustment of the amount and content of commercially available nutritional formulations. Optimal surgical care demands the identification and appropriate nutritional support of malnourished patients.     

The favorable effect of early parenteral feeding on survival in head-injured patients

This prospective randomized controlled clinical trial compares the effects of early parenteral nutrition and traditional delayed enteral nutrition upon the outcome of head-injured patients. Thirty-eight head-injured patients were randomly assigned to receive total parenteral nutrition (TPN) or standard enteral nutrition (SEN). Clinical and nutritional data were collected on all patients until death or for 18 days of hospitalization. Survival and functional recovery were monitored in survivors for 1 year. Of the 38 patients, 18 were randomized to the SEN group and 20 to the TPN group. Demographically, the two groups of patients were similar on admission. There was no significant difference in the severity of head injury between the two groups as measured by the Glasgow Coma Scale (p = 0.52). The outcome for the two groups was quite different, with eight of the 18 SEN patients dying within 18 days of injury, whereas no patient in the TPN group died within this period (p less than 0.0001). The basis for the improved survival in the TPN patients appears to be improved nutrition. The TPN patients had a more positive nitrogen balance (p less than 0.06), and a higher serum albumin level and total lymphocyte count. More adequate nutritional status may have improved the patients' immunocompetence, resulting in decreased susceptibility to sepsis. The data from this study strongly support the favorable effect of early TPN on survival from head injury.     

营养支持对胃肠道肿瘤患者术后营养状况及恢复的影响

目的探讨营养支持在胃肠道肿瘤患者术后营养状况及恢复中的作用。方法35例胃肠道肿瘤且伴有营养不良的患者,行根治性手术后随机分为3组,对照组为术后常规补液5～7d,完全胃肠外营养支持(TPN)组术后采用TPN治疗3～5d,EN组术后早期给予肠内营养支持5～7d。并检测术后营养状况指标及患者恢复情况。结果对照组术后血清总蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白水平较术前显著下降(P<0.05),TPN组、EN组各项指标较术前降低,但差异无显著性。TPN组、EN组患者术后并发症及住院天数均少于对照组。结论术后肠内、外营养支持能够改善胃肠道肿瘤患者营养状况,减少术后并发症的发生、缩短住院天数。术后早期施行TPN抑或EN是安全、可行和有效的。     

Parenteral nutrition in esophageal cancer patients

A review of operative therapy in 244 patients with esophageal cancer from 1960 to 1980 was done to evaluate the impact of TPN in 72 patients treated from 1973 to 1980 with 43 non-TPN patients treated during the same period and to 129 patients operated upon before 1973. Mean age, sex distribution, site, stage, and treatment of the disease were similar for the two study groups. The TPN group lost less weight during treatment (3 lbs vs. 11 lbs) and had fewer overall complications postoperatively (24% vs. 41%). Significant reductions in major wound, infectious, and postoperative complications were noted in these patients who received at least 5 days of preoperative TPN compared with postoperative TPN or the non-TPN groups (4% vs. 24% and 23%). Malnourished esophageal cancer patients can more safely undergo aggressive operative therapy and radiation treatment when adequate perioperative nutritional support is added to the treatment armamentarium.     

Appropriate use, complications and advantages demonstrated in 500 consecutive needle catheter jejunostomies

BACKGROUND: The ability to deliver nutrition enterally after operation has been a significant advance in managing patients after major intra-abdominal operations. Methods: The experience of a single surgeon at a tertiary referral hospital over a 10-year period with insertion and use of 500 consecutive needle catheter jejunostomies (NCJs) was reviewed critically from prospectively collected data. Results: The NCJ was used to deliver nutrition in 93 per cent, fluid and electrolytes in 95 per cent, and various medications in the postoperative period in the majority of patients. There were three major complications: small bowel obstruction and pneumatosis intestinalis in one and two patients respectively. Minor complications included diarrhoea (15 per cent), abdominal distension (15 per cent), abdominal cramps (3 per cent), subcutaneous infection at the insertion site (1 per cent) and catheter occlusion precluding use (1 per cent). In 16 patients, the NCJ was replaced percutaneously with a larger-bore catheter for more prolonged enteral feeding at home after discharge. CONCLUSION: Through the experience gained, indications are offered for the placement of NCJs and cautions are provided concerning appropriate use of an NCJ to provide nutritional support, fluid and electrolyte replacement or maintenance, and safe enteral administration of medication. Overall, an NCJ appears to allow safer, cheaper and equally effective delivery of nutrition compared with total parenteral nutrition after major intra-abdominal operations.     

Small amount of low-residue diet with parenteral nutrition can prevent decreases in intestinal mucosal integrity

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the suitable combination ratio of low-residue diet (LRD) and parenteral nutrition (PN) for nutritional support of surgical patients. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Bacterial translocation (BT) is a severe complication of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). However, it is sometimes impossible to supply sufficient amounts of nutrients to surgical patients by the enteral route. The authors reported previously that concomitant use of LRD with PN provided preferable nutritional support for patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer. METHODS: Ninety male Donryu rats were used for three experiments. In experiment 1, rats were divided into two groups to receive TPN or total enteral nutrition with LRD. In experiment 2, rats were divided into six groups, receiving variable amounts of LRD. In experiment 3, rats were divided into five groups to receive isocaloric nutritional support with variable proportions of PN and LRD. Intestinal permeability was assessed by monitoring urinary excretion of phenolsulfonphthalein. BT was assessed in tissue cultures of mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen. RESULTS: In experiment 1, increases in intestinal permeability and BT were observed in rats maintained on 7-day TPN, but not in those maintained on total enteral nutrition for up to 14 days. In experiment 2, the changes in body weight of rats were correlated with the dose of LRD. However, the intestinal permeability was increased only in rats receiving LRD at 15 kcal/kg per day. In experiment 3, additive LRD corresponding to 15% of total caloric intake prevented increases in intestinal permeability and BT. CONCLUSION: Combined nutritional therapy consisting of PN and small amounts of LRD can provide better nutritional support than TPN for surgical patients.     

胃癌患者术后早期肠内营养与全肠外营养的临床研究

探讨胃癌术后早期肠内营养的可行性、安全性和临床效果,并与全肠外营养作一合理比较。材料与方法：６０例进展期胃癌患者术后第一天随机分为全肠外营养（ＴＰＮ组,ｎ＝１９）、肠内营养（ＥＮ组,ｎ＝２３）和常规补液（对照组,ｎ＝１８）３组,并分别在营养支持前、后各一次测定体重、肝肾功能、血糖、电解质、血浆蛋白、血红蛋白、免疫球蛋白、淋巴细胞计数和血胃泌素,临床观察生命体征、胃肠道功能恢复情况及各种不良反应。结果：３组病例在研究期间无死亡,无严重并发症,肝肾功能无明显变化。ＴＰＮ及ＥＮ组血浆白蛋白、前白蛋白和转铁蛋白水平营养支持后明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,体重下降减缓。ＥＮ组血胃泌素水平在肠道营养后明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。临床观察ＥＮ组肛门恢复排气时间较ＴＰＮ和对照组显著缩短（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：胃癌术后早期肠内营养支持安全、可行,在改善机体营养状态方面具有与传统的全肠外营养支持相似的效应,并有促进和维护胃肠道功能,刺激胃肠道激素分泌的作用,同时费用较低。     

严重多发性创伤胃肠外营养的疗效分析

作者分析了４７例严重多发性创伤伤员（ＩＳＳ≥１６）全胃肠外营养（ＴＰＮ）的治疗效果。随机选择了４７例严重多发伤伤员，ＩＳＳ平均２０．１６。经过１周以上的中心静脉的正规ＴＰＮ治疗后，末梢血淋巴细胞计数，血浆白蛋白水平提高（ｔ检验Ｐ＜０．０５）。另外设对照非ＴＰＮ组６６例，ＩＳＳ平均２０．５０。具有同等的创伤严重程度，ＩＳＳ评分与ＴＰＮ组相比无差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。两组病例均对原发创伤进行了积极的治疗，而对照组无ＴＰＮ治疗。疗效对比如下：ＴＰＮ与非ＴＰＮ组病死率之比为２．１３％比１３．６７％（Ｘ２＝４．５８，Ｐ＜０．０５）差异有统计学意义。结果表明：ＴＰＮ是严重多发性创伤重要的有效支持治疗措施。     

A controlled, randomized trial evaluating the effects of enteral and parenteral nutrition on protein metabolism in cancer-bearing man

To characterize the effects of enteral versus parenteral nutritional support on protein metabolism in the cancer patient, patients with localized, squamous cell carcinoma of the distal esophagus were randomized to receive nutritional support as follows: (1) if there was a loss of less than 20% of the preillness body weight, patients were randomized to continue eating ad libitum (group I) versus receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) (group II); (2) if there was a loss greater than 20% of the preillness body weight and/or the patient was unable to swallow, patients were randomized to jejunostomy feedings (group III) versus TPN (group IV). Patients were initially studied in the postabsorptive state and again 2 weeks after beginning, and while receiving, enteral or parenteral feedings. Stable isotopic tracer methods utilizing constant infusion of [15N]glycine were used to determine whole-body protein turnover (flux), synthesis, and catabolism. Skeletal muscle catabolism was determined by measuring the urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine and lean tissue mass was evaluated by determining total-body potassium by 40K whole-body scanning. Positive nitrogen balance was obtained in groups II and IV associated with significant weight gain in both; the changes in weight were not significant in groups I and III. Whole-body protein flux increased in all groups, but significantly only in group II. Synthesis increased in groups II and IV and decreased in I and III, but not significantly. Catabolism tended to decrease in all groups but group I. Urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion decreased in groups II and IV signifying decreased skeletal muscle catabolism, but increased in groups I and III. Total body potassium tended to increase in groups II and IV. In this group of patients with localized squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, both TPN and jejunal feedings tended to stabilize nutritional status and whole-body protein economics. TPN appeared to be slightly more efficacious, although the differences between enteral and parenteral nutritional support in this study were slight.     

急性坏死性胰腺炎的营养支持

自1985年1月～1992年9月,我们对57例急性坏死性胰腺炎病人的营养支持治疗分三期进行,即术后早期经周围静脉输注高渗糖、脂肪乳剂和氨基酸等营养液行全胃肠外营养(TPN);术后2周左右由TPN逐步过渡到全胃肠内营养(TEN),从空肠造瘘内注入要素饮食;最后逐渐过渡为口服饮食。结果除9例病人在TPN治疗期间死于MOF外,余48例病人的营养状况均有不同程度的改善,并均痊愈出院。实践证明营养支持在急性坏死性胰腺炎的治疗中有着良好效果,是提高治愈率的重要措施。     

Lipid-free total parenteral nutrition and macrophage function in rats

Certain lipids are immunosuppressive when used for nutritional support, while other lipids and nutritional additives may enhance immunologic function. We hypothesized that total parenteral nutrition (TPN) may be immunosuppressive irrespective of lipids. Twenty-four rats underwent central vein catheterization and received either intravenous saline solution and oral chow or TPN alone. At 7 or 14 days, the animals were killed. Splenic and bone marrow macrophages were isolated and cultured in either M199 medium alone or were stimulated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. The supernatants were tested for prostaglandin E2 and C3. The splenic prostaglandin E2 levels were significantly higher in the TPN group following lipopolysaccharide stimulation at 7 days but not at 14 days. Administration of TPN to rats, even without lipids, may be immunosuppressive through the release of prostaglandin E2 from splenic macrophages following a septic challenge. This effect appears to be abolished after 14 days of TPN infusion.     

Effect of immediate postoperative nutritional support on length of hospitalization.

This study is a retrospective review of the effect of nutritional support on duration of hospitalization in patients undergoing radical cystectomy. Thirty-five patients were randomly assigned to receive either 5% dextrose (D5W) solution plus electrolytes or total parenteral nutrition (TPN) following operation. The assigned nutritional regimen was continued for 1 week after operation until oral intake resumed. If the patients receiving D5W remained incapable of oral intake after 1 week, TPN was instituted. The group receiving immediate postoperative TPN had a median duration of hospitalization of 17 days, while the median duration for the group receiving 5% dextrose solution was 24 days. All other patient characteristics, such as age, sex, stage/grade of tumor, and extent of preoperative radiotherapy, were similar in the two groups. These results demonstrate that immediate postoperative institution of nutritional support reduced hospitalization time following radical cystectomy. This indicates that the routine use of 5% dextrose as postoperative nutrition should be reevaluated.     

肠内外营养支持治疗重症急性胰腺炎的临床对比分析

目的 对比肠内外营养支持方式对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)患者的治疗作用,阐明肠内营养的优点.方法 59例SAP患者,分为全胃肠外营养(TPN)组24例及肠内营养(EN)组35例,分别检测分析两组的营养学指标,对比观察两组的治疗效果.结果 两组血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白、血红蛋白治疗后与治疗前相比,均有改善(P<0.05);血清前白蛋白、转铁蛋白EN组与TPN组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).无论治疗后1周还是治疗后2周,APACHE Ⅱ评分EN组均低于TPN组(P<0.05).EN组的胰腺胰周感染率、其他并发症发病率、经口进食时间及治疗费用均低于TPN组(P<0.05),虽然病死率、住院天数两组间无统计学差异(P>0.05). 结论 EN可以改善SAP患者的营养状况,且具有保护肠黏膜屏障功能,减少细菌及毒素移位,调节炎症和感染反应,降低医疗费用等优点,是治疗SAP理想的营养支持方式.     

Perioperative nutritional support

In selected malnourished patients, perioperative nutritional support can decrease the morbidity and mortality rates associated with major surgical procedures. Preoperative nutritional support should be delivered via the gastrointestinal tract whenever feasible, generally in the form of enteral diets, which can be given via a feeding tube or as a dietary supplement. Patients with a functional gut who cannot eat because of anorexia or upper gastrointestinal tract obstruction are candidates for preoperative tube feedings. Total parenteral nutrition should be the mainstay of nutritional support when the gastrointestinal tract cannot be used adequately. An improvement in nutritional indices (e.g., serum transferrin, lymphocyte count) may be associated with decreased perioperative morbidity, although the strength of this relation is not clear. In the absence of improvement in such indices, the duration of nutritional support required to decrease operative morbidity is unknown. Postoperatively, enteral tube feedings (delivered via a nasojejunal tube or feeding jejunostomy) should be provided to all preoperatively malnourished patients with a functional gastrointestinal tract who are unable to consume adequate calories orally. Postoperative TPN should be reserved for malnourished patients with a nonfunctional gut or for patients who develop a postoperative complication that precludes enteral feeding. Current nutritional formulas have often neglected the metabolic and nutritional requirements of the intestinal tract. In the future, the combined use of specific nutrients and growth factors may improve nutritional rehabilitation in catabolic patients.     

The effect of nutritional support on outcome from severe head injury

Fifty-one brain-injured patients with peak 24-hour admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores of 4 to 10 were prospectively randomly assigned to receive total parenteral (TPN) or enteral (EN) nutrition. Patients were studied from hospital admission to 18 days postinjury. Outcome was assessed by the Glasgow Outcome Scale at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year postinjury. The TPN group received a significantly higher cumulative mean intake of protein than the EN group (mean +/- standard error of the mean: 1.35 +/- 0.12 vs. 0.91 +/- 0.9 gm/kg/day; p = 0.004). Mean cumulative caloric balance was also significantly higher in the TPN than in the EN group (75.6% +/- 5.13% vs. 59% +/- 4.26%; p = 0.02). Nitrogen balance was significantly more negative in the EN group during the 1st week postinjury (p = 0.002). The incidence of pneumonia, urinary tract infections, septic shock, and infections was not significantly different between groups. Classic nutritional assessment parameters such as anergy screens, total lymphocyte counts, and albumin levels were not significantly different between groups. The 11 patients in the EN group who did not tolerate tube feedings for 1 week postinjury had a significantly higher incidence of septic shock (p = 0.008). The change over time in GCS scores between groups was significantly different, with the TPN group showing a mean four-point increase in GCS score compared with a three-point increase in the EN group (p = 0.02). At 3 months the TPN group had a significantly higher percentage of favorable outcomes (43.5% vs. 17.9%, respectively; p = 0.05). At 6 months, 43.5% of the TPN group had a favorable outcome while 32.1% of the EN group had a favorable outcome (p = 0.29). By 1 year, 47.8% of the TPN group and 32.1% of the EN group had a favorable outcome (p = 0.20). In conclusion, more calories and protein usually can be administered to acute brain injury patients via the TPN route than by EN feedings via nasogastric or nasoduodenal routes. Traditional parameters for nutritional assessment are not useful in studying the efficacy of nutritional support during the first 2 weeks after head injury. Neurological recovery from head injury occurs more rapidly in patients with better early nutritional support.     

添加谷氨酰胺的营养支持对肝功能不全患者术后的影响

目的评价手术后使用添加谷氨酰胺的营养支持对肝功能不全患者胃肠黏膜功能、免疫功能及肝脏功能的影响。方法（1）10例健康志愿者取血行PCR检测细菌DNA作为空白对照;（2）40例符合入选标准的大手术患者．随机分为使用不含谷胺酰胺的全肠外营养组（TPN）与使用含谷氨酰胺的全肠外营养组（GTPN）．每组20例。两组在外科手术后以等氮等热卡营养摄入行全胃肠外营养10d。分别于手术后第5天和第10天观察比较患者血生化指标、胃肠道通透性指标及免疫学指标。结果（1）健康志愿者外周血行PCR检测细菌DNA结果均为阴性。（2）TPN组和GTPN组患者术后5d血浆转氨酶水平与术前相比升高,术后10d GTPN组血浆转氨酶水平明显高于TPN组（P〈0．05）。（3）GTPN组术后第10天血浆总蛋白（TP）水平与白蛋白（ALB）水平与术前相比无明显降低（P〉0．05）,TPN组则明显降低（P〈0．001）。（4）GTPN组手术后第10天肠黏膜通透性无明显升高（P〉0．05）,TPN组则升高明显（P〈0．05）。（5）术后第10天GTPN组外周血淋巴细胞亚群CD4／CD8比值明显高于TPN组（P〈0．01）,GTPN组术后10d IL-6浓度未见明显变化,TPN组IL-6浓度明显升高（P〈0．01）。结论肝功能不全患者手术后使用添加谷氨酰胺的营养支持可以较好地维护术后血浆蛋白水平,保护肠黏膜屏障,提高患者的免疫功能,但有可能影响患者的肝功能。     

Postoperative nutritional management after esophagectomy: is TPN the standard of nutritional care?

We investigated the feasibility of early postoperative enteral diet after esophagectomy. Sixteen patients who underwent esophagectomy followed by reconstruction using gastrictube were divided into two groups based on nutritional protocol after surgery: either total parenteral nutrition (TPN) or enteral diet (ENT). TPN patients were nutritionally maintained with only intravenous hyperalimentation. The ENT group was challenged mainly with enteral diet started on day 1. Serum rapid turnover proteins (RTPs; transferrin, prealbumin, retinal-binding protein, and insulin like growth factor-1: IGF-1) were measured two days before (preoperative value) and 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 days after surgery. The percent value of the four RTPs were decreased at day 3 and gradually recovered. There were no significant differences between the groups according to four RTPs. No major complications due to early enteral diet occurred in ENT patients. We conclude that early enteral diet is nutritionally adequate and might be recommended as standard nutritional care after subtotal esophagectomy.     

Complications of pancreatic surgery and the role of perioperative nutrition.

BACKGROUND: According to international guidelines, artificial nutrition may be indicated after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). This clinical study was designed to evaluate whether the route of administration and the composition of the postoperative nutritional support could affect outcome. METHODS: One hundred patients who underwent PD for cancer of the pancreatic head were prospectively studied. Patients were randomized to receive a standard enteral formula (SEN; n = 35) or immunonutrition with an enteral formula enriched with arginine, omega-3 fatty acids, and RNA (IEN group; n = 33), or total parenteral nutrition (TPN; n = 32). Postoperative feeding was started within 12 h after surgery. The three regimens were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous. Tolerance of enteral feeding, rate and severity of postoperative complications, and length of hospital stay (LOS) were evaluated. RESULTS: Full nutritional goal (25 kcal/kg) was achieved in 84% of enterally fed patients versus 96% in the parenteral group (p = NS). The rate of postoperative complications was lower in the IEN group (33%) than in the SEN (40%) and TPN groups (59%). The severity of infectious complications (sepsis score) was lower in the IEN (5.5) than the SEN (7.9) and TPN groups (10.4; p < 0.05). LOS was shorter in the IEN than in the SEN and TPN groups (16.3 vs. 17.8 vs. 19.3 days, respectively; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing PD the established nutritional goal can be obtained by enteral feeding. Immunonutrition seems to improve outcome.