Treatment of temporomandibular joint ankylosis with temporalis muscle and fascia flap.

This study sought to determine the efficacy of interpositional arthroplasty with temporalis muscle and fascia flap in the treatment of unilateral temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis in adults. This retrospective study of seven cases evaluated the postoperative results of interpositional arthroplasty on temporalis muscle and fascia flap in adults. The operative protocol for unilateral TMJ ankylosis entailed, (1) resection of ankylotic mass, (2) intraoral ipsilateral coronoidectomy, (3) contralateral coronoidectomy when necessary, (4) interpositional tissue transfer to the TMJ with temporalis muscle and fascia flap, (5) maxillomandibular fixation (MMF), and (6) early mobilization and aggressive physiotherapy. The results of this protocol were encouraging, while the functional results of interpositional arthroplasty on temporalis muscle and fascia flap were satisfactory. The findings of this study support the use of temporalis muscle and fascia flap in adult patients with unilateral TMJ ankylosis. Early postoperative initial exercise, physiotherapy, and strict follow-up play an important role in preventing postoperative adhesions.     

Combined surgical therapy of temporomandibular joint ankylosis and secondary deformity using intraoral distraction

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis is a pathological process caused by damage of the mandibular condyle. When this event takes place in subjects during the developmental age, it results in an alteration of the entire maxillofacial complex. Therefore, surgical methods able to remove the temporomandibular ankylosis also include necessary operations to correct the secondary maxillofacial deformity. The distraction osteogenesis has induced our center to modify the surgical protocol for the therapy of patients who have developed TMJ ankylosis and secondary maxillomandibular deformity. We have treated four patients with monolateral ankylosis of the TMJ and serious deformities of the maxillomandibular complex secondary to functional limitation. During the same operation, arthroplasty was performed with the removal of the ankylotic block and the interposition of a temporal muscle flap in the new articular space; an intraoral osteodistractor was also positioned to lengthen the mandible. All patients showed recovery of the eurhythmy of the face and good re-establishment of the symmetry. An average 12-month follow-up showed the average opening of the mouth to be at least 35 mm. The combination of TMJ arthroplasty and intraoral osteodistraction provides good functional and aesthetic results in patients affected by ankylosis who have developed secondary maxillofacial deformities.     

Treatment of temporomandibular joint ankylosis: gap and interpositional arthroplasty with temporalis muscle flap

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of gap and interpositional arthroplasty with temporalis muscle flap in the treatment of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis.

Materials and methods

This retrospective study was evaluated on 34 patients who were treated from February 2003 to July 2007. Diagnosis of TMJ ankylosis was based upon the clinical examination and plain radiography and CT scan. Eight patients (23.5%) had bilateral TMJ ankylosis, and four patients had reankylosis (that had been operated in another center). Trauma was the most etiological factor (88.2%) and osteochondroma of the condyle in one patient caused ankylosis.

Results

Means of maximum mouth opening before and after operation were 5.00 (SD) 3.45 mm and 32.85 (SD) 5.51 mm, respectively. Reankylosis in two patients (5.9%) and facial nerve dysfunction in 12 surgery sides (28.5%) were noted.

Conclusion

The findings of this study suggest that the gap arthroplasty with temporalis muscle flap as interpositional graft is an effective method in the treatment of TMJ ankylosis. The osteoarthrectomy of the callus to create at least 10 mm gap and enough bulk of temporalis muscle flap as interpositional graft followed by at least a 6-month physiotherapy which play an important role in prevention of reankylosis.     

Report of ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint: treatment with a temporalis muscle flap and augmentation genioplasty

A case of true bilateral ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is presented. A 19-year-old male patient had a life-threatening ear infection at the age of ten resulting in a progressive restriction of his mouth opening. He presented with almost complete lack of mobility of the mandible. Surgical treatment was a resection of the ankylotic mass, interpositional temporalis composite muscle flaps, and early mobilization and aggressive physiotherapy. The functional results of the interpositional arthroplasty were excellent. After a two-year follow up, an augmentation genioplasty was performed in order to improve facial aesthetics.     

Management of temporomandibular joint ankylosis with temporalis fascia flap and fat graft

AimTemporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis is a serious problem that restricts jaw mobility and causes disturbances in facial and mandibular growth. The purpose of this paper is to present an easy and versatile method for the treatment of TMJ ankylosis to decrease postoperative complications such as re-ankylosis.Material and methodEleven patients who presented with ankylosis of the TMJ underwent surgical release. After performing gap arthroplasty through a preauricular approach, the temporalis fascia flap was transposed to the gap. An autogenous fat graft was then obtained from the abdomen and used as interpositional material. The follow-up time was 3–5 years.ResultsRe-ankylosis did not occur in any of the patients, and all had satisfactory mouth opening.ConclusionSurgical treatment of TMJ ankylosis with gap arthroplasty, interposition of the temporalis fascia flap and fat grafting is an effective and easily procedure for preventing of re-ankylosis. The autogenous nature and close proximity to the joint are the main advantages of the temporalis fascia flap when compared with other interpositional materials, and the fat graft provides additional support by reducing pressure.     

颞肌筋膜瓣联合冠突移植治疗颞下颌关节强直

目的:应用带蒂颞肌筋膜瓣联合冠突移植治疗颞下颌关节真性强直,评价其重建颞下颌关节的效果。方法:对6例颞下颌关节真性强直患者切除病变区骨质,形成骨间隙,采用带蒂颞肌筋膜瓣转移充填骨间隙和冠突切取植入构造新的“髁突”,重建颞下颌关节。手术后常规随访,评价其疗效。结果:全部病例术后随访4～28个月,开口度3.1～3.8cm,平均开口度3.5cm,效果满意。结论:带蒂颞肌筋膜瓣联合冠突移植治疗颞下颌关节真性强直具有多方面优势,是防止颞下颌关节术后复发的有效手术治疗方法。     

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外伤性颞下颌关节强直的手术方法主要有裂隙式关节成形术、插入式关节成形术及关节重建术。如何选择正确的手术方法和理想的插入材料,是手术成功的关键。术后有效的早期开口训练也是改善开口度的重要手段。本文就这些方面的新进展做一综述。     

同期关节重建及下颌体牵张成骨治疗颞下颌关节强直3例报道

目的:对伴有严重牙颌面畸形的颞下颌关节强直患者,采用自体肋骨软骨移植重建关节,同期运用牵张成骨术行下颌骨牵张成骨延长下颌体长度,治疗下颌后缩和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS),评价治疗计划的可行性及短期效果。方法:3例颞下颌关节强直患者,平均年龄17.5岁,发生关节强直的平均年龄为3.6岁,病程平均为13.9a,开口度均为0,均伴有严重牙颌面畸形和OSAHS。根据头影测量结果,预先设计患侧下颌支下降的长度和下颌体延长长度;采用关节成形术加双侧冠突切除,术中取模制备板,进行同期自体肋骨软骨移植重建颞下颌关节和双侧下颌体牵张成骨术。术后第7天开始牵引,每天2次,牵引速率为0.8mm/d。结果:3例患者均顺利完成手术,术后未出现感染等严重并发症。顺利完成牵张成骨。下颌骨牵引长度平均为22.5mm(20.5～25mm)。术后3个月开口度平均为28mm(26～32mm),患者面形及OSAHS获得良好改善。结论:肋骨软骨移植关节重建同期进行下颌体牵张成骨具有良好的稳定性,该设计有利于缩短治疗周期和治疗费用,在短期内可同时解决开口、面形和OSAHS等问题,为后续矫正咬合关系奠定了基础。     

The inverted temporalis muscle flap for intraoral reconstruction: its rationale and the results of its application.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this article was to show the discrepancies among the different parts of the temporalis muscle flap (TMF), to introduce a new rotational arc for the TMF based on these findings, and to examine the outcomes associated with the use of this modified method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two models were established on 5 human skulls to mimic the situations with the usual dissection technique or the extended dissection technique for the TMF. The lengths of the anterior part, the middle part, and the posterior part of the flap were measured and analyzed for statistical significance. A new rotational arc for the TMF was introduced, in which the flap was inverted beneath the zygomatic arch, placing the temporalis fascia away from the oral side. Seventeen consecutive oral cancer cases treated with either the traditional method or the inverted method of flap transposition were reviewed and divided into 2 groups dictated by the rotational arcs of their flaps. The traditional TMF was used in 11 cases and the inverted TMF was used in 6 cases. Clinical examination and imaging studies were used for assessment of outcome, and the results from the 2 patient groups were compared. RESULTS: The middle and posterior parts of the temporalis muscle were significantly longer than the anterior part on the skull models. However, the middle and posterior parts did not differ greatly in length. The extended dissection technique increased the flap length except for the anterior part. Both flaps were successful in closing the defects in all cases and healed well. No muscle necrosis was observed. However, the patients receiving the traditional TMF developed noticeable cheek fullness in 4 instances, sialocele in 3, significant reduction of range of mouth opening in 2, and distinct velopharyngeal insufficiency in 2, whereas only 1 case in which the inverted TMF was used developed cheek fullness. CONCLUSIONS: The middle or posterior part of the temporalis flap is preferred over the anterior part for covering distant defects because of its extra length. The inverted TMF is simple and safe to apply. It can extend farther in the posterior oral cavity and has fewer complications than the traditional TMF.     

Surgical treatment of temporomandibular joint ankylosis.

The patient must be made to understand that a normal joint cannot be constructed by any surgical procedure and his part in the rehabilitation programme must be specifically stressed and assurance must be obtained from him that he is willing to carry out instructions during the postoperative treatment. The surgeon must be self disciplined enough to demand the best of himself in any situation and never to be satisfied with less. The surgeon must be generally optimistic, but his knowledge of the local anatomy and the surgical pathology must constantly remind him of his limitations. He must know that we cannot construct a normal joint and we must not promise one.     

The temporalis muscle flap in reconstruction of intraoral defects: an appraisal of the technique

PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to review the experience of the authors in the use of the temporalis muscle flap for reconstruction of intraoral defects. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective review of the use of the temporalis muscle flap for reconstruction of different types of intraoral defects in 8 patients. All patients in this series previously wore obturators as a nonsurgical treatment of their defects. Criteria used to evaluate the results of this technique included flap necrosis, facial nerve deficit, limitation of mandibular range of motion, and cosmetic deformity from scarring of the incision line or from loss of muscle volume in the temporal fossa. The patients were also evaluated for their degree of satisfaction with their speech and mastication with the obturator preoperatively and with the flap postoperatively. This article also reviews the success rates and complications with use of the temporalis muscle flap reported in the English-language literature during the past 14 years. RESULTS: All 8 patients in this series had their defects successfully reconstructed, completely eliminating any further need for prosthetic obturation of the defect. There were no incidents of flap necrosis, facial nerve deficit, or long-term changes in mandibular range of motion. Slight temporal hollowing was seen in the first 3 patients. Results of the literature review also showed a high success rate and a low incidence of complications with use of this flap. CONCLUSIONS: The temporalis flap is a useful, reliable, and versatile option for reconstruction of moderate to large sized defects. The muscle can provide abundant tissue, with minimal to no functional morbidity or esthetic deformity in the donor site.     

Severe proliferative congenital temporomandibular joint ankylosis: a proposed treatment protocol utilizing distraction osteogenesis

The classical treatment for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis in children: 1) joint release; 2) arthroplasty; 3) reconstruction; and 4) postoperative physical therapy (PT), is often unsuccessful. Postoperative physical therapy is difficult in the young patient due to poor cooperation. Moreover, there is a subgroup of patients who have a refractory congenital proliferative bony process that is the cause of their disease. In these patients, a role for distraction osteogenesis (DO) has been defined. We present a series of young patients with congenital proliferative TMJ ankylosis. Some have failed classic treatment. In such cases, DO is used to expand the mandibular size and soft tissue matrix. This creates a static open bite, facilitates mid-facial growth, and avoids compromise of the airway, speech, nutrition, and oral hygiene. To maintain these objectives, mandibular DO may be repeated as the child matures. Once skeletal maturity is reached, DO is used to normalize occlusion and further expand the soft tissue envelope prior to definitive reconstruction and aggressive post-op PT. In seven patients, this protocol has been used. Five patients are currently in the active phase of growth and undergoing interim treatment with mandibular DO. Two patients have reached skeletal maturity and have completed the protocol of DO with definitive arthroplasty and reconstruction. DO is a valuable aid in the treatment of the problematic child with congenital proliferative TMJ ankylosis. Interim DO, prior to definitive arthroplasty and reconstruction, can provide a static open bite that prevents progressive deformity and its associated functional disturbances.     

The role of a temporalis fascia and muscle flap in temporomandibular joint surgery

Temporalis fascia, with a varying thickness of temporalis muscle, may be harvested as an axial flap based on the middle and deep temporal arteries and veins. The dependable blood supply, the proximity to the temporomandibular joint, and the ability to alter the arc of rotation by basing the flap inferiorly or posteriorly make this a versatile flap for lining the temporomandibular joint. In this report, the anatomy is reviewed, the harvesting technique is described, and multiple uses of the temporalis muscle-fascia flap in temporomandibular joint surgery are described.     

The sequential treatment of temporomandibular joint ankylosis with secondary deformities by distraction osteogenesis and arthroplasty or TMJ reconstruction

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sequential treatment of patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis and secondary deformities by distraction osteogenesis and subsequent arthroplasty or TMJ reconstruction. This study included 40 patients treated at a stomatological hospital in China; they ranged in age from 9 to 53 years (mean age 24.5 years). Ten of these patients were diagnosed with unilateral TMJ ankylosis and 30 with bilateral TMJ ankylosis. Twenty-seven patients also presented obstructive sleep apnoea–hypopnoea syndrome (OSAHS). All patients underwent distraction osteogenesis as the initial surgery, followed by arthroplasty or TMJ reconstruction. Some patients underwent orthognathic surgery to improve occlusion and face shape along with or after arthroplasty or TMJ reconstruction. The therapeutic effects were evaluated in terms of the improvements in maximum inter-incisal opening (MIO), appearance, and respiratory function. After the completion of treatment, all patients showed improvements in MIO and appearance, and the symptom of snoring disappeared. The airway space was significantly increased. Patient follow-up ranged from 6 to 85 months (mean 28.3 months), and four patients experienced relapse. This study suggests that treating TMJ ankylosis with secondary deformities by distraction osteogenesis as the initial surgery and arthroplasty or TMJ reconstruction as the second-stage treatment may achieve favourable outcomes, especially for patients with OSAHS; however, some patients may require orthognathic surgery.     

牵张成骨序列治疗颞下颌关节强直及继发畸形

目的:回顾我院应用牵张成骨序列治疗颞下颌关节强直及继发颌面部畸形的效果.方法:40例关节强直患者,平均年龄24.5岁(9～53岁),其中单侧强直11例,双侧29例,伴发OSAHS者27例.所有患者一期手术牵张成骨,二期手术拆除牵张器并同期行颞下颌关节成形术,同期或三期行正颌手术改善面部外形.通过术前术后最大张口度、面型及打鼾症状改善情况评估治疗效果.结果:关节成形术后40例患者张口度基本恢复正常,面型均得到显著改善,打鼾症状全部消失.经过4～72个月(平均20.5个月)的随访,4例患者关节强直复发.结论:应用一期牵张成骨二期关节成形治疗颞下颌关节强直及继发畸形能够精确控制面型和气道的改变.