Adição de 75 mg de pregabalina ao regime analgésico reduz escores de dor e consumo de opiáceos em adultos após nefrolitotomia percutânea

Background and objectives

Adding novel adjunctive drugs like gabapentinoids to multimodal analgesic regimen might be reasonable for lessening postoperative pain scores, total opioid consumption and side effects after percutaneous nephrolithotomy. We aimed to evaluate the effect of pregabalin on postoperative pain scores, analgesic consumption and renal functions expressed by creatinine clearance (CrCl) and blood neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) and cystatin C (Cys C) levels in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL).

Methods

60 patients undergoing elective PCNL were enrolled in the study. Patients were randomized to oral single dose 75 mg pregabalin group and a control group. Visual Analog Scale pain scores (VAS), postoperative intravenous morphine consumption during the first 24 postoperative hours, serum NGAL, Cys C levels and creatinine clearance (CrCl) was measured preoperatively and post‐operatively at 2nd and 24th hour.

Results

Postoperative VAS scores were significantly decreased in the pregabalin group at the postoperative 30th min, 1st, and 2nd hour (p = 0.002, p = 0.001 and p = 0.027, respectively). Postoperative mean morphine consumption was statistically significantly decreased for all time intervals in the pregabalin group (p = 0.002, p = 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups with regard to CrCl, or Cys C at preoperative and postoperative 2nd and 24th hour. Postoperative 24th hour NGAL levels were significantly decreased in the pregabalin group (p = 0.027).

Conclusions

Oral single‐dose preemptive 75 mg pregabalin was effective in reducing early postoperative pain scores and total analgesic consumption in patients undergoing PCNL without leading to hemodynamic instability and side effects.     

A Meta‐Analysis of Renal Function After Adult Cardiac Surgery With Pulsatile Perfusion

The aim of this meta‐analysis was to determine whether pulsatile perfusion during cardiac surgery has a lesser effect on renal dysfunction than nonpulsatile perfusion after cardiac surgery in randomized controlled trials. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were used to identify available articles published before April 25, 2014. Meta‐analysis was conducted to determine the effects of pulsatile perfusion on postoperative renal functions, as determined by creatinine clearance (CrCl), serum creatinine (Cr), urinary neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL), and the incidences of acute renal insufficiency (ARI) and acute renal failure (ARF). Nine studies involving 674 patients that received pulsatile perfusion and 698 patients that received nonpulsatile perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were considered in the meta‐analysis. Stratified analysis was performed according to effective pulsatility or unclear pulsatility of the pulsatile perfusion method in the presence of heterogeneity. NGAL levels were not significantly different between the pulsatile and nonpulsatile groups. However, patients in the pulsatile group had a significantly higher CrCl and lower Cr levels when the analysis was restricted to studies on effective pulsatile flow (P < 0.00001, respectively). The incidence of ARI was significantly lower in the pulsatile group (P < 0.00001), but incidences of ARF were similar. In conclusion, the meta‐analysis suggests that the use of pulsatile flow during CPB results in better postoperative renal function.     

Creatinine,Neutrophil Gelatinase‐Associated Lipocalin,and Cystatin C in Determining Acute Kidney Injury After Heart Operations Using Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Acute kidney injury (AKI) represents frequent complication after cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). In the hope to enhance earlier more reliable characterization of AKI, we tested the utility of neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) and cystatin C (CysC) in addition to standard creatinine for early determination of AKI after cardiac surgery using CPB. Forty‐one patients met the inclusion criteria. Arterial blood samples collected after induction of general anesthesia were used as baseline, further sampling occurred at CPB termination, 2 h after CPB, on the first and second day after surgery. According to AKIN classification 18 patients (44%) developed AKI (AKI1‐2 groups) and 23 (56%) did not (non‐AKI group). Groups were similar regarding demographics and operative characteristics. CysC levels differed already preoperatively (non‐AKI vs. AKI2; P = 0.045; AKI1 vs. AKI2; P = 0.011), while postoperatively AKI2 group differed on the first day and AKI1 on the second regarding non‐AKI group (P = 0.004; P = 0.021, respectively). NGAL and creatinine showed significant difference already 2 h after CPB between groups AKI2 and non‐AKI and later on the first postoperative day between groups AKI1 and AKI2 (P = 0.028; P = 0.014, respectively). This study shows similar performance of early plasma creatinine and NGAL in patients with preserved preoperative renal function. It demonstrates that creatinine, as well as NGAL, differentiate subsets of patients developing AKI of clinically more advanced grade early after 2 h, also when used single and uncombined.     

经皮肾镜及输尿管软镜治疗孤立肾肾盂结石的临床疗效及对肾功能影响的比较

目的 比较经皮肾镜及输尿管软镜对孤立肾肾盂结石的治疗效果及对肾功能的影响。方法 选取2011年7月～2013年6月我院泌尿外科收治的58例孤立肾肾盂结石,其中30例行经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术（经皮肾镜组）,28例行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术（输尿管软镜组）,对手术时间、出血量、结石清除率进行比较,同时测定2组患者术前24h和术后3、24、48h血尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Cr）、血中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白（NGAL）。结果 经皮肾镜组结石清除率76.7％（23／30）,输尿管软镜组结石清除率75.0％（21／28）,2组比较无统计学差异（X^2=0.022,P=0.882）。输尿管软镜组出血量（50.3±21.5）ml,显著少于经皮肾镜组（80.2±20.5）ml（t=5.422,P=0.000）;手术时间（60.5±25.1）min,显著长于经皮肾镜组（45.34-10.5）rain（t=-3.045,P=0.004）。术后3h2组血NGAL浓度均明显升高,其中输尿管软镜组从术前（3.6±0.6）μg／L上升到（7.9±0.8）μg／L（g：33.457,P〈0.05）,经皮肾镜组从术前（3.8±0.7）μg／L上升到（6.3±0.5）μg／L（q=22.068,P〈0.05）,输尿管软镜组高于经皮肾镜组,有显著性差异（t=-9.200,P=0.000）,术后24h开始下降,但48h仍未降低至术前水平（q=4.414,P〈0.05;g=8.559,P〈0.05）。2组血BUN、Cr术前后无明显变化（P〉0.05）。结论 经皮肾镜及输尿管软镜均是治疗孤立肾盂结石的有效方法,且2种方法对肾功能均有不同程度影响,但其影响都是可恢复的。     

The use of NGAL and IP‐10 in the prediction of early acute rejection in highly sensitized patients following HLA‐incompatible renal transplantation

Acute rejection is a significant problem for patients undergoing HLA‐incompatible renal transplantation, affecting between 12 and 53% of patients. Any mechanism of detecting rejection in advance of current methods would offer significant benefit. This study aimed to evaluate whether serum biomarkers could predict rejection in HLAi transplants recipients. Sera from 94 HLAi transplant recipients from a single centre were analysed for a panel of biomarkers including: NGAL, KIM‐1, IP‐10, cystatin C, cathepsin L and VEGF. Biomarker levels pre‐operatively, day 1 and at day 30 post‐transplant were correlated with the development of early rejection. Significantly higher levels of IP‐10 and NGAL were seen on day 1 following transplant in those patients who developed acute rejection (P < 0.001 and 0.005) and generated AUC of 0.73 and 0.67, respectively. No differences were seen for the other biomarkers or at the other time points. In this study cohort, IP‐10 and NGAL have demonstrated good predictive ability for the development of acute rejection at a very early time point. They may have a role in identifying patients at higher risk for rejection and stratifying immunosuppression or surveillance.     

Infusion of hypertonic saline/starch during cardiopulmonary bypass reduces fluid overload and may impact cardiac function

Objective: Peri‐operative fluid accumulation resulting in myocardial and pulmonary tissue edema is one possible mechanism behind post‐operative cardiopulmonary dysfunction. This study aimed to confirm an improvement of cardiopulmonary function by reducing fluid loading during an open‐heart surgery. Materials and methods: Forty‐nine elective CABG patients were randomized to an intraoperative infusion of hypertonic saline/hydroxyethyl starch (HSH group) or Ringer's solution (CT group). Both groups received 1 ml/kg/h of the study solution for 4 h after baseline values were obtained (PICCO^® transpulmonary thermodilution technique). Net fluid balance (NFB), hemodynamic and laboratory parameters were measured. Results: NFB was four times higher in the CT group compared with the HSH group during the first 6 h post‐operatively. The total fluid gain until the next morning was lower in the HSH group, 2993.9 (938.6) ml, compared with the CT group, 4298.7 (1059.3) ml (P<0.001). Normalized values (i.e., %‐changes from the baseline) of the cardiac index and the global end diastolic volume index increased post‐operatively in both groups. Both parameters were significantly higher at 6 h in the HSH group compared with CT group (P=0.002 and 0.005, respectively). Normalized values of the intrathoracic blood volume index were lower in the HSH group at 6 h post‐operatively when compared with the CT group. The PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio decreased similarly in both groups early post‐operatively, but recovery tended to be more rapid in the HSH group. Although serum‐sodium and serum‐chloride levels were significantly higher in the HSH group, the acid–base parameters remained similar and within the normal range. Conclusions: An intraoperative infusion of HSH during cardiac surgery contributes to reduced fluid loading and an improvement in the post‐operative cardiac performance. No adverse effects of the HSH infusion were observed.     

Neuroprotective effects of a combination of dexmedetomidine and hypothermia after incomplete cerebral ischemia in rats

Background: Dexmedetomidine and hypothermia are known to reduce neuronal injury following cerebral ischemia. We examined whether a combination of dexmedetomidine and hypothermia reduces brain injury after transient forebrain ischemia in rats to a greater extent than either treatment alone. Methods: Thirty‐eight male Sprague–Dawley rats were anesthetized with fentanyl and nitrous oxide in oxygen. Four groups were tested: group C (saline 1 ml/kg, temporal muscle temperature 37.5 °C); group H (saline 1 ml/kg, 35.0 °C); group D (dexmedetomidine 100 μg/kg, 37.5 °C); and group DH (dexmedetomidine 100 μg/kg, 35.0 °C). Dexmedetomidine or saline was administered intraperitoneally 30 min before ischemia. Cerebral ischemia was produced by right carotid artery ligation with hemorrhagic hypotension (mean arterial pressure 40 mmHg) for 20 min. Neurologic outcome was evaluated at 24, 48, and 72 h after ischemia. Histopathology was evaluated in the caudate and hippocampus at 72 h after ischemia. Results: Neurologic outcome was significantly better in the group DH than the group C (P<0.05), whereas it was similar between the group DH and the groups D or H. Survival rate of the hippocampal CA1 neurons was significantly greater in groups D, H, and DH than group C (P<0.05). Histopathologic injury in the caudate section was significantly less in groups H and DH than group C (P<0.05). Conclusion: The combination of dexmedetomidine and hypothermia improved short‐term neurologic outcome compared with the control group, whereas the combination therapy provided comparable neuroprotection with either of the two therapies alone.     

Dexmedetomidine on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats: assessment by means of NGAL and histology

Abstract

Background: Ischemic acute kidney injury is a common occurrence in the perioperative period and in critical patients admitted to intensive care units. The reestablishment of blood supply may worsen injury through the ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) mechanism. We investigated the effect of dexmedetomidine on the kidneys of rats subjected to an experimental I/R model. Methods: 34 rats anesthetized with isoflurane was undergone right nephrectomy and randomly assigned to four groups: Control C (saline solution); Dexmedetomidine D (dexmedetomidine); Sham S (saline solution); Sham with Dexmedetomidine SD (dexmedetomidine). The serum levels of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) were measured at time-points T1 (following stabilization), T2 (ischemia), T3 (reperfusion), T4 (12?h after of I/R). The kidneys were subjected to histological examination. Results: The NGAL levels were significantly higher at T4 compared with T1. Upon histological examination, the left kidneys in groups C and D exhibited a similar extent of cell injury. Conclusion: The levels of NGAL did not indicate either protection against or worsening of kidney injury. Histological examination for acute tubular necrosis showed that dexmedetomidine did not protect the kidneys from I/R.     

Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a marker of renal function in children with chronic kidney disease

Very few biomarkers exist for monitoring chronic kidney disease (CKD). We have recently shown that serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) represents a novel biomarker for early identification of acute kidney injury. In this study, we hypothesized that serum NGAL may also represent a biomarker for the quantitation of CKD. Forty-five children with CKD stages 2–4 were prospectively recruited for measurement of serum NGAL, serum cystatin C, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by Ioversol clearance, and estimated GFR (eGFR) by Schwartz formula. Serum NGAL significantly correlated with cystatin C (r=0.74, P<0.000). Both NGAL and cystatin C significantly correlated with measured GFR (r=0.62, P<0.000; and r=0.71, P<0.000, respectively) as well as with eGFR (r=0.66, P<0.000 and r=0.59, P<0.000, respectively). At GFR levels of ≥30 ml/min per 1.73 m², serum NGAL, cystatin C, and eGFR were all significantly correlated with measured GFR. However, in subjects with lower GFRs (<30 ml/min per 1.73 m²), serum NGAL levels correlated best with measured GFR (r=0.62), followed by cystatin C (r=0.41). We conclude that (a) both serum NGAL and cystatin C may prove useful in the quantitation of CKD, and (b) by correlation analysis, NGAL outperforms cystatin C and eGFR at lower levels of measured GFR.     

右美托咪定对肝移植手术中肾功能的影响

目的评价右美托咪定对肝移植术中患者肾功能的影响。方法选择本院拟行原位肝移植术患者40例,男31例,女9例,年龄40~60岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级。随机分为两组:右美托咪定组(D组)和生理盐水组(C组),每组20例。D组患者诱导前以右美托咪定负荷剂量0.5μg/kg,10min内泵注,随后以0.4μg·kg-1·h-1持续泵注直至手术结束;C组患者按同等方案泵注生理盐水。两组患者在麻醉诱导后(T1)、无肝期30min(T2)、新肝期30min(T3)、新肝期6h(T4)、术后24h(T5)及术后1周(T6)抽取中心静脉血检测胱抑素C、内生肌酐清除率、血尿素氮、血肌酐,收集尿液检测尿微量蛋白、尿红细胞,记录术中升压药和利尿剂的使用量;记录术中出血量、液体输注量、尿量和输血量(包括悬浮红细胞、新鲜冰冻血浆和血小板)。结果与T1时比较,T3、T4时D组胱抑素C、血尿素氮、血肌酐明显升高,内生肌酐清除率明显降低(P0.05),T3~T5时D组尿微量蛋白明显升高(P0.05),T3~T5时C组胱抑素C、血尿素氮、血肌酐、尿微量蛋白明显升高,内生肌酐清除率明显降低(P0.05);D组T3~T5时的胱抑素C、血尿素氮、血肌酐明显低于C组(P0.05);D组T4、T5时的内生肌酐清除率明显高于,尿微量蛋白明显低于C组(P0.05);围术期D组多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素、去氧肾上腺素的使用量和尿量明显多于C组,呋塞米的使用量明显少于C组(P0.05)。两组术中出血量、输液量及输血量(悬浮红细胞、新鲜冰冻血浆、血小板)差异无统计学意义。结论肝移植围术期持续泵注右美托咪定虽然会增加升压药的使用,但能有效减轻术中急性肾损伤,减少利尿剂的使用。     

Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a marker of renal function in hypertensive and normotensive patients with coronary artery disease

Aim: Hypertension is one of the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. The kidneys could be a victim and/or culprit of hypertension. Recently, the value of neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) was highlighted as a novel marker for early detection of acute renal damage. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess whether hypertension could affect NGAL and cystatin C levels in patients with normal serum creatinine (lower than 1.5 mg/dL in males and 1.2 mg/dL in females) and stable coronary artery disease. Methods: Serum, urinary NGAL, cystatin C and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study (MDRD) and Cockcroft–Gault formulas) were evaluated in hypertensive, normotensive patients with stable coronary heart disease and healthy volunteers. Results: Normotensives had significantly lower NGAL than hypertensives. Serum cystatin C was significantly lower in normotensives than in hypertensives. Urinary NGAL did not differ significantly between these groups. Despite similar serum creatinine levels, eGFR (MDRD and Cockcroft–Gault formulas) was significantly higher in normotensives than in hypertensives. Serum NGAL was related, in univariate analysis, to serum creatinine, urea, urinary NGAL, haemoglobin, haematocrit, duration of hypertension, age, eGFR by MDRD and Cockcroft–Gault, and cystatin C. Conclusion: Hypertension is associated with kidney injury as reflected by elevated serum NGAL and cystatin C. It is noteworthy that despite normal serum creatinine, eGFR is relatively low suggesting impaired renal function. Therefore, NGAL needs to be investigated as a potential early marker for impaired kidney function/kidney injury, especially in patients with another risk factor for kidney damage, namely coronary artery disease.     

供受者围手术期应用乌司他丁对移植肾功能保护机制的探讨

目的 研究活体肾移植供受者围手术期应用乌司他丁(ulinastatin,UTI)对受者肾功能的影响,探讨其肾功能保护机制. 方法 将40对全身麻醉下活体肾移植供、受者按随机数字表法分为两组(每组20对):UTI组(U组)和对照组(C组).U组供者于阻断肾动脉前1h静脉泵注UTI5 000 U/kg(稀释至50 ml,输注时间20 min),受者于吻合肾血管开放后即刻泵注UTI 5 000 U/kg(稀释至50 ml,输注时间20min);C组供、受者以同U组相同方案泵注等量生理盐水.两组受者在麻醉诱导前(T1)、吻合血管开放前15 min(T2)、吻合血管开放即刻(T3)、手术结束时(T4)、术后6 h(T5)、术后24 h(T6)时的血浆血栓素A2(thromboxane A2,TXA2)、前列环素I2(prostacyclin I2,PGI2)浓度[采用ELISA法检测T1～T6时待测血样中血栓素B2(thromboxane B2,TXB2)、6-酮-前列腺素F1α(6-ketone-prostaglandin F1α,6-keto-PGF1α)浓度(TXA2和PGI2在血浆中极不稳定,但通过测量两者的稳定代谢产物TXB2、6-keto-PGF1α可间接了解TXA2和PGI2的生成情况)及TXA2/PGI2比值和T11T6、术后48 h(T7)时的血肌酐(serum creatinine,Scr)、半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C(cystatin C,CysC)浓度及尿量. 结果 与T11比较,两组受者T2～T6时血浆TXB2浓度均明显升高(P＜0.05),T4时达到峰值,之后降低,T6时仍高于术前水平;T2～T6时血浆6-keto-PGF1α浓度均升高(P＜0.05),T3时达到峰值,之后降低,T6时升高虽有统计学意义(P＜0.05),但基本恢复至术前水平;T2～T6两组TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α均明显升高(P＜0.05);T6～T2时Scr及CysC水平明显降低(P＜0.05),尿量明显增多(P＜0.05).与C组比较,U组T2～T6时血浆TXB22度明显降低(P＜0.05);T4～T5时血浆6-keto-PGF1α浓度降低幅度明显下降(P＜0.05);T2～T6时TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α明显降低(P＜0.05);T6～～7时Scr、CysC水平明显降低(P＜0.05);T6～～7时虽尿量增多,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论 UTI对TXA2/PGI2比例失衡有一定的调节作用,可通过此机制改善移植肾的血流灌注,对缺血//灌注损伤(ischemia/reperfusion injury,I/RI)导致的移植肾功能受损有一定保护作用.     

Could neutrophil-gelatinase-associated lipocalin and cystatin C predict the development of contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary interventions in patients with stable angina and normal serum creatinine values?

The value of neutrophil-gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) was highlighted as a novel biomarker for the detection of acute renal failure. We tested the hypothesis whether NGAL could represent an early biomarker of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in 100 patients with normal serum creatinine values undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). In addition, we assessed serum and urinary NGAL in relation to cystatin C, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and serum and urinary creatinine in these patients. We measured urinary and serum NGAL values before and 2, 4, 8, 24, and 48 h after the PCI. We found a significant rise in serum NGAL levels 2, 4, and 8 h after the PCI and in urinary NGAL values 4, 8, and 24 h after a PCI procedure. Cystatin C rose significantly 24 h after the procedure. The prevalence of CIN was 11%. The NGAL levels were significantly higher 2 h after the PCI (serum NGAL) or 4 h after the PCI (urinary NGAL), whereas the cystatin C values were higher only 8 and 24 h after a PCI procedure in patients with CIN. In multivariate analysis, only serum creatinine was a predictor of serum NGAL before a PCI. NGAL may represent a sensitive early biomarker of renal impairment after PCI. Serum creatinine level, the presence of diabetes, and the duration of the PCI may affect serum NGAL values and kidney function following a PCI procedure.     

Renal biomarkers for assessment of kidney function in renal transplant recipients: how do they compare?

Accurate assessment of renal function is of key importance, given its prognostic value. However, gold standard measures are cumbersome, and serum creatinine itself is an insensitive predictor, especially in renal transplant recipients. Though GFR-estimating formulae have been relied upon, they do have their own limitations. Nevertheless, renal biomarkers such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and cystatin C, among others, are now emerging as potentially useful indicators of GFR. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of NGAL versus cystatin C and eGFR using CKD-EPI, MDRD and cystatin C in renal transplant recipients and non-transplant CKD patients. We found a significant correlation between NGAL, serum creatinine, cystatin C and eGFR. The latter parameters were also strong predictors of serum NGAL levels. However, performance of NGAL, based on receiver operating characteristic curves, was inferior to that of the reference tests. It appears that in renal transplant recipients NGAL correlates well with cystatin C and eGFR, most strongly with cystatin-based formula. Though this suggests potential use of NGAL as a screening test, its weaker diagnostic performance raises some concern about its clinical usefulness. Larger studies are needed to explore this further.     

Dexmedetomidine reduces acute kidney injury after endovascular aortic repair of Stanford type B aortic dissection: A randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled pilot study

Study objectiveTo determine the effect of dexmedetomidine on acute kidney injury (AKI) following endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) for Stanford type B aortic dissection (TBAD).DesignRandomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot study.SettingUniversity Hospital.Patients102 TBAD patients undergoing EVAR procedures were enrolled. Patients with dissection involving aortic arch or renal artery were excluded.InterventionsPatients were randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, to a dexmedetomidine group (intravenous dexmedetomidine 0.4 μg/kg/h immediately after anesthesia induction and 0.1 μg/kg/h after extubation, which was maintained until 24 h) or a normal saline control group.MeasurementsThe primary outcome was the incidence of AKI within the first two days after surgery, based on the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria. The secondary outcomes included serum cystatin C and estimated glomerular filtration rate on postoperative days 1, 2, and 7, and in-hospital need for renal replacement therapy (RRT). Long-term outcomes included RRT and all-cause mortality.Main resultsNinety-eight patients completed the study (dexmedetomidine, n = 48; control, n = 50). AKIN stage 1 AKI occurred in 3/48 (6.3%) patients receiving dexmedetomidine, compared with 11/50 (22%) patients receiving normal saline (odds ratio = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.89, P = 0.041). This difference remained significant after adjusting for baseline covariates (adjusted odds ratio = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.84; P = 0.028). Dexmedetomidine led to a lower serum cystatin C on postoperative day 1 (median [IQR] mg/L: 1.31 [1.02–1.72] vs. 1.58 [1.28–1.96]). There were no between-group differences in other secondary or long-term outcomes. During the follow-up (median = 28.4 months), 1 patient in the dexmedetomidine group and 3 patients in the control group required RRT.ConclusionsDexmedetomidine reduced the incidence of AKI in TBAD patients after EVAR procedures. The long-term benefits of dexmedetomidine in this patient population warrant further investigation.Trial registration: ChiCTR-IPR-15006372.     

Are there any new reliable markers to detect renal injury in obese children?

Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the serum and urine levels of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), osteopontin (OPN), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and serum Cystatin-C to determine the renal effect of obesity in obese children.

Methods: Seventy-two obese and 35 non-obese healthy children were included in this study. Blood pressure (BP) was evaluated with office measurement. Creatinine, cystatin C, lipids, fasting glucose, and insulin levels were measured, and homeostasis model assessment -insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. The urine albumin/creatinine ratio was calculated. The serum and urine KIM-1, NGAL, OPN, and MMP-9 levels were measured.

Results: Serum cystatin-C, triglyceride, and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index were found to be significantly higher in the obese group (p?=?.0001), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was found to be significantly lower (p?=?.019) in the obese group. No significant differences were found in serum KIM-1, NGAL, OPN or MMP-9 levels between groups (p?>?.05). No significant differences were found in urine KIM-1 and MMP-9 levels (p?>?.05), Urine NGAL, and OPN levels were found significantly higher in obese groups (p?Conclusions: According to our results, although serum KIM-1, NGAL, OPN, MMP-9, and urine MMP-9, urine KIM-1 do not appear to be ideal markers to evaluate renal injury in the early period of obesity, the serum levels of cystatin C and urine NGAL, urine OPN can be used as a good marker for assessing the renal effect of obesity which can lead end stage renal disease in pediatric population.     

Serum cystatin C levels in children with sickle cell disease

Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) may develop kidney dysfunction from childhood. The purpose of this study was to examine the value of serum cystatin C as a marker for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in children with SCD, as compared to serum creatinine and creatinine clearance (CrCl). Twenty children (ages 9–21, ten males) with SCD with and without albuminuria were studied. The mean serum cystatin for the whole group was 0.89 mg/l (0.5–1.7 mg/l). Mean serum cystatin C was significantly different among the children with proteinuria (n=4), microalbuminuria (n=5), and without albuminuria (n=11) (1.25 mg/l, 0.84 mg/l, and 0.78 mg/l, respectively). The mean GFR derived from serum cystatin was significantly different among these subgroups, becoming abnormal in the proteinuric cohort (63 ml/min per 1.73 m²), in contrast to 94 for the microalbuminuric, and 103 for the normal subgroups. Serum creatinine (mean: 0.58 mg/dl, range: 0.3–1.1) did not change significantly with the level of albuminuria. Mean CrCl remained normal to increased within the subgroups, (133 ml/min per 1.73 m² for those with proteinuria, 144 for those with microalbuminuria, and 163 for the normal subgroup). We conclude that serum cystatin C correlates with the level of albuminuria and may be a reliable method to measure renal function in SCD. An erratum to this article can be found at     

右美托咪定对全麻下经皮肾镜取石术患者肾功能的影响

目的探讨右美托咪定对肾脏结石患者全麻下经皮肾镜取石术时肾功能的影响。方法选择择期行经皮肾镜取石术患者30例,男25例,女5例,年龄40~70岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,按分层随机区组设计分为右美托咪定组(D组)和对照组(C组),每组15例。D组在常规麻醉诱导用药前10min经静脉输注右美托咪定1μg/kg,随后以0.5μg·kg-1·h-1的速率静脉输注至手术结束,C组给予等容量的生理盐水。于手术开始前即刻(T0)、手术结束即刻(T1)、术后第1天(T2)和术后第3天(T3)时取静脉血样和留尿液,采用全自动生化分析仪测定血清血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Scr)、胱抑素C(CYS-C)、视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)的浓度,采用贝克曼特定蛋白仪测定尿α1-微球蛋白(α1-MG)、尿微量白蛋白、尿转铁蛋白(Tf)及尿液免疫球蛋白G的浓度。结果两组各时点BUN及Scr差异无统计学意义。与T0时比较,T_1~T3时两组CYS-C及RBP明显升高(P0.05);T1~T3时D组CYS-C及RBP明显低于C组(P0.05)。两组各时点尿微量白蛋白、Tf及免疫球蛋白G差异均无统计学意义;与T0时比较,T1~T3时两组尿α1-MG明显升高(P0.05);T1~T3时D组尿α1-MG明显低于C组(P0.05)。结论常规麻醉诱导前静脉输注右美托咪定1μg/kg,随后以0.5μg·kg-1·h-1的速率静脉输注至手术结束,对肾脏结石患者全麻下经皮肾镜取石术产生一定的肾脏保护作用。     

右旋美托咪啶对腹部手术患者全麻苏醒的影响

目的观察右旋美托咪啶分别复合七氟醚及丙泊酚对全麻患者苏醒的影响。方法选择全麻下行腹部手术患者80例,随机双盲分为4组：七氟醚＋生理盐水组（S组）、丙泊酚＋生理盐水组（P组）、七氟醚＋右旋美托咪啶组（SD组）及丙泊酚＋右旋美托咪啶组（PD组）。右旋美托咪啶用生理盐水稀释成4μg/ml,诱导插管后以3μg·kg-1·h-1静脉泵注10min,再以0.3μg·kg-1·h-1恒速维持至手术结束。S组及P组则于诱导插管后按相同速度静脉泵注生理盐水至手术结束。术中调节各组七氟醚和丙泊酚用量,以维持BIS在45±5。术后记录患者停药至睁眼的时间,并用短期定向记忆实验测量患者的认知功能。结果术后苏醒期,S组、P组和SD组的睁眼时间组间无统计学差异,但PD组患者睁眼时间较其他3组显著延长（P〈0.05）。术前及术后60min,4组患者MMSE评分差异无统计学意义。结论右旋美托咪啶不会影响患者术后的认知功能恢复,但它会延长静脉麻醉患者的苏醒时间。     

Effects of dexpanthenol and N-acetylcysteine pretreatment in rats before renal ischemia/reperfusion injury

Background: We investigated the anti-inflammatory and protective effects of concomitant use of dexpanthenol (DXP) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) induced ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of kidney. Methods: Forty rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. In all groups except for Group 1(Sham), renal arteries bilaterally occluded with vascular clamp for IR injury. Group 1(Sham), received a single dose of 10?mL/kg isotonic saline daily by intraperitoneal (IP) injection for three days. Group 2(IR), received a single dose of 10?mL/kg isotonic saline daily by IP injection for three days. Group 3(IR?+?NAC), received 300?mg/kg NAC daily by IP injection for three days. Group 4(IR?+?DXP), received 500?mg/kg DXP daily by IP injection for three days. Group 5(IR?+?NAC?+?DXP), received 500?mg/kg DXP and 300?mg/kg NAC daily by IP injection for three days. Serum urea (BUN), creatinine (Cr) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL, lipocalin 2, siderocalin) levels were measured as kidney function tests. TNF-α levels were measured as inflammatory marker. Tissue sections were evaluated histopathologically under light microscopy. Results: IR?+?NAC?+?DXP group received both NAC and DXP before induction of renal I/R and as the biochemical and histopathological data revealed the results of the IR?+?NAC?+?DXP group and sham group were similar. Biochemically and histopathologically, combined use of NAC and DXP has better results when each of them used alone. Conclusion: We concluded that concomitant use of DXP and NAC plays a major role against I/R injury and may be useful in acute treatment of I/R induced renal failure.