铜绿假单胞菌中群体感应系统的研究进展

群体感应系统(quorum sensing)是一种细菌细胞与细胞间的信号传递系统。细菌通过可扩散的小分子信号分子感知细胞群体的密度,从而引起一些特定基因在细菌群体中的协调表达。铜绿假单胞菌中的QS系统包括LasI/LasR和RhlI/RhlR两条主要的信号系统和喹诺酮信号系统。本文系统地介绍了铜绿假单胞菌中QS系统的研究现状和相关应用。     

铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统及其抑制剂的研究进展

铜绿假单胞菌耐药严重,形成的感染严重威胁患者健康.群体感应是细菌密度依赖的群体调控行为.细菌利用可扩散的信号分子监控周围同种或异种细菌的密度,调控特定基因的适时、协同表达.群体感应系统参与调控铜绿假单胞菌的致病性和耐药性,备受关注.深入研究铜绿假单胞菌的群体感应系统,可阐明该菌的群体行为调控机制及致病机制,由此研发铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统的抑制剂,对缓解该菌的耐药并根除其感染具有重要意义.本文就铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统及其抑制剂的研究进展做一综述.     

铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统研究进展

目的:综述铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统研究进展,从而寻找铜绿假单胞菌治疗的新方向。方法:查阅近年来国内外相关文献并对其进行总结。结果:群体感应系统是细菌依赖细胞密度,通过自诱导分子进行细胞间交流的信号传递系统。当自诱导分子达到阈值时启动群体感应系统从而调节基因表达。结论:群体感应系统参与细菌毒素的释放和生物膜的形成,因此通过抑制群体感应系统降低铜绿假单胞菌的致病性和耐药性成为抗感染治疗药物新靶点。     

铜绿假单胞菌的群体感应系统与其致病及耐药机制

群体感应(QS)系统作为依赖细胞密度的胞间信号传递系统,在细胞生长、发育和分化中起重要作用.铜绿假单胞菌是院内常见的条件致病菌,对多种抗生素耐药.本文概述QS系统在铜绿假单胞菌致病机制及生物被膜介导的耐药机制中的作用,同时介绍基于铜绿假单胞菌QS系统的药物开发进展.     

铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统与生物膜形成

群体感应（quorum-sensing，QS）系统是细菌依赖于群体密度的信号交流机制，细菌依靠该机制对外界环境变化作出协调统一的应答。目前对铜绿假单胞菌的QS系统已有较深入的研究，该菌的QS系统由两种相互作用的酰化高丝氨酸内酯（AHL）及非-AHL分子调节系统组成，在转录或转录后水平上对细菌的群体行为作出调节。针对QS系统的抗生素将为治疗细菌生物膜感染带来广阔前景。     

铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统分子受体基因lasR与Ⅰ类整合酶intI1基因表达的相关性分析

目的通过研究铜绿假单胞菌Ⅰ类整合子阳性株群体感应系统基因lasR与Ⅰ类整合子整合酶基因intI1表达水平的相关性,初步探讨群体感应系统对Ⅰ类整合子的调控机制。方法通过荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测铜绿假单胞菌群体QS信号分子受体基因lasR和Ⅰ类整合子整合酶基因intI1在液相菌与生物被膜菌中mRNA的表达水平,分析两基因表达的相关性。结果铜绿假单胞菌在生物被膜中群体感应系统lasR基因及Ⅰ类整合子intI1基因的mRNA表达水平高于液相菌,两者表达水平呈现正相关性(r=0.695,P<0.05)。结论铜绿假单胞菌群lasR和intI1基因表达呈正相关,提示intI1基因表达可能与群体感应系统的调控作用有关。     

多尼培南对铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成和群体感应系统的影响

目的：探究新型碳青霉烯类抗生素多尼培南（doripenem,DOR）对临床分离铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜形成的抑制作用,及对其群体感应系统相关基因LasR、RhlR、PqsA、PqsE、PqsR表达量的影响。方法：用结晶紫染色法测定30株临床分离铜绿假单胞菌形成生物被膜能力和多尼培南对生物被膜形成的抑制作用;微量肉汤稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度（minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC）和最低抑制生物被膜浓度（minimal biofilm inhibitory concentration,MBIC）;活菌计数法绘制多尼培南对生物被膜内细菌的杀菌曲线;采用实时定量荧光PCR （real-time PCR）法测定多尼培南对群体感应（quorum-sensing,QS）系统相关基因表达量的影响。结果：30株铜绿假单胞菌中的29株（97%）形成生物被膜;多尼培南具有较强的抗铜绿假单胞菌浮游菌和生物被膜抑制活性,MICR为0.5～1μg·mL-1,MBICR为1～4μg·mL-1;显著下调LasR、RhlR、PqsA、PqsE、PqsR的表达量。结论：临床分离铜绿假单胞菌具有高生物被膜形成率,多尼培南对铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜具有抑制作用,可能与其下调QS系统相关基因有关。     

群体感应系统对大鼠腹腔铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜感染的影响

目的探讨群体感应(quorum sensing,QS)系统对腹腔植入物铜绿假单胞菌(PA)生物被膜(biofim,BF)感染致病性的影响。方法以输液管为载体,PAO1、PAO1-JP2为实验菌株,建立大鼠腹腔移植物PA BF感染动物模型,采用连续稀释法进行载体表面活菌计数。扫描电镜(SEM)观察载体BF的形态变化。结果组织病理学可见PAO1组炎性反应较PAO1-JP2组更严重。SEM观察发现PAO1组载体表面细菌黏附和形成的BF较PAO1-JP2组稠厚。载体表面BF内活菌计数PAO1组显著高于PAO1-JP2组(P<0.01),并且在第7天后有增多趋势(P<0.05)。结论在体内移植物PA感染过程中,BF形成及感染的程度受QS系统调节,其在PA BF相关感染中起着重要作用。     

5个恶唑烷酮类新化合物对铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统的抑制研究

目的 以铜绿假单胞菌PAO1为模式菌,研究恶唑烷酮类新化合物对铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统的抑制作用及其作用机制。方法 测定5个恶唑烷酮类新化合物对PAO1生物膜、绿脓菌素、运动能力抑制活性,采用qRT-PCR测试其对群体感应相关基因的下调作用,并评估化合物对秀丽隐杆线虫感染模型的保护活性。结果 化合物SIIA-MA2与SIIA-MA4对PAO1生物膜、绿脓菌素、运动能力具有较强的抑制活性,其作用机制均是并显著下调PAO1中10个已知的受群体感应系统正调控的基因。化合物SIIA-MA2与SIIA-MA4对秀丽隐杆线虫感染模型具有良好的体内保护活性,其中化合物SIIA-MA2对急性感染模型具有显著保护活性;化合物SIIA-MA4对慢性感染模型具有显著保护活性。结论 恶唑烷酮类新化合物SIIA-MA2和SIIA-MA4通过抑制PAO1群体感应系统发挥抗感染作用。     

D-环丝氨酸抑制铜绿假单胞菌群体感应活性研究

摘要：目的 以铜绿假单胞菌模式菌株PAO1为研究对象,研究抗结核药物D-环丝氨酸通过靶向抑制病原菌群体感应 (quorum-sensing,QS)系统实现抑制病原菌毒力发挥的新应用潜力。方法 用不同浓度的D-环丝氨酸处理铜绿假单胞菌,通过 系列表型实验结合荧光定量PCR以评估D-环丝氨酸对群体感应所调节的毒力因子和相应基因表达的影响,并利用秀丽隐杆线虫 感染模型评估D-环丝氨酸对铜绿假单胞菌毒力抑制的体内活性。结果 D-环丝氨酸表现出良好的铜绿假单胞菌生物膜、绿脓菌 素以及蛋白水解酶抑制活性,显著抑制了QS系统调控基因和下游功能基因的表达,并且可以显著提高秀丽隐杆线虫在铜绿假单 胞菌感染过程的存活率。结论 D-环丝氨酸可以有效抑制铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统,有望开发成功的抗生素替代药物。     

群体感应系统对铜绿假单胞菌生物膜形成的影响

目的:研究群体感应系统对铜绿假单胞菌生物膜形成的影响.方法:采用生理盐水-吸痰管系统进行生物膜的培养,3天后用扫描电镜观察PAO1、PAO1 lasI rhlI、PAO1 lasR rhlR形成生物膜的情况.结果:PAO1野型可形成较厚、有孔状通道的生物膜,而PAO1 lasI rhlI基因缺陷型和PAO1 lasR rhlR基因缺陷型形成的生物膜明显稀薄,未能形成成熟的生物膜结构.结论:表明PAO1野型与lsaI rhlI和lasR rhlR基因缺陷型铜绿假单胞菌体外形成生物膜的能力差异有显著性.     

Synthesis and biological activities of some 1,3-benzoxazol-2(3H)-one derivatives as anti-quorum sensing agents

Antibiotics are commonly used to treat microbial infections. Due to misuse or large-scale use of antibiotics, many pathogens have gained resistance which makes antibiotic treatments ineffective. The discovery that many bacteria use quorum sensing (QS) to regulate their virulence factor and pathogenicity production makes the QS system an attractive target for antimicrobial therapy. A series of 1,3-benzoxazol-2(3H)-one derivatives were designed and synthesized as QS inhibitors (QSIs) and tested for their QS inhibitory activities. In vitro quorum sensing inhibitor screen (QSIS) assay indicated that the 1,3-benzoxazol-2(3H)-one (compound 1), 5-chloro-1,3-benzoxazol-2(3H)-one (compound 6), 6-methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-2(3H)-one (compound 11), and 5-methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-2(3H)-one (compound 16), inhibit QS system in quorum sensing selector (QSIS)1 strain. These 4 QSIs also significantly reduced elastase production, biofilm formation and swarming motility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01 strain. These results suggest that compound 1, 6, 11 and 16 may provide a starting point for the design and development of new anti-pathogenic drugs that restrict virulence of P. aeruginosa and possibly other clinically important human pathogens. In addition, these QSI molecules could potentially be used in combination with conventional antibiotics to increase the efficiency of disease control and to extend the life span of established antimicrobials.     

群体感应系统对细菌耐药的调控作用

群体感应是细菌依赖于细胞密度、调节群体适应能力的一种普遍机制。细菌群体感应系统调节许多特定的功能,如对细菌耐药相关性状的调节。本文就群体感应系统对细菌耐药相关性状的调控作用进行综述。     

Model-Based Drug Development in Pulmonary Delivery: Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Novel Drug Candidates for Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lung Infection

Antibiotic resistance is a major public health threat worldwide. In particular, about 80% of cystic fibrosis patients have chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) lung infection resistant to many current antibiotics. We are therefore developing a novel class of antivirulence agents, quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs), which inhibit biofilm formation and sensitize PA to antibiotic treatments. For respiratory conditions, targeted delivery to the lung could achieve higher local concentrations with reduced risk of adverse systemic events. In this study, we report the pharmacokinetics of 3 prototype QSIs after pulmonary delivery, and the simultaneous analysis of the drug concentration-time profiles from bronchoalveolar lavage, lung homogenate and plasma samples, using a pharmacometric modeling approach. In addition to facilitating the direct comparison and selection of drug candidates, the developed model was used for dosing simulation studies to predict in vivo exposure following different dosing scenarios. The results show that systemic clearance has limited impact on local drug exposure in the lung after pulmonary delivery. Therefore, we suggest that novel QSIs designed for pulmonary delivery as targeted treatments for respiratory conditions should ideally have a long residence time in the lung for local efficacy with rapid clearance after systemic absorption for reduced risk of systemic adverse events.     

Recent Advances of Therapeutic Targets for the Treatment of Periodontal Disease

Periodontal disease is primarily associated with bacterial infection such as dental plaque. Dental plaque, an oral biofilm harboring a complex microbial community, can cause various inflammatory reactions in periodontal tissue. In many cases, the local bacterial invasion and host-mediated immune responses lead to severe alveolar bone destruction. To date, plaque control, non-surgical, and surgical interventions have been the conventional periodontal treatment modalities. Although adjuvant therapies including antibiotics or supplements have accompanied these procedures, their usage has been limited by antibiotic resistance, as well as their partial effectiveness. Therefore, new strategies are needed to control local inflammation in the periodontium and host immune responses. In recent years, target molecules that modulate microbial signaling mechanisms, host inflammatory substances, and bone immune responses have received considerable attention by researchers. In this review, we introduce three approaches that suggest a way forward for the development of new treatments for periodontal disease; (1) quorum quenching using quorum sensing inhibitors, (2) inflammasome targeting, and (3) use of FDA-approved anabolic agents, including Teriparatide and sclerostin antibody.     

Siphonocholin isolated from red sea sponge Siphonochalina siphonella attenuates quorum sensing controlled virulence and biofilm formation

Increasing incidence of multi-drug resistant bacterial pathogens, especially in clinical settings, has been developed into a grave health situation. The drug resistance problem demands the necessity for alternative unique therapeutic policies. One such tactic is targeting the quorum sensing (QS) controlled virulence and biofilm production. In this study, we evaluated a marine steroid Siphonocholin (Syph-1) isolated from Siphonochalina siphonella against Chromobacterium violaceum (CV) 12472, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Acinetobacter baumannii (BAA) for biofilm and pellicle formation inhibition, and anti-QS property. MIC of Syph-1 against MRSA, CV, PAO1 was found as 64 µg/mL and 256 µg/mL against BAA. At selected sub-MICs, Syph-1 significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased the production of QS regulated virulence functions of CV12472 (violacein) and PAO1 [elastase, total protease, pyocyanin, chitinase, exopolysaccharides, and swarming motility]. The Syph-1 significantly decreased (p = 0.005) biofilm formation ability of tested bacterial pathogens, at sub-MIC level (PAO1 > MRSA > CV > BAA) and pellicle formation in A. baumannii (at 128 µg/mL). Molecular docking and simulation results indicated that Siph-1 was bound at the active site of BfmR N-terminal domain with high affinity. This study highlights the anti-QS and anti-biofilm activity of Syph-1 against bacterial pathogens reflecting its broad spectrum anti-infective potential.     

Quorum sensing inhibitors: a patent review (2014–2018)

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell density-dependent phenomenon in which specific pathways are activated after autoinducers (AIs) outside the microorganism reach a threshold concentration. QS creates a positive feedback loop that induces a cascade of gene expression and causes biofilm formation, virulence and sporulation. QS signals are diverse, acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL), AI peptide (AIP) and AI-2 are three major categories of QS signals. QS inhibitors (QSIs) can disrupt or prevent the formation of biofilm and reduce virulence while exerting less selective pressure on the bacteria, suggesting that QSIs are potential alternatives for antibiotics.

Areas covered: This review summarized the pertinent patents on QS inhibition available from 2014 to 2018. The authors analyze these patents and provided an overview of them and their potential applications.

Expert opinion: The main strategy for QS inhibition is to use the analogues of various QS signals to block downstream signal transducers. The inactivation of signal molecules or the stimulation of the immune response is also attractive strategies to inhibit QS. However, additional clinical trials are needed to assess their efficacy in mammals. In sum, QS inhibition can reduce the virulence of bacteria without affecting their growth or killing them and the reduced pressure may minimize the increasingly resistance.