预防颈部活动受限患者经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管颈内静脉异位的方法

目的　探讨预防颈部活动受限患者经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管（PICC）颈内静脉异位的方法。方法　采用随机数字表法,将210例拟使用超声引导下改良塞丁格技术行PICC置管的颈部活动受限患者分为观察组（n=106）及对照组（n=104）。观察组采用超声探头压迫法,对照组采用指压法,观察两组PICC置管过程中导管异位入颈内静脉的情况,X线摄片PICC末端位置正确率及并发症的发生情况。结果　观察组PICC异位入颈内静脉的例数 ［3例（2.8%）］显著低于对照组［36例（34.6%）］（P=0.000）。两组X线摄片PICC末端位置正确率均为100%。观察组无并发症,对照组并发症发生率为4.8%,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P=0.022）。结论　超声探头压迫法较指压法能降低颈部活动受限患者PICC颈内静脉异位的概率,而且较安全。     

超声定位在肥胖患者经颈内静脉穿刺置入中心静脉导管中的应用

目的：探讨超声定位在肥胖患者经颈内静脉穿刺置入中心静脉导管中临床应用的可行性。方法：拟行颈内静脉穿刺置入中心静脉导管的肥胖患者共80例，随机分为超声定位组40例和解剖定位组40例，超声定位组在terason 2000＋彩色超声引导系统定位后进行颈内静脉穿刺置入中心静脉导管，解剖定位组按照体表解剖标志定位后进行颈内静脉穿刺置入中心静脉导管，观察比较两组一针穿刺成功率、穿刺置管时间、发生误穿动脉、局部血肿、损伤神经、气胸等并发症的发生率。结果：超声定位组一针穿刺成功率为98%，明显高于解剖定位组的73%（P〈0.05），超声定位组穿刺置管时间为（9.7±2.6）min，明显短于解剖定位组的（15.4±3.1）min（P〈0.05）；超声定位组无一例发生并发症，发生率明显低于解剖定位组的15%（P〈0.05）。结论：超声定位应用于肥胖患者经颈内静脉穿刺置入中心静脉导管可缩短穿刺置管时间，穿刺成功率高，并发症发生率低，更适合在临床上应用。     

导丝塑型在锁骨下静脉置管中的应用

目的　探讨导丝塑型法在锁骨下静脉置管中的临床应用价值。方法　2015年1月至2016年1月400例经右侧锁骨下穿刺行中心静脉置管的患者按就诊单双日分为两组：对照组200例、研究组200例。置管由同一位操作者实施。对比分析两组患者置管过程中导丝异位的发生率。结果　393例成功置管,总体置管成功率98.25%,其中研究组置管成功率98.5%（197/200）,对照组置管成功率98.0%（196/200）,差异无统计学意义（P=0.500）。研究组置管过程中导丝异位发生率1.02%(2/197),明显低于对照组的7.14%(14/196)（P=0.002）,差异有统计学意义。结论　导丝塑型法能够有效预防置管过程中导丝异位的发生,该方法简单、实用、成功率高,是预防置管异位的有效措施。     

血管超声结合塞丁格技术改进经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管的成功率和减少并发症

目的探讨血管超声结合塞丁格（MST）技术在改进经外周静脉置人中心静脉导管（PICC）的成功率和减少并发症方面的适用性和优越性。方法选取108例采用血管超声结合MST技术行PICC置管的患者及108例采用常规直视盲穿PICC的患者,比较两组一次穿刺成功率、一次置管成功率、置管所需时间、早期并发症的发生率。结果超声组一次穿刺成功率88．89％高于盲穿组的72．22％（P=0．002）;一次置管成功率82．41％高于盲穿组的57．41％（P=0．000）;穿刺失败率0．09％低于盲穿组的7．4％（P=0．017）;导管颈内异位2例（P=0．003）、穿刺点渗血2例（P=0．017）、静脉炎3例（P=0．001）、导管堵塞1例（P=0．010）分别低于盲穿组的13、10、18、9例;两组置管所需时间超声组〈15min15例,15～25min72例,〉25min21例;盲穿组〈15min12例,15～25min70例,〉25min26例,两组比较差异无统计学意义（P=0．685）。结论血管超声结合MST技术行PICC置管具有定位靶向血管、提高穿刺置管成功率、减少局部组织损伤和并发症的优势,为患者提供了更优化的PICC的技术方式。     

皮下潜行法颈内静脉穿刺置管的可行性研究

目的：皮下潜行法颈内静脉穿刺置管与中路颈内静脉穿刺置管进行比较,评价其可行性。方法选择脊柱手术病人80例,随机分为2组,每组40例,A组皮下潜行法颈内静脉穿刺置管,B组中路颈内静脉穿刺置管。观察记录总穿刺成功率、一次试穿成功率、置管成功率及并发症,并均于术后摄胸部平片观察中心静脉导管的位置,记录导管留置时间及导管相关性感染发生率。结果 A组穿刺总成功率97.50%,一次试穿成功率90.00%,无误穿动脉、气胸、血胸及导管异位等并发症发生,与B组比较无显著差异（P〉0.05）。 A组导管平均留置时间（15.2±2.3）d,无导管相关性感染,B组导管平均留置时间（9.5±1.5）d,导管相关性感染4例（10.00%）。 A组导管相关感染率明显低于（P=0.04）,而导管留置时间明显高于B组（P=0.00）存在明显区别。结论皮下潜行法颈内静脉穿刺置管具有操作容易、安全性大、导管留置时间长、导管相关性感染率低等特点,具有实用价值。     

改良塞丁格技术联合血管超声在乳腺癌患者术后化疗经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管置管中的作用

目的探讨改良塞丁格技术联合血管超声在乳腺癌患者术后化疗经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管（PICC）置管中的临床效果。方法将接受术后化疗乳腺癌患者120例按照随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各60例,观察组采用改良塞丁格技术联合血管超声PICC置管,对照组采用传统盲穿PICC置管,比较两组患者一次穿刺成功率、一次置管成功率、置管后机械性静脉炎及静脉血栓的发生率。结果观察组一次穿刺成功率、一次置管成功率、置管后机械性静脉炎发生率分别为91．67％、100％和3．33％,对照组一次穿刺成功率、一次置管成功率、置管后机械性静脉炎发生率分别为76．67％、86．67％和45％,两组比较差异均有统计学意义（P=0．0061,P=0．0434,P〈0．0001）。观察组置管后静脉血栓发生率为0,对照组置管后静脉血栓发生率为6．67％,两组比较差异无统计学意义（P=0．1187）。结论将改良塞丁格技术联合血管超声PICC置管应用于乳腺癌患者术后化疗置管成功率高,置管后机械性静脉炎发生率低,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

下颈外静脉穿刺中心静脉置管感染的预防

目的开展超声监测下颈外静脉穿刺中心静脉置管技术与感染的预防。方法将224例颈外静脉穿刺中心静脉置管的患者随机分为两组，对照组：采用肉眼观察血管，经验性操作；观察组：将超声技术应用于颈外静脉穿刺中心静脉置管中，记录两组静脉炎、血栓发生率及1次置管成功率。结果两组颈外静脉穿刺中心静脉置管的患者，观察组静脉炎及血栓发生率低，1次置管成功率高，静脉炎由18．4％降至0．8％，血栓由5．1％降至0，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论采用超声监测下颈外静脉穿刺中心静脉置管可提高1次置管成功率，降低静脉炎及血栓的发生。     

集束化护理在预防ICU病人中心静脉导管相关性血流感染的应用

目的：探讨集束化护理对预防ICU病人中心静脉导管相关性血流感染的作用。方法：将入住在ICU,有中心静脉置管的危重症病人80例分为对照组和观察组各40例：对照组给予常规护理,而观察组则给予集束化护理干预,比较2组病人的住院时间、导管留置时间、并发证及中心静脉导管相关性血流感染发生率等指标。结果：（1）观察组导管平均留置时间（P=0.000 1）、平均住院时间（P=0.002 5）均低于对照组;（2）观察组的CVC-RI发生率为5.0%,显著低于对照组的22.5%（x2=5.165,P=0.048）;观察组的CRBSI发生率为2.5%,显著低于对照组的20.0%（x2=6.135,P=0.029）。结论：入住ICU有中心静脉置管的病人实施集束化护理干预后,可明显缩短置管时间和住院时间,减少并发证,降低导管相关性血流感染的发生率。     

食管癌围手术期应用3种不同途径中心静脉置管分析

目的通过对颈外静脉、股静脉、经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管（PICC）置管进行比较,探讨食管癌患者围手术期中心静脉置管的最佳途径。方法对3种不同途径中心静脉置管共264例进行分析,分别比较穿刺总成功率、一次穿刺成功率、穿刺过程并发症发生率、导管留置时间及置管期间并发症发生率。结果颈外静脉、股静脉、PICC置管组一次穿刺成功率分别为85.33%、86.95%和92.59%,总的成功率分别为96.15%、95.83%和90.00%,3组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;穿刺过程中并发症发生率分别为5.77%、10.42%和6.67%,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;置管期间并发症发生率分别为：7.69%、70.83%和28.33%;,颈外静脉组明显低于另外2组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 3种穿刺途径均穿刺成功率高,穿刺过程中并发症发生情况均无显著性差异,但置管期间并发症发生率颈外静脉组明显低于另外2组,食管癌患者围手术期的治疗静脉通道应首选颈外静脉置管。     

两种途径中心静脉置管的对比观察

目的 :对比观察经颈内静脉和经锁骨下静脉穿刺置管的特点及并发症。　方法 :将 1 34例需行中心静脉置管病人分为两组 ,A组 (n =6 3)经颈内静脉穿刺置管 ,B组 (n =71 )经锁骨下静脉穿刺置管 ,均采用美国Arrow公司生产的一次性单腔中心静脉导管 ,观察 4周 ,比较两组的置管成功率、导管异位、导管堵塞、导管感染等并发症及病人的偏爱情况。　结果 :置管成功率、导管异位、导管堵塞、导管感染和血气胸 ,两组均无统计意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。病人明显偏爱锁骨下静脉置管 (P <0 .0 5 )。　结论 :经颈内静脉或锁骨下静脉行中心静脉置管 ,二者在置管特点和并发症上无明显差异 ,可根据医师对置管技术的熟练情况及病人的偏爱程度进行选择     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.