邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对斑马鱼胚胎发育毒性的研究

目的对成年斑马鱼进行邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)急性染毒,观察其胚胎发育过程,探索DBP对其胚胎发育的影响。方法选取健康成年斑马鱼80条,雌雄各半,适应性分开饲养1个月后,分别分成4组,给予1250μg/L和625μg/L DBP经水染毒,同时设溶剂(0.01%丙酮)对照组和空白对照组。染毒7天后,按雌雄1∶1的比例交配,在倒置显微镜下观察整个胚胎发育过程,并计算受精率、72h死亡率、仔鱼72h孵化率及出生体重和身长。结果各组的2h受精率的大小如下:空白对照组>丙酮对照组>625μg/L DBP染毒组>1250μg/L DBP染毒组,分别为98.09%、95.76%、95.31%和94.42%。而各组的72h死亡率分别为18.29%、23.34%、49.45%和72.41%,72h孵化率分别为96.43%、82.37%、48.11%和26.79%。染毒组的死亡率高于非染毒组,孵化率低于非染毒组。与正常组和丙酮对照组相比,1250μg/L和625μg/L DBP染毒组胚胎发育明显迟缓,仔鱼身长明显变短,并有统计学差异。暴露剂量越大,身长越短。结论625μg/L以上剂量的DBP染毒能导致斑马鱼胚胎发育迟缓。     

农利灵对斑马鱼胚胎发育的毒性

[目的]探讨农用杀菌剂农利灵（vinclozolin）对斑马鱼（Brachydanio rerio）的胚胎发育毒性及其机制。[方法]采用水浴染毒法，将受精后2h（hours post fertilization，hpf）内的斑马鱼卵分别暴露于浓度为12．5、25、50、100μg／mL的农利灵，作为4个染毒组，同时设置溶剂（DMSO）对照组、10μg／mL睾酮（testosterone）组及10μg／mL睾酮＋50μg／mL农利灵混合组。通过死亡率、孵化时间、发育畸形等指标评价农利灵的胚胎发育毒性。[结果]农利灵染毒组的胚胎死亡率分别为52．6％、68．4％、85．0％、100．0％，明显高于溶剂对照组（10．0％），P〈0．01，并呈剂量-效应关系。比较孵化时间，12．5μg／mL农利灵染毒组高于溶剂对照组（t=4．077，P〈0．05）。 10μg／mL睾酮＋50μg／mL农利灵混合组的死亡率为51．2％，低于50μg/mL农利灵染毒组的死亡率85．0％（X^2=6．53，P〈0．05）。此外，在农利灵染毒组观察到脊柱弯曲、心包囊肿等发育畸形，其畸形与睾酮染毒组所观察到的畸形相似。[结论]农利灵可延迟斑马鱼的胚胎发育、具有胚胎致死毒性和致畸毒性，其毒性至少有部分是来源于抗雄性激素样作用。     

氯化三丁基锡对斑马鱼胚胎发育的影响

目的观察氯化三丁基锡(Tributyltin chloride,TBTCl)对斑马鱼胚胎发育和幼鱼死亡的影响。方法成年健康斑马鱼雌雄按1∶1的比例交配产卵,分别用不同质量浓度的TBTCl对受精后4 h(Four-hour post-fertilization,4 hpf)斑马鱼进行染毒实验,统计斑马鱼胚胎受精后48 h的心率,72 h的孵出率,24、48、72、96、120 h的死亡率和畸形率。结果与对照组相比较,随着TBTCl染毒质量浓度的增加,斑马鱼胚胎的孵化率降低、心跳减缓、畸形率和死亡率增加。当TBTCl达到80μg/L时,斑马鱼的48 hpf的心率由对照组的(182.5±3.6)次/min下降到(130.3±3.2)次/min,72 hpf的孵出率由对照组的97.46%下降到23.08%,并且120 hpf的死亡率为65.00%、畸形率为69.17%。结论TBTCl能影响斑马鱼胚胎发育,导致斑马鱼胚胎和幼鱼的畸形与死亡。     

斑马鱼胚胎发育中适宜的毒理学指标分析

[目的]观察实验动物斑马鱼胚胎发育的全过程，并分析用于胚胎毒性试验适宜的毒理学指标。[方法]选取以雌雄比为1：2的健康亲鱼让其自行交配，用解剖镜进行全过程的观察，并拍摄整个斑马鱼胚胎发育过程。[结果]斑马鱼胚胎发育可以分为卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、分裂期、成形期和孵化期6个时期。[结论]从中选择了5个科学、合适的胚胎发育观察阶段及适宜的毒性评估终点以供毒理学研究参考。     

肟菌酯原药致突变毒性研究

目的 探讨肟菌酯的致突变性,预测其遗传危害和潜在致癌作用. 方法 分别按照GB15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》、GB/T 21793-2008《化学品体外哺乳动物细胞基因突变试验方法》、GB/T 21794-2008《化学品体外哺乳动物细胞染色体畸变试验方法》进行试验. 结果 微核试验、体外哺乳动物细胞染色体畸变试验和体外哺乳动物TK基因突变试验结果显示,肟菌酯原药各剂量组与溶剂对照组比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;Ames试验结果显示各菌株的各测试浓度的回复突变菌落数均未超过自发回复突变菌落数的2倍. 结论 在本试验条件下,肟菌酯原药无致突变性.     

苄嘧磺隆对斑马鱼胚胎发育的毒性效应

目的 研究苄嘧磺隆对斑马鱼胚胎发育的毒性效应.方法 采用水浴染毒法,将受精后2h内的斑马鱼卵分别暴露于浓度为20、40、60、80、100及120 mg·L-1的苄嘧磺隆作为6个染毒组,同时设置0 mg·L-1为对照组.通过统计累积死亡率、孵化率、发育畸形及丙二醛(MDA)含量等评价指标研究苄嘧磺隆对斑马鱼的胚胎发育毒...     

低浓度二甲基亚砜对斑马鱼胚胎发育和成鱼生殖的影响

目的探讨低浓度二甲基亚砜(Dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO)对斑马鱼胚胎发育和成鱼生殖的影响。方法用体积比为2×10^-7%、2×10^-6%、2×10^-5%、2×10^-4%的二甲基亚砜处理斑马鱼受精卵96 h,成鱼96 h或10 d。将胚胎及成鱼交配所产受精卵24 hpf存活率,48 hpf及72 hpf孵化率与正常饲养的斑马鱼进行比较。结果2×10^-7%DMSO,2×10^-6%DMSO,和2×10^-5%DMSO处理胚胎后,24 hpf存活率,48 hpf和72 hpf孵化率都显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。二甲基亚砜处理成鱼96 h后,受精卵48 hpf孵化率都极其显著低于对照组(P<0.001)。二甲基亚砜处理成鱼10 d后受精卵72 hpf孵化率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论与正常水饲养相比,低浓度二甲基亚砜对斑马鱼胚胎发育以及成鱼生殖均有影响,建议使用二甲基亚砜作为助溶剂时应做阴性对照组。     

新型农用杀菌剂氰菌胺致突变实验研究

目的探讨氰菌胺原药的致突变作用。方法小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验分别以1000、500、250mg/kg剂量经口给药2d,小鼠睾丸初级精母细胞染色体畸变试验分别以2000、1000、500mg/kg剂量经口给药5d,观察骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率及睾丸初级精母细胞染色体畸变率。鼠伤寒沙门杆菌回复突变试验(Ames试验),选用TA97、TA98、TA100和TA102菌株,试验剂量为5000、1000、200、40μg/皿,观察各菌株的回变菌落数。结果小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率及小鼠睾丸初级精母细胞染色体畸变率与阴性对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。Ames试验,氰菌胺原药各剂量组的回变菌落数均未超过自发回变菌落数的2倍,亦未见剂量-反应关系,Ames试验结果为阴性。结论上述致突变试验结果表明氰菌胺原药无致突变作用。     

CdSe/ZnS量子点对斑马鱼胚胎发育的影响

目的研究Cd Se/Zn S量子点对斑马鱼胚胎发育的影响。方法以0、0.5、1、2、4、8和16 nmol/L Cd Se/Zn S量子点分别处理斑马鱼胚胎,于受精后24、48、72、96和120 h(简称hpf)5个时间点分别观察各自具有代表性的毒理学终点。结果在120 hpf时,Cd Se/Zn S量子点对斑马鱼胚胎的LC50为21.38 nmol/L(95%CI:17.21~26.57)。量子点Cd Se/Zn S对斑马鱼胚胎24 hpf时60 s内胚胎自主运动频率,48 hpf 60 s内心率、胚胎孵化率、死亡率等均有明显影响,高浓度8 nmol/L和16 nmol/L组Cd Se/Zn S量子点在120 hpf时可致斑马鱼胚胎发生心包水肿、肝脏变小、卵黄囊吸收延迟、肠道发育异常及肌肉变性等中毒症状。结论 8 nmol/L及以上浓度Cd Se/Zn S量子点对斑马鱼胚胎具有较强的发育毒性,暴露浓度和时间的增加,Cd Se/Zn S量子点可造斑马鱼胚胎死亡率升高。     

氯化甲基汞对体外培养胚胎的发育毒性实验研究

用体外全胚胎培养模型并结合电镜技术探讨了氯化甲基汞对大鼠胚胎的发育毒性。结果表明：氯化甲基汞的体外最小致畸剂量为０．２μｇ／ｍｌ，除ＶＹＳ直径和ＶＹＳ血管形成２项指标外，其它各指标值均明显低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。随着染毒剂量增加，氯化甲基汞对体外培养胚胎的发育毒性作用明显增强，呈剂量－反应关系，浓度达１．６μｇ／ｍｌ时全部胚胎均死亡。氯化甲基汞在＜０．８μｇ／ｍｌ时并不影响ＶＹＳ胎盘的生长发育，表现在ＶＹＳ直径、ＶＹＳ血管形成和电镜观察ＶＹＳ的超微结构均与对照组无显著性差异，说明氯化甲基汞能迅速透过胎盘，直接攻击胚胎细胞。提示氯化甲基汞的直接细胞毒作用，可能是其体外致畸作用、胚胎毒性作用的一个重要机制。     

Exposure to Metalaxyl Disturbs the Skeletal Development of Zebrafish Embryos

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology - Metalaxyl is broadly applied in agriculture to control peronosporales-caused diseases in plant. To investigate the toxic effects, zebrafish...     

Developmental Toxicity of Drinking Water Disinfection By-Products to Embryos of the African Clawed Frog (Xenopus laevis)

No abstract available.     

亚致死性浓度的二噁英在斑马鱼胚胎中所致的毒性反应

[目的]观察亚致死性浓度的二噁英（TCDD）对斑马鱼胚胎发育的毒性作用。[方法]将72hpf（受精后小时）斑马鱼胚胎暴露于渐升的TCDD亚致死性浓度下,观察累积死亡率、心功能及颌软骨发育的变化,与对照组比较。[结果]10pg／ml及25pg／ml的TCDD浓度所导致的两周内的累积死亡率与对照组类似。然而在胚胎内这两种浓度的TCDD均能导致急性及亚急性心脏毒性。暴露在这两种浓度TCDD下与对照组相比,在毒物处理后的12h、1d、2d及1周后胚胎均表现出心每搏输出量及心输出量的显著降低。最显著的发现是72hpf胚胎在10pg／ml的TCDD处理后1周表现出显著的每搏输出量及心输出量降低,伴轻微的心包积液。[结果]该研究表明较低浓度的二噁英污染对野生鱼类能造成威胁,而亚致死性浓度的TCDD对胚胎的颌骨发育无影响。     

Developmental Toxicity of Three Carrier Solvents Using Embryos of the Grass Shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio

Herons and egrets are ideal organisms to use as indicators of heavy metal exposure in an ecosystem because different species feed at different levels of the food chain and live in both coastal and inland habitats. This paper reports on the concentration of heavy metals and selenium in the feathers of cattle egrets Bubulcus ibis that were examined from nesting and roosting sites in Bali and Sulawesi, Indonesia, and in feathers of little egrets Egretta garzetta and intermediate egrets E. intermedia from the same colony in Bali. Mercury and manganese concentrations were significantly higher in cattle egrets from Bali compared to Sulawesi, but otherwise there were no significant differences. There were significant differences in lead, cadmium and mercury among the three egret species nesting on Bali: 1) the cadmium and mercury concentrations related to size and trophic level (insectivorous cattle egrets had the lowest concentrations, fish-eating intermediate egrets had the highest concentrations), and 2) cattle egrets had significantly lower concentrations of lead than the other two species. For cattle egrets, secondary flight feathers had significantly higher levels of cadmium and mercury, and lower levels of manganese, than mixed breast and tertiary feathers, reflecting temporal differences in exposure. Received: 28 May 1996/Revised: 2 August 1996     

Toxicity of Cadmium-Contaminated Clay to the Zebrafish Danio rerio

In this study, the toxicity of cadmium-contaminated clay to the zebrafish Danio rerio was evaluated. Kaolin clay was spiked with CdCl₂ (1.28 mg Cd/g clay) and adult zebrafish were exposed to 0, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/L Cd-contaminated clay in a continuous recirculation system. Cumulative mortality was evaluated as a function of exposure time, and LT50 values were calculated. Results of acute toxicity tests showed that an exposure to 1,000 mg/L Cd-contaminated clay resulted in LT50 values of 12 and 92 h (n = 2 experiments) and in a LT50 value of 22 h in both experiments with 2,000 mg/L Cd-contaminated clay. Positive control experiments with corresponding measured dissolved Cd concentrations were performed to evaluate by comparison the toxicity of the clay-bound Cd. These control experiments gave LT50 values higher than 144 h for both conditions. Moreover, no toxicity (LT50 > 144 h) of 2,000 mg/L uncontaminated clay was observed. This study showed that cadmium present on clay particles can be bioavailable and exert a toxic effect to the zebrafish D. rerio. Received: 26 January 1999/Accepted: 12 July 1999     

Early Zebrafish Embryogenesis Is Susceptible to Developmental TDCPP Exposure

Background: Chlorinated phosphate esters (CPEs) are widely used as additive flame retardants for low-density polyurethane foams and have frequently been detected at elevated concentrations within indoor environmental media.Objectives: To begin characterizing the potential toxicity of CPEs on early vertebrate development, we examined the developmental toxicity of four CPEs used in polyurethane foam: tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), and 2,2-bis(chloromethyl)propane-1,3-diyl tetrakis(2-chlorethyl) bis(phosphate) (V6).Methods: Using zebrafish as a model for vertebrate embryogenesis, we first screened the potential teratogenic effects of TDCPP, TCEP, TCPP, and V6 using a developmental toxicity assay. Based on these results, we focused on identification of susceptible windows of developmental TDCPP exposure as well as evaluation of uptake and elimination of TDCPP and bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (BDCPP, the primary metabolite) within whole embryos. Finally, because TDCPP-specific genotoxicity assays have, for the most part, been negative in vivo and because zygotic genome remethylation is a key biological event during cleavage, we investigated whether TDCPP altered the status of zygotic genome methylation during early zebrafish embryogenesis.Results: Overall, our findings suggest that the cleavage period during zebrafish embryogenesis is susceptible to TDCPP-induced delays in remethylation of the zygotic genome, a mechanism that may be associated with enhanced developmental toxicity following initiation of TDCPP exposure at the start of cleavage.Conclusions: Our results suggest that further research is needed to better understand the effects of a widely used and detected CPE within susceptible windows of early vertebrate development.