结核性脑膜炎评分系统对儿童结核性脑膜炎的诊断价值

目的 评价结核性脑膜炎(TBM)评分系统对儿童TBM与病毒性脑炎进行鉴别的价值。方法 回顾性分析2010年1月1日至2017年12月31日天津市儿童医院呼吸科收住院的确诊及临床诊断TBM的患儿102例(TBM组),以及同期病毒性脑炎患儿125例(病毒性脑炎组)。TBM评分系统采用包括临床表现、脑脊液检测结果、影像学表现、肺结核或肺外结核的其他表现进行综合评分来诊断TBM(分值越高,越支持TBM诊断;评分≥12分可以临床诊断TBM)。采用病例对照研究的方法,比较该评分系统诊断TBM的敏感度及特异度;同时比较该评分系统与结核菌素皮肤试验(TST)、γ干扰素释放试验(IGRA)及脑脊液病原学检测敏感度的差异。结果 TBM组患儿中,16例(15.69%,16/102)脑脊液病原学检测阳性,确诊为TBM患儿;其余86例(84.31%,86/102)TBM患儿经评分系统评估,分值为(13.25±2.22)分,明显高于病毒性脑炎组患儿的评分[(3.79±2.48)分],差异有统计学意义(t=29.97,P<0.001)。86例患儿中,76例患儿TBM评分≥12分,判断为临床诊断TBM患儿;TBM诊断的敏感度为90.20%(92/102),特异度为100.00%(102/102)。脑脊液病原学检查中,抗酸杆菌染色的敏感度为15.69%(16/102),结核分枝杆菌培养的敏感度为10.78%(11/102),DNA检测的敏感度为16.47%(14/85),均明显低于TBM评分系统(χ ²值分别为113.65、128.66、100.64,P值均<0.001)。免疫学检查方法中,TST的敏感度为50.00%(51/102),特异度为99.20%(124/125);IGRA的敏感度为72.55%(74/102),特异度为99.20%(124/125);敏感度均明显低于TBM评分系统(χ ²值分别为39.31、10.48,P值均<0.001)。 结论 TBM评分系统对TBM诊断价值较好,其敏感度明显高于脑脊液抗酸染色、脑脊液结核分枝杆菌培养、脑脊液DNA检测、TST及IGRA等检测方法。     

脑脊液检测在结核性脑膜炎早期诊断中的研究进展

结核性脑膜炎(tuberculous meningitis,TBM)是肺外结核中最严重的临床表现类型,具有较高的病死率及致残率,故早期、快速诊断及鉴别诊断TBM对疾病的治疗和预后至关重要。笔者通过综述近年来脑脊液(cerebrospinal fluid,CSF)检测在TBM早期诊断及与化脓性脑膜炎、病毒性脑膜炎(viral meningitis,VM)和新型隐球菌性脑膜炎(cryptococcul neoformans meningitis,CNM)的鉴别诊断方法,旨在为TBM的早期诊断与鉴别诊断提供一定的诊疗思路。     

结核性脑膜炎早期诊断相关因素分析

目的探讨结核性脑膜炎(TBM)早期诊断的相关因素。方法选取太原市结核病医院2015年1月—2017年8月确诊为TBM的早期病人83例,并选取同时期、年龄匹配,排除TBM的颅内感染病人20例。比较病人的年龄、性别、发病时间、有无结核接触史、临床表现、脑脊液及影像学检查等临床资料,分析影响TBM早期诊断的相关因素。结果单因素分析显示影响TBM早期诊断的影响因素有:临床症状为症状持续5 d、过去1年内有肺结核接触史或结核菌素皮下试验阳性、发热、颈强直、脑神经麻痹;脑脊液检查为外观清亮、淋巴细胞50%、蛋白质1 g/L;影像学检查为脑膜强化、增强前颅底高信号、胸部X线片显示有活动性结核、CT、磁共振(MRI)或超声在中枢神经系统(CNS)外发现结核灶。多因素Logistic分析结果显示:发热、颈强直、胸部X线片显示有活动性结核,脑脊液外观清亮、脑脊液蛋白质1 g/L是影响TBM早期诊断的独立因素。结论影响TBM早期诊断的相关因素较多,对有发热、颈强直临床表现及脑脊液外观清亮、脑脊液蛋白质1 g/L及胸部X线片显示有活动性结核的病人要高度重视,应联系临床表现及各种辅助检查结果进行综合诊断,提高TBM的早期诊治率。     

结核性脑膜炎实验室检查研究近展

本文综述结核性脑膜炎(TBM)诊断方面的研究进展。着重探讨脑脊液酶学检查、溴化物分布试验及结核硬脂酸、结核杆菌抗原和抗结核抗体检测在 TBM 诊断中的应用价值.     

脑脊液结核分枝杆菌阳性的结核性脑膜炎32例临床分析

结核性脑膜炎(tuberculosis meningitis,TBM)是最严重的结核病,病死率高,后遗症严重[1],早期诊断是改善预后的关键.TBM诊断的金标准仍是脑脊液(CSF)涂片或培养分离出结核分枝杆菌[2].本研究回顾性分析32例脑脊液结核分枝杆菌阳性的TBM患者资料,探讨其临床特点,以期能提高TBM的诊断率,减少误诊、漏诊,改善患者的预后.     

一例耐多药结核性脑膜脑炎患者的诊治过程并文献复习

<正>结核性脑膜炎(TBM)是最严重的肺外结核类型,且随着耐药结核病在全球范围内的流行,耐药及耐多药结核性脑膜炎(MDR-TBM)患者也有增多趋势。因脑脊液(CSF)细菌学检查阳性率低,早期耐药TBM的诊断较为困难;且因血脑屏障及药物通透性的影响,耐药TBM的治疗与耐药肺结核相比在药物选择上也有其特殊性。因此,耐药TBM在诊治方面较耐多药肺结核有更多的诊断和治疗难点。笔者对     

结核性脑膜炎患者脑脊液中腺苷脱氨酶和结核抗体水平研究

目的探讨结核性脑膜炎(TBM)的早期诊断方法。方法采用氨的偶联酶测定法和酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)检测3组病例(结脑组51例,病脑组30例,非脑膜炎组20例)脑脊液(CSF)中腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)的活性水平和脑脊液结核抗体(PPD-IgG)的阳性率。结果研究发现结脑组脑脊液中腺苷脱氨酶活性水平明显升高,与病脑组和非脑膜炎组比较有显著性差异(p<0.01)。而病脑组与非脑膜炎组比较无显著性差异(p>0.05);结核性脑膜炎早期脑脊液中结核抗体的阳性率为80.4%(其中2周内PPD-IgG阳性率为80.4%,1周内为23.5%,其他为3.9%),在随后的临床跟踪检测中为100%。结论说明共同检测脑脊液中腺苷脱氨酶的活性明显升高和结核抗体阳性可以作为结脑早期诊断的重要依据。     

结核性脑膜炎患者脑脊液中腺苷脱氨酶和结核抗体水平研究

目的 探讨结核性脑膜炎（TBM）的早期诊断方法.方法 采用氨的偶联酶测定法和酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）检测3组病例（结脑组51例,病脑组30例,非脑膜炎组20例）脑脊液（CSF）中腺苷脱氨酶（ADA）的活性水平和脑脊液结核抗体（PPD-IgG）的阳性率.结果 研究发现结脑组脑脊液中腺苷脱氨酶活性水平明显升高,与病脑组和非脑膜炎组比较有显著性差异（P＜0.01）.而病脑组与非脑膜炎组比较无显著性差异（P＞0.05）;结核性脑膜炎早期脑脊液中结核抗体的阳性率为80.4%（其中2周内PPD-IgG阳性率为80.4%,1周内为23.5%,其他为3.9%）,在随后的临床跟踪检测中为100%.结论 说明共同检测脑脊液中腺苷脱氨酶的活性明显升高和结核抗体阳性可以作为结脑早期诊断的重要依据.     

结核性脑膜炎的诊疗进展

结核性脑膜炎(TBM)属于常见的肺外结核病,病情重、变化快、危害大,其发病率和病死率均较高。TBM的临床表现缺乏特异性,实验室检查灵敏度低,因此其诊断仍较困难。目前对TBM的诊断主要通过临床表现、实验室检测及影像学检查。TBM的早期诊断和及时合理治疗是改善其预后的重要手段。该文对TBM的诊断及治疗方面的研究进展进行综述。     

脑脊液结核分枝杆菌游离核酸检测在结核性脑膜炎早期诊断中的价值

目的探讨脑脊液结核分枝杆菌游离核酸(Cf-TB)检测方法对结核性脑膜炎的早期诊断价值。方法前瞻性纳入2019年9月至2022年3月于首都医科大学附属北京胸科医院结核科、北京朝阳医院神经内科、解放军263医院神经内科就诊的疑诊为脑膜炎的患者189例, 其中男性116例, 女性73例, 年龄7～85(38.5±19.1)岁。留取患者脑脊液标本分别进行Cf-TB检测、结核菌培养和利福平耐药实时荧光定量核酸扩增检测技术(Xpert MTB/RIF)检测, 探讨不同检测方法对结核性脑膜炎的诊断价值。应用SPSS 20.0软件进行数据统计分析, 以P<0.05差异有统计学意义。结果 189例患者中, TBM组患者127例, 非TBM组患者62例。Cf-TB检测的敏感度为50.4%(95%CI 41.4%～59.3%), 特异度为100%(95%CI 92.7%～100%), 阳性预测值为100%(95%CI 92.9%～100%), 阴性预测值为49.6%(95%CI 40.6%～58.6%)。在以临床诊断为金标准时, Cf-TB检测的敏感度为50.4%(64/127), 显著高于结核菌培养...     

TB PCR in the early diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis: evaluation of the Roche semi-automated COBAS Amplicor MTB test with reference to the manual Amplicor MTB PCR test. .

SETTING: Cecilia Makiwane Hospital, Mdantsane, Eastern Cape, Republic of South Africa. OBJECTIVE: To assess the role of the semi-automated Roche COBAS AMPLICOR(TM)Mycobacterium tuberculosis PCR test in the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM). DESIGN: Eighty-three specimens of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were collected prospectively from 69 patients with suspected TBM. The COBAS AMPLICOR TB PCR test was compared with the manual AMPLICOR(TM)TB PCR test, clinical and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings, direct ZN smear and radiometric TB culture. RESULTS: CSF from 7/40 (17.5%) patients treated for TBM were positive by TB COBAS AMPLICOR(TM). The sensitivity of the test was not significantly different (p=0.375) from the manual TB AMPLICOR(TM)PCR test. The comparative sensitivities of the TB COBAS AMPLICOR(TM)PCR and the manual AMPLICOR PCR for detecting cases of definite and probable TBM from CSF collected within 9 days of commencing antituberculosis treatment were 40% and 60% respectively. All 29 patients not treated for TBM were negative by COBAS AMPLICOR(TM), giving a specificity of 100%. CONCLUSION: The COBAS AMPLICOR(TM)TB PCR test is a rapid and highly specific diagnostic test for TBM. However, there was a non-significant trend favouring slightly greater sensitivity using the manual AMPLICOR(TM)TB PCR test.     

Diagnosing tuberculous meningitis – have we made any progress?

Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) comprises a significant proportion of TB cases globally and causes substantial morbidity and mortality, especially in children and HIV‐infected patients. It is a challenging condition to diagnose due to its non‐specific clinical presentation and the limited sensitivity of existing laboratory techniques. Smear microscopy and culture are the most widely available diagnostic tools yet are negative in a significant proportion of TBM cases. Simplified and more affordable nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are increasing in use in resource‐limited settings but have not been optimised for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. Novel diagnostic methods such as CSF interferon‐gamma release assays and various biomarkers have been developed but require further evaluation to establish their utility as diagnostic tools. There is an urgent need for further research into optimal diagnostic strategies to decrease the morbidity and mortality as a result of delayed or missed diagnosis of TBM. In this review, we discuss current and novel diagnostic tests in TBM and areas where future research should be prioritised.     

Tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis in young children

OBJECTIVES: To document the clinical and diagnostic features of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) in young children with and without concomitant miliary tuberculosis (TB). METHODS: A retrospective comparative study. RESULTS: Of 104 children with TBM, 32 (31%), median age 17.0 months, had a miliary appearance on chest radiograph; 72 (69%), median age 30.5 months, had TBM only (P = 0.04). Mediastinal adenopathy was noted in 27 (84%) of the children with miliary TB and 33 (46%) of those with TBM only (P = 0.0005). The mean cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lymphocyte and polymorphonuclear counts of all children (no significant differences between groups) were 137 x 10(6)/l and 38 x 10(6)/l and the mean protein and glucose concentrations were 1.45 g/l and 0.72 mmol/l, respectively. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were predominant in the CSF of 17% of children, in 16% the CSF glucose was > 2.2 mmol/l and in 26% the CSF protein was < 0.8 g/l. On Mantoux testing 37 (65%) of 57 children with TBM only and 12 (48%) of 25 children with TBM and miliary TB had an induration of > or = 10 mm (P = 0.23). Ten children (10%) died, five (7%) who had TBM only and five (16%) who had TBM and miliary TB. CONCLUSION: Children with TBM and miliary TB were younger and more likely to have mediastinal adenopathy on chest radiography than those with TBM only. Diagnostic features and investigations in both groups may be misleading at times.     

Diagnostic utility of cerebrospinal fluid studies in patients with clinically suspected tuberculous meningitis.

OBJECTIVE: To compare yields of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies in the diagnosis of tuberculosis meningitis (TBM). DESIGN: Prospective laboratory study, Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya. STUDY POPULATION: Consecutive patients with 1) headache, neck stiffness and altered consciousness for more than 14 days, 2) above features plus evidence of tuberculosis elsewhere in the body, and 3) on standard antimeningitic drugs for one week without response, were included. Those with contraindications to lumbar puncture, confirmed causes of meningitis (except TB) and on anti-tuberculosis treatment were excluded. METHODS: CSF cell counts, glucose and protein were assayed. CSF was stained on ZN, cultured on LJ and BACTEC and subjected to PCR and LCR for Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA sequences. Positive tests for M. tuberculosis were classified as definite and the rest as probable TBM. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients with a mean age of 33.0 years were recruited. Mean CSF cell count was 71/microl and CSF lymphocyte count up 67%. Mean CFS protein and glucose were 2.10 g/l and 2.05 mmol/l, respectively. BACTEC was positive in 20 cases, LJ 12, LCR eight, and PCR and ZN one each. Twenty-six patients had definite and 32 probable TBM. Patients with definite TBM had significantly higher CSF protein, lower CSF glucose, higher CSF cell count and lower CSF lymphocytes. CONCLUSION: TBM can be confirmed in half of clinically suspected cases. More sensitive tests for confirmation of TBM are required.     

Efficiency of polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis

The early diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is very important. In this study, the efficiency of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), one of the most reliable and sensitive DNA-based assays, was compared with conventional methods (acid-fast microscopy and culture) for the detection of M. tuberculosis in cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) specimens from patients suspected of TBM. Of the 29 CSF specimens from highly-probable TBM patients (based on clinical features), 25 were positive by PCR (86.2%), whereas only one of 29 was acid-fast microscopy (AFM) positive (3.4%), and 5 out of 29 were culture-positive (17.2%). No positive results were found by AFM, culture or PCR in the non-tuberculous control group. The results of this study indicate that the application of PCR should be extremely useful in the diagnosis of TBM.     

Diagnosis of cryptococcal and tuberculous meningitis in a resource‐limited African setting

Objectives Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) and tuberculous meningitis (TBM) are common in HIV‐infected adults in Africa and difficult to diagnose. Inaccurate diagnosis results in adverse outcomes. We describe patterns of meningitis in a Malawian hospital, focusing on features which differentiate CM and TBM with the aim to derive an algorithm using only clinical and basic laboratory data available in this resource‐poor setting. Methods Consecutive patients admitted with meningitis were prospectively recruited, clinical features were recorded and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was examined. Results A total of 573 patients were recruited, and 263 (46%) had CSF consistent with meningitis. One hundred and twelve (43%) had CM and 46 (18%) had TBM. CM was associated with high CSF opening pressure and low CSF leukocyte count. Fever, neck stiffness and reduced conscious level were associated with TBM. A diagnostic index was constructed demonstrating sensitivity 83%and specificity 79% for the differentiation of CM and TBM. An algorithm was derived with 92% sensitivity for the diagnosis of CM, but only 58% specificity. Conclusions Although we demonstrate features associated with CM and TBM, a sufficiently sensitive and specific diagnostic algorithm could not be derived, suggesting that the diagnosis of CM and TBM in resource‐limited settings still requires better access to laboratory tools.     

Tuberculous meningitis in Turkish children: an evaluation of 38 cases

Thirty-eight cases of tuberculous meningitis in children were studied. Mortality was 28.9%; most of these presented with stage III disease.Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) still ranks as one of the most important communicable diseases in terms of morbidity and mortality. It is universally fatal if not treated and has high morbidity and mortality, if not recognized early. According to WHO's data, 1.3 million new TB cases under 15 year olds were reported. In Turkey, the TB prevalence is 0.4 %. According to data from the Turkish Ministry of Health, the number of admissions to hospitals dropped from 108 per 100,000 in 1971 to 51 per 10,000 in 1988.Early diagnosis and treatment of TBM are essential in order to prevent late sequelas and death. The diagnosis of TBM may be delayed because many patients initially have vague, seemingly minor, signs and symptoms.In this study, the clinical and laboratory findings of 38 patients with the diagnosis of TBM in our hospital were reviewed, retrospectively, during the past five years. Our purpose was to stress the importance of TBM as a public health problem in Turkey, particularly in the Eastern of Turkey.     

脑脊液标志物在结核性脑膜炎诊断中的研究进展

结核性脑膜炎(tuberculous meningitis, TBM)患者早期的临床表现和影像学变化均不具有特异性,且缺乏有效的实验室诊断方法,致使其诊断异常困难。早期诊断TBM对于患者的及时治疗和改善预后至关重要。脑脊液(cerebrospinal fluid, CSF)中存在多种生物标志物,对TBM早期诊断具有一定的潜在价值。本文主要针对CSF中宿主诊断生物标志物用于TBM诊断的研究进展及挑战进行综述和讨论。     

Rapid molecular diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis using the Gen-probe Amplified Mycobacterium Tuberculosis direct test in a large Canadian public health laboratory.

OBJECTIVE: A 5-year retrospective study of the performance of the Gen-Probe Amplified Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Direct Test (MTD) for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Patient data from culture-confirmed cases of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) were also analysed. RESULTS: In total, 311 CSF specimens were tested by the MTD, of which 17 were positive. When compared with culture (gold standard), the sensitivity and specificity of the MTD test were 93.8% and 99.3%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values for TBM were 88.2%, and 99.7%. Clinical and epidemiological information was requested for all culture-positive TBM patients. These data were used to assess the mortality rate (55.6%) and to determine common factors that could be applied as selection criteria for the appropriate testing of CSF by MTD. CONCLUSION: The study found the MTD test to be a rapid, sensitive and specific test for TBM. A history of immigration from an area endemic for tuberculosis (TB), a history of TB, symptoms of neurological deficits and the results of CSF analyses could be used to appropriately select CSF for MTD testing in order to provide a critical early diagnosis of TBM.     

64例不典型结核性脑膜炎临床诊断和治疗分析

目的　探讨不典型结核性脑膜炎(结脑)的临床分类、诊断和治疗方法。方法 回顾性总结分析68例不典型结脑临床特点、诊断依据,采用3HS(E)RZ/9HRZ化疗方案,并用地塞米松、降颅压治疗。结果 68例不典型结脑分为脑脊液改变不典型、脑脊液和临床表现均不典型两类;治疗结果67例存活,死亡1例,无明显后遗症。随访2年以上者64例。结论 不典型结脑诊断参考:(1)活动性肺结核表现;(2)不典型脑脊液改变或/和不典型结脑临床表现;(3)抗结核试验治疗有效;(4)除外非结脑疾病;(5)脑脊液PPD抗体阳性、腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)增高;(6)CT或MR符合结脑影像;(7)病理显示结核样改变或脑脊液检出抗酸杆菌;具备1~6项中3项或第7项可诊断。采用HS(E)RZ四联12个月化疗,安全、有效。