Effects of Ganoderma lucidum on cellular immunocompetence in γ-irradiated mice

We have investigated the effects on mice treated with Ganoderma lucidum (GI) when the whole body was exposed to 400 rad γ-irradiation. The mice were divided into five groups. Group A was the normal control; group B, the experimental control, was treated with GI; group C was the radiation control (RT); group D was treated with RT and GI; group E was treated with GI, RT and GI. The results revealed that the relative spleen weight had increased significantly in groups B and E on day 7 and increased in all experimental groups on day 28 after irradiation. The leukocyte counts decreased obviously in groups C, D and E on day 7, and recovered in groups D and E was faster than that in group C on day 28. The blastogenic response of splenocytes to LPS, Con A and PHA in groups administered GI were higher than that in group C on days 7 and 28. Therefore, GI seemed to assist the recovery of cellular immunocompetence in γ-irradiated mice.     

Cytotoxicity of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenes

Two new triterpenoids, lucidenic acid N (1) and methyl lucidenate F (2), together with four known compounds, lucidenic acid A, lucidenolactone, lucidenic acid C, and ganoderic acid E, were isolated from the dried fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. Their structures were elucidated by spectral and chemical transformation studies. Among them, lucidenic acid N (1), lucidenic acid A, and ganoderic acid E showed significant cytotoxic activity against Hep G2, Hep G2,2,15, and P-388 tumor cells.     

Central actions of Ganoderma lucidum

An aqueous extract of the dried fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum exhibited central depressant actions as shown by the inhibition of spontaneous motor activity, analgesic activity and delay in the time to death induced by either strychnine or caffeine. The extract also elicited some muscle relaxant effects.     

Anti-androgenic activities of Ganoderma lucidum

The inhibitory effects of methanol extracts of 19 edible and medicinal mushrooms on 5alpha-reductase activity were examined. The extract of Ganoderma lucidum Fr. Krast (Ganodermataceae) showed the strongest 5alpha-reductase inhibitory activity. The treatment of the fruit body of Ganoderma lucidum or the extract prepared from it significantly inhibited the testosterone-induced growth of the ventral prostate in castrated rats. These results showed that Ganoderma lucidum might be a useful ingredient for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).     

灵芝提取物对人外周血细胞免疫调节作用的研究

 目的 研究灵芝子实体的水提取物、醇提取物单独及与诱导物一起使用对人外周血吞噬细胞和淋巴细胞的免疫调解作用。方法 以吞噬细胞化学发光、淋巴细胞化学发光和淋巴细胞增殖的方法,观察灵芝提取物的免疫调节作用。结果 单独灵芝提取物不能引起细胞免疫反应,与诱导物一起使用后,低浓度的灵芝提取物对细胞免疫功能有激活作用,高浓度则有免疫抑制作用。结论 与诱导物一起使用后,灵芝水提取物和醇提取物对人外周血吞噬细胞和淋巴细胞均具有双向调节作用。     

Radical scavenger and antihepatotoxic activity of Ganoderma formosanum,Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma neo-japonicum

The free radical scavenging and antihepatotoxic activity from Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma formosanum and Ganoderma neo-japonicum were studied. Treatment with the water extract of Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma formosanum and Ganoderma neo-japonicum caused a marked decrease in the CCl₄-induced toxicity in rat liver, made evident by their effect on the levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) in the serum. The scavenging potency of the water extracts of the crude drugs was evaluated in terms of their ability to reduce the peaks of spin adducts using electron spin resonance (ESR) spin-trapping techniques. The results indicated that Ganoderma formosanum showed the greatest antihepatotoxic activity and the greatest free radical scavenging activity.     

灵芝和紫芝对照提取物在灵芝样品指纹图谱分析的应用

目的使用赤芝对照提取物(CZERS)、紫芝对照提取物(ZZERS)对所收集18批次灵芝药材进行高效薄层色谱(HPTLC)以及高效液相色谱(HPLC)指纹图谱分析。方法使用HPTLC指纹图谱方法,高效娃胶预制板,以氯仿-乙腈-甲醇-甲酸=13:2:0.5:0.53次展开和环己烷-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-甲酸=15:5:0.5:0.52次展开的方法分别分析灵芝三萜酸类和甾醇类成分。使用HPLC指纹图谱方法,Kromasil 100-5 C18柱(4.6mm×250 mm,5μm);流动相:A-乙腈,B-0.02%嶙酸;梯度洗脱程序:0~40min,29%→33%A,40-70 min,33%→65%A,70-105 min,65%→100%A;105-120 min,100%A;检测波长244 nm(DAD检测器);流速1.OmL·min^-1;进样量10μL;柱温25℃。结果使用对照提取物(ERS)和指纹图谱分析方法,可以区分赤芝,无柄灵芝和紫芝。不同种类和生长方式的灵芝成分存在差异。结论灵芝品种繁多,分野生和人工培养,而人工培养的培养基又有不同,导致不同灵芝个体间成分存在差异。使用特定品种的ERS和指纹图谱分析方法更加适合灵芝多成分整体质量控制的需求。     

灵芝有效成份的研究概况

灵芝为灵芝科灵芝属(Ganoderma Karst)真菌,我国现有已知灵芝属真菌66种,分布于国内23个省市,主要有灵芝(Ganoderma lucidum)(又名红芝、赤芝),紫芝(G.Japonicum)即中国灵芝,薄盖灵芝(G.Capense),树舌芝(G.Applanatum),云芝(G.Polystictus)等.     

富硒灵芝对实验性高脂血症大鼠血脂和一氧化氮、内皮素水平的影响

目的观察富硒灵芝对高脂血症大鼠血脂和一氧化氮(NO)、内皮素(ET)水平的影响,探讨其治疗高脂血症的作用机制。方法将50只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型对照组、富硒灵芝高剂量组、富硒灵芝低剂量组、吉非罗齐阳性药对照组,各10只。采用喂养高脂饲料方法复制高脂血症大鼠模型,在造模同时各组每日灌胃予药物(或水)治疗,连续8周。第8周末各组大鼠末次给药后禁食禁水12 h,断头取血,测定各组大鼠血脂、血清NO、血浆ET的水平。结果与正常对照组比较,模型对照组总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、ET水平显著升高(P<0.01),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、NO水平显著降低(P<0.05);与模型对照组比较,各治疗组均可降低高脂血症大鼠TC、TG、NO水平(P<0.01),升高HDL-C、NO水平(P<0.05);各治疗组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论富硒灵芝可以调节大鼠脂质代谢的异常,缓解高脂血症所引起的ET和NO的失衡。     

3种灵芝多糖的研究

 目的对3种灵芝多糖的含量、单糖组成和糖蛋白含量进行研究。方法提取和纯化灵芝子实体、菌丝体和发酵液多糖,应用高效液相色谱法和凯氏定氮法对多糖的含量、单糖组成及糖蛋白质含量作了分析、比较。结果3种灵芝多糖含量分别为：子实体含0.75%;菌丝体含2.13%;发酵液含0.982 g·L^-1。3种多糖均由葡萄糖、果糖组成,这两种单糖在子实体和菌丝体多糖中的摩尔比相同,为7∶1;在发酵液多糖中的摩尔比为2∶1。3种灵芝多糖中糖蛋白含量分别为：子实体多糖含12.22%;菌丝体多糖含26.62%;发酵液多糖含2.92%。结论研究结果为综合开发利用灵芝提供了科学依据。     

灵芝发酵培养基的研究

本文从无机盐、氮源、碳源、维生素等方面研究了灵芝发酵培养基的配方,然后根据发酵时所得到的不同菌粉得率,最终得出一个比较合适的灵芝发酵培养基配方。     

灵芝三萜类化学成分研究

目的研究灵芝三萜类化学成分。方法采取硅胶、Sephadex LH-20、制备HPLC等多种色谱方法,依据波谱数据对结构进行分析和鉴定。结果灵芝(Ganoderma lucidum)子实体中共分离了25个化合物,分别为灵芝酸A(1)、灵芝酸AM1(2)、灵芝酸C2(3)、灵芝酸D(4)、灵芝酸DM(5)、灵芝酸F(6)、灵芝酸H(7)、灵芝酸I(8)、灵芝酸K(9)、灵芝酸M(10)、灵芝酸N(11)、灵芝酸S(12)、灵芝酸TN(13)、灵芝酸TQ(14)、灵芝酸TR(15)、灵芝酸Y(16)、灵芝烯酸C(17)、灵芝烯酸D(18)、灵芝醇A(19)、灵芝醇B(20)、灵芝醇F(21)、Lucialdehyde A(22)、Deacetyl ganoderic acid F(23)、Ganodermanontriol(24)、Ganodermanondiol(25)。结论本研究进一步拓展了对灵芝三萜类化学成分的研究,为灵芝资源合理开发利用提供了科学依据。     

灵芝孢子粉、破壁灵芝孢子粉对Lewis肺癌小鼠肿瘤生长和VEGF表达的比较研究

目的:比较灵芝孢子粉、破壁灵芝孢子粉对Lewis肺癌荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达的影响。方法:采用C_(57)BL/6小鼠左前肢腋下皮下接种建立Lewis肺癌荷瘤小鼠模型,灵芝孢子粉、破壁灵芝孢子粉各设3、2、1g/kg三个剂量组,连续灌胃给药18天。给药期间观察小鼠体重,记录肿瘤体积变化;末次给药后处死,取肿瘤、胸腺和脾脏,称重并计算抑瘤率、胸腺指数和脾指数;HE染色观察肿瘤组织病理状况;Tunel法检测肿瘤组织细胞凋亡情况;免疫组化法检测肿瘤组织VEGF表达。结果:灵芝孢子粉与破壁灵芝孢子粉均有抑制Lewis肺癌荷瘤小鼠肿瘤的作用,但破壁灵芝孢子粉(3、2g/kg)在提高荷瘤小鼠体重、脾指数、抑制肿瘤生长方面的效果优于灵芝孢子粉;破壁灵芝孢子粉能诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,降低VEGF蛋白表达。结论:破壁灵芝孢子粉抑制Lewis肺癌荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长的效果优于灵芝孢子粉,其机制可能与诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡、降低VEGF表达有关。     

灵芝多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞蛋白激酶A活性的影响

为观察灵芝多糖（ＧＬＢ７）体外对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞（ＭΦ）蛋白激酶Ａ（ＰＫＡ）活性的影响,采用反相离子对高效液相色谱法测定ＭΦ中ＲＫＡ活力。结果表明ＧＬＢ７（４０ｍｇ／Ｌ）能引起小鼠腹腔ＭΦ中ＰＫＡ活性明显升高,１０ｍｉｎ达峰值,３０ｍｉｎ恢复到基础水平。提示灵芝多糖的免疫增强作用与其增强ＭΦ中ＰＫＡ活性有关。     

肉灵芝、灵芝、槐耳菌及蝉花菌对S180肉瘤小鼠的抗肿瘤活性研究

目的:研究肉灵芝、灵芝、槐耳菌和蝉花菌的体内抗肿瘤活性。方法:将健康雄性昆明种小鼠接种S180肉瘤后随机分为对照组、环磷酰胺组、肉灵芝浸出液组、肉灵芝水煎液组、灵芝水煎液组、槐耳菌水煎液组和蝉花菌水煎液组,给药后观察对各组小鼠生存质量、抑瘤率、胸腺指数、脾脏指数。结果:肉灵芝浸出液、肉灵芝水煎液、灵芝水煎液、槐耳菌水煎液、蝉花菌水煎液对小鼠的抑瘤率分别为18.3%、13.1%、46.6%、34.2%、22.5%,灵芝组抑瘤作用显著(P0.05);各组胸腺、脾脏指数与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义。结论:上述药物对小鼠体内肿瘤有一定抑制作用。     

灵芝三萜类物质抗高血压实验研究

目的研究灵芝三萜类物质对原发性高血压大鼠(spontaneously hypertensive rats,SHR)的降压作用。方法以SHR和正常wistar-kyoto(WKY)大鼠为实验对象,1次ig给药,观察灵芝三萜类物质对SHR和WKY血压的影响。结果给药剂量分别为450 mg/kg(体重)和900 mg/kg(体重)时,灵芝三萜类物质对SHR大鼠具有显著降压效果(P<0.05或P<0.01),3 h后降压幅度分别达(20.5±11.9)mmHg和(25.1±13.8)mmHg;给药3 h后SHR血压降至最低点,此后15 h内血压趋于稳定,15 h后SHR血压开始回升,至21 h血压基本恢复到给药前水平,且灵芝三萜类物质对正常WKY大鼠无明显降压作用。相同质量(45 g)灵芝子实体和菌丝体灵芝三萜提取物喂食SHR大鼠,子实体提取物具有明显降压效果(P<0.05),而菌丝体提取物降压效果不明显。结论灵芝三萜类物质对SHR大鼠具有明显的降压作用。     

灵芝乙醇提取物抗肿瘤活性研究

目的:探究灵芝乙醇提取物体内外抗肿瘤的活性。方法:体外实验:采用6种人肿瘤细胞系(胰腺癌SW1990、肺癌A549、宫颈癌Hela、肝癌Hep G2、胃癌MKN45、乳腺癌MCF-7),用灵芝乙醇提取物处理肿瘤细胞,观察细胞生长形态、绘制生长曲线、进行MTT实验及平板集落形成实验。体内实验:采用裸鼠胰腺癌SW1990移植瘤模型,以灵芝乙醇提取物50、100、150mg/kg剂量灌胃,计算瘤体积、抑瘤率及脏器系数。结果:体外实验:灵芝乙醇提取物对胰腺癌SW1990、肺癌A549、宫颈癌Hela、肝癌Hep G2、胃癌MKN45、乳腺癌MCF-7细胞的半数抑制率分别为96.62、44.21、78.66、117.60、44.34、73.28μg/ml。体内实验:70%灵芝提取物50、100、150mg/kg剂量组抑瘤率分别为37.2%、39.2%、43.9%。结论:体外实验表明灵芝乙醇提取物对上述6种肿瘤细胞均具有抑制增殖的作用,且浓度在40μg/ml以上时抑制增殖的作用较强。体内实验表明灵芝乙醇提取物能抑制胰腺癌SW1990生长。     

Extract of Ganoderma lucidum prolongs sleep time in rats

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Ganoderma lucidum (Ling Zhi) is a basidiomycete white-rot macrofungus that has been used as a tranquilizing agent (i.e., An-Shen effect) for the treatment of restlessness, insomnia, and palpitation in China for hundreds of years.

Aim of the study

The present study aimed to investigate whether Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE) influences the sleep of freely moving rats and the potential mechanism.

Materials and methods

Ganoderma lucidum extract was extracted from fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. Rats were treated with GLE orally for 3 days, and on the third day, electroencephalographic and electromyographic recordings were made for 6 h from 9:00 p.m. to 3:00 a.m. in freely moving rats. Sleep parameters were analyzed using SleepSign software. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Three-day administration of GLE significantly increased total sleep time and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep time at a dose of 80 mg/kg (i.g.) without influencing slow-wave sleep or REM sleep in freely moving rats. TNF-α levels were significantly increased concomitantly in serum, the hypothalamus, and dorsal raphe nucleus. The hypnotic effect of GLE (80 mg/kg, i.g.) was significantly inhibited by intracerebroventricular injection of TNF-α antibody (2.5 μg/rat). Co-administration of GLE (40 mg/kg, i.g.) and TNF-α (12.5 ng/rat, i.c.v.), both at ineffective doses, revealed an additive hypnotic effect.

Conclusion

These results suggest that GLE has hypnotic effects in freely moving rats. The mechanism by which the extract promoted sleep remains unclear, but this effect appears to be primarily related to the modulation of cytokines such as TNF-α. Furthermore, these data at least partially support the ethnomedical use of Ganoderma lucidum.     

灵芝三萜类化学成分指纹图谱研究

目的:建立灵芝药材三萜类化学成分高效液相(HPLC)指纹图谱,并以此评价灵芝药材的质量.方法:采用Diamonsil C_(18)色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈和0.8%高氯酸水溶液,梯度洗脱,流速0.9 mL·min~(-1),检测波长254 nm,柱温为室温.灵芝药材HPLC指纹图谱经指纹图谱系统解决方案软件(chromafinger~(TM))生成共有模式,并进行相似度分析.结果:赤芝HPLC指纹图谱共有18个特征峰,其中6个化学成分通过对照品得到指认.赤芝与紫芝HPLC指纹图谱相差较大.结论:该方法为综合评价灵芝的质量提供了科学的依据.     

赤芝孢子的三萜和甾体类成分研究

目的研究破壁赤芝(Ganoderma lucidum)孢子中的化学成分.方法用硅胶柱色谱法及Sephadex LH-20柱色谱法进行分离纯化,依据理化性质和光谱数据鉴定化合物结构.结果从破壁赤芝孢子的乙酸乙酯提取物中分离鉴定了8个化合物,分别被鉴定为灵芝酸A(Ⅰ)、甲基灵芝酸A(Ⅱ)、甲基灵芝酸B(Ⅲ)、灵芝酸C2(Ⅳ)、灵芝酸G(Ⅴ)、麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β-三醇(Ⅵ)、麦角甾醇过氧化物(Ⅶ)和麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β-十五酸酯(Ⅷ).结论化合物Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅶ和Ⅷ为首次从赤芝孢子中分离得到.