单边外固定器在肱骨干下1/3骨折治疗中的应用

目的 回顾分析单边外固定器治疗肱骨干下1／3骨折的效果。方法 1997年10月～2002年10月33例肱骨干下1／3骨折，年龄18～70岁(平均31岁)，其中横形骨折3例、斜形骨折1例、螺旋形骨折9例．粉碎性骨折20例。15例行切开复位、有限内固定结合外固定器固定，10例行切开复位、外固定器固定，8例行闭合复位、外固定器固定。9例桡神经损伤者均行桡神经探查。结果 随访8～24个月(平均18个月)。骨折愈合时间11～22周，平均14周。术后有2例桡神经损伤，与术前的9例桡神经损伤在最后一次随访时均恢复功能。肘关节功能恢复正常。有7例外固定针孔感 染，经口服抗生素及针道清创后好转。结论 单边外固定器结合切开复位、有限内固定，在肱骨干下1／3骨折治疗中具有独特的价值及良好的效果。     

Non-union of the humeral shaft treated by internal fixation

We reviewed 40 cases with non-union of the humeral shaft. There were 31 men and nine women patients with an average age of 38.5 (35-65) years. Thirty-four non-unions were of the atrophic type. Non-union was most often found at the transition of the middle third to the lower third of the humeral shaft. Six fractures were classified as open at the time of the initial injury. All patients were treated by open reduction and internal fixation with a dynamic compression plate (DCP). Cancellous bone graft was used in all atrophic non-unions. In one patient an additional fibular graft was used. The average follow-up was 13 (6-18) months. Final results were available for 34 patients. Thirty-one fractures (91%) healed in an average of 4.5 (3-9) months. Main complications were temporary radial nerve palsy in two patients and deep infection in one.     

交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折14例

目的 评价交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折的临床效果。方法 对14例肱骨干骨折病人行交锁髓内钉内固定术,其中肱骨上1/3骨折2例,中1/3骨折11例,下1/3骨折1例。9倒闭合复位,5例开放复位。结果 14例患者随访4～16个月,骨折均愈合,无合并桡神经损伤和骨不连等并发症。结论 交锁髓内钉适合肱骨干骨折的治疗。     

闭合复位带锁髓内钉适宜治疗合并桡神经损伤的肱骨干骨折吗?

目的探讨肱骨干骨折合并的桡神经损伤是否会因为带锁髓内钉置入时的闭合复位操作而导致神经损伤的加重。方法2002年1月～2005年1月手术治疗的353例肱骨干骨折患者中,63例术前合并桡神经损伤。对此63例患者的体检、手术记录、X线片及治疗结果进行回顾性分析。11例行闭合复位带锁髓内钉固定；52例行切开复位内固定术及桡神经探查术,应用PEMS 3．1版本的卡方检验对11例行闭合复位带锁髓内钉固定术的患者与19例可以采用带锁髓内钉固定但行切开复位内固定术及桡神经探查术的患者桡神经恢复情况进行统计学分析。结果52例行切开复位内固定术及桡神经探查术的患者中,9例(17．3%)桡神经被骨折端嵌压,其余43例均为桡神经挫伤。63例患者中,除2例外,桡神经损伤均于术后2～12周(平均8周)自行恢复。所有患者术后3～4个月获骨性愈合。闭合复位带锁髓内钉术与切开复位内固定及神经探查术对肱骨干骨折合并桡神经损伤患者的影响差异无显著性意义(P=0．3931)。结论闭合复位带锁髓内钉固定治疗合并桡神经损伤的肱骨干骨折患者是适宜的。     

桡神经内移在肱骨干骨折固定中的应用

目的:总结桡神经内移在肱骨干骨折固定中应用的结果。方法:2005年1月至2009年12月,对16例肱骨干骨折患者,在行前外侧钢板固定中应用桡神经内移方法治疗。其中,男12例,女4例;年龄26～49岁,平均36岁。左侧9例,右侧7例。根据AO骨折分类:6例为A3.2型,5例为A2.2型,2例为A1.2型,3例为B2.2型。应用美国骨科医师协会提出的DASH量表进行疗效评定,0表示上肢功能正常,1～100表示上肢功能有不同程度的损伤。结果:16例患者术后没有发生与手术相关的并发症,无神经损伤与伤口感染。术后随访20～46个月,平均29个月。上肢功能按DASH上肢功能量表评定,均达到了正常数值(数值为0),取得了满意的临床效果。结论:桡神经内移是一种安全的操作方法,不会引起医源性神经损伤,不影响对骨折的处理。在对肱骨干骨折行开放复位以及前外侧钢板固定中,该手术方法可防止桡神经受损伤。     

带锁髓内钉治疗新鲜四肢长骨干骨折1224例疗效分析

目的总结带锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干、股骨干、股骨髁上、胫骨干和转子间骨折的疗效。方法自1996年10月至2004年6月间使用带锁髓内钉治疗的有完整资料的新鲜四肢骨折1224例,男778例,女446例;平均年龄39岁(16￣92岁)。骨折位于肱骨干92例,股骨转子间210例,股骨干488例,股骨髁上92例,胫骨342例。闭合骨折按AO分型:A型642例;B型364例;C型218例。开放骨折15例(GustiloⅠ型8例,GustiloⅡ型7例)。受伤至手术时间平均为8d(3h￣33d)。闭合复位1203例,切开复位23例;扩髓409例,非扩髓815例。结果平均随访时间为24个月(6￣70个月)。1204例骨折愈合,愈合率为98.2%,平均愈合时间为5个月(3￣12个月)。骨折不愈合22例,其中肱骨4例,股骨8例,股骨髁上4例,胫骨6例,总不愈合率为1.8%。术后无急性感染发生,3例发生晚期深部感染,总感染率为0.2%。术中16例发生严重骨折劈裂,4例为肱骨逆行髓内钉固定,4例Gamma钉固定,9例为股骨逆行髓内钉固定,占1.3%。6例发生医原性神经损伤,占0.4%。股骨髓内钉主钉断裂1例,锁钉断裂9例(0.6%)。晚期髓内钉末端骨折3例,占0.2%。53例主诉髓内钉尾端部位不适,占4.3%。结论闭合复位带锁髓内钉治疗骨干骨折在骨折愈合率、感染率、出血量、功能恢复情况和早期活动方面均较满意,是治疗骨干骨折较好的方法,但     

微创内固定加外固定治疗肱骨干长斜形与螺旋形骨折

[目的]评价微创内固定结合外固定治疗肱骨干长斜形与螺旋形骨折的临床疗效。[方法]24例肱骨干长斜形与螺旋形骨折按AO分类，A1型6例，B1型11例，C1型7例，均采取有限切开复位、微创螺钉内固定结合适宜的外固定进行治疗，术后进行科学合理的康复治疗。[结果]经术后6-15个月、平均9．5个月随访，24例骨折均获临床愈合，愈合时间为3—8个月，平均3．5个月。根据Rodriguez—Merchan EC的肩、肘关节功能评价标准，肩、肘关节功能优17例，良5例，可2例，总体优良率达91．7％，无感染、医源性骨折及周围神经损伤等并发症。[结论]微创螺钉内固定加外固定治疗肱骨干长斜形与螺旋形骨折，符合生物力学原理和微创治疗原则，操作简单，固定稳妥，功能恢复满意。     

微创旋入钉内固定技术治疗伴桡神经麻痹的肱骨干中下段骨折

目的：总结微创旋入钉内固定技术在治疗伴桡神经麻痹的肱骨干中、下段骨折的应用效果。方法：自2004年1月至2008年1月,收治36倒伴桡神经麻痹的肱骨干中、下段骨折患者。其中男28例,女8例;年龄20～58岁,平均36．5岁。致伤原因：机械伤18例,交通伤8例,意外伤10例,均为闭合性骨折。根据AO分型：A1型5例,A2型7例,B1型8例,B2型7例,B3型5例,C3型4例。于骨折部位外侧做小切口,探查桡神经后,复位骨折。经肩峰外侧做小切口,分开三角肌,于大结节后侧开槽,顺行用髓腔钻扩髓,挑选合适旋入钉旋入髓腔远端,沿槽口打入锁片完成固定。记录术后并发症、骨折愈合时间、桡神经功能恢复时间、肩关节和肘关节屈伸范围。采用ASES肩关节和HSS肘关节评分标准评价疗效.结果：36例患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合。获随访9-36周,平均18．5周。骨折愈合时间12～16周,平均为15．6周。桡神经功能术后12～36周完全恢复,平均17．8周。肩关节外展150°～170°,平均160°;肘关节活动范围130°～140°,平均135°。肩关节功能根据ASES评分标准,由术前的（43．85±8．90）分上升至术后的（91．27±7．66）分,差异有统计学意义（t=24．238,P=0．000）,其中优20例,良12例,可4例;肘关节根据HSS评分标准,由术前的（39．97±16．06）分上升至术后的（96．22±3．59）分,差异有统计学意义（t=20．512,P=0．000）,36例均为优。结论：采用微创旋入钉内固定技术治疗伴桡神经麻痹的肱骨干中、下段骨折可获得良好效果。     

可吸收螺钉结合改良外固定支架治疗不稳定性肱骨干骨折

目的探讨外固定支架结合有限切开可吸收螺钉内固定治疗粉碎性长斜形不稳定肱骨干骨折的方法及临床疗效。方法对36例粉碎性长斜形肱骨干骨折患者采用有限切开复位、可吸收螺钉内固定以及结合有羟基磷灰石表面涂层螺钉的外固定架进行治疗。结果36例经6～15个月随访,骨折均获临床愈合,愈合时间3～6个月。肩、肘关节功能评价按Rodriguez-Merchan标准：优28例,良6例,可2例,优良率91.9%,无感染、医源性骨折及周围神经损伤等并发症。结论改良外固定支架结合有限切开可吸收螺钉内固定治疗,损伤小,结合羟基磷灰石表面涂层螺钉,提高了稳定性。     

Radial nerve transposition with humeral fracture fixation: preliminary results

Humeral shaft fractures traditionally have been managed with closed treatment. In patients with polytrauma, open fractures, and patients at risk for nonunion, open reduction and internal fixation and intramedullary nailing have been advocated. The current study describes a technique used in humeral shaft fractures that reduces the risk of iatrogenic radial nerve injury during plate osteosynthesis in fracture patterns at high risk of nonunion (highly comminuted, transverse fractures). Ten patients who had radial nerve transposition were reviewed retrospectively using the electronic records database at the authors' institution. The average age of the patients was 27 years and average followup was 25 months. All had humeral shaft fractures, AO class A3.2 in four patients, B3.2 in five patients, and C2.2 in one patient. All fractures were deemed to be at high risk for nonunion. There were no iatrogenic nerve palsies as a result of the transposition, and no infections. Two patients had delayed or nonunion, who achieved healing after a second intervention. Transposition of the radial nerve is a useful adjunct to plating of humeral shaft fractures in patients at high risk for nonunion. The technique is safe, does not cause iatrogenic injury, and protects the radial nerve during all subsequent approaches to the fracture site.     

跨腕关节外固定器治疗不稳定性桡骨远端骨折

目的 回顾分析闭合复位、单侧外固定器跨腕关节固定治疗不稳定性桡骨远端骨折的效果。方法 2000年6月～2005年3月，利用外固定器跨腕关节固定治疗45例50侧不稳定性桡骨远端骨折，年龄15～78岁（平均44．8岁）。骨折按AO分型：A3型5例5侧，B3型4例4侧，C1型3例3侧，C2型9例9侧，C3型24例29侧。手法或外固定器协助复位，外固定器静力性固定，骨折愈合后拆除外固定器。随访8～48个月（平均20个月）。结果 骨折愈合时间6～8周，平均7．6周。4例4侧出现针道表浅感染，经口服抗生素及局部换药后好转。最后一次随访时，影像学评估（Stewan改良的Sarmiento评分）：优39例42侧，良6例8侧。腕关节功能按Garland与Werley功能评分标准：优34例37侧，良8例9侧，可3例4侧，优良率为92％。结论 闭合复位、单侧外固定器跨腕关节静力性固定桡骨远端骨折，通过选择合适的外固定针置入部位，可以避免桡神经损伤及第二掌骨医源性骨折，减少针道感染及松动等并发症的发生，并有利于术后早期行手部功能锻炼；无需辅助性植骨促进骨折愈合，是不稳定性桡骨远端骨折的有效治疗方法。     

肱骨尺侧结合前侧MIPPO入路双钢板内固定治疗肱骨干下1/3骨折

目的观察肱骨尺侧结合前侧微创经皮钢板内固定（MIPPO）入路双钢板内固定治疗肱骨干下1/3骨折的临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析自2012年1月至2015年5月入住本科,诊断为"肱骨干下1/3骨折"的20例患者。全部采用肱骨尺侧结合前侧MIPPO入路双钢板内固定治疗。统计手术时间,术中出血量,术后观察桡神经、尺神经、肌皮神经功能,骨折愈合时间,采用Neer肩关节功能评分及Mayo肘关节功能评分评估肩、肘关节功能。 结果本组20例患者手术时间60~110 min,平均（85.0±6.5） min;出血量30~60 ml,平均（53.0±7.2）ml;术后切口均一期愈合;无医源性桡神经、尺神经、肌皮神经及重要血管损伤,无内固定失败的病例;骨折愈合时间10~15周,平均（13.0±2.1）周;肘关节最大屈曲范围131°~146°（137.60°±3.51°）;肘关节最大伸直范围0°~5°（2.70°±0.91°）;Mayo肘关节功能评分80~100（92.04±5.72）分;Neer肩关节功能评分85~100（93.63±4.11）分。 结论尺侧入路与常用的前外侧、后侧、外侧入路相比,无需暴露桡神经,避免其带来的医源性损伤;暴露范围大（特别针对内侧蝶形骨块能达到解剖复位）,手术时间短;出血少;内侧切口隐蔽、美观;同时结合前侧MIPPO呈90°双钢板固定肱骨干下1/3骨折,防止单钢板固定失效,在提供坚强的骨折稳定的同时带来更快的骨折愈合。目前随访病例无钢板失效、骨不连及血管、神经损伤。肱骨尺侧结合前侧MIPPO入路双钢板内固定治疗肱骨干下1/3骨折疗效确切,值得临床推广。     

Galeazzi fracture-dislocation: a new treatment-oriented classification

Forty patients with Galeazzi fracture-dislocations were treated with open reduction and internal fixation of the radial shaft fracture. Intraoperative distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) instability after anatomic reduction was managed with supplemental wire transfixion of the DRUJ (10 patients) or open reduction and triangular fibrocartilage complex repair (3 patients). Two patterns of fracture-dislocation were identified based on the location of the radial shaft fracture. Twenty-two type I fractures were in the distal third of the radius within 7.5 cm of the midarticular surface of the distal radius; 12 of these cases were associated with intraoperative DRUJ instability. Eighteen type II fractures were in the middle third of the radial shaft more than 7.5 cm from the midarticular surface of the distal radius. Only one of these fractures had intraoperative DRUJ instability after open reduction and internal fixation of the radial shaft fracture. A high index of suspicion, early recognition, and acute treatment of DRUJ instability will avoid chronic problems in this complex injury.     

Plate osteosynthesis in humeral shaft fractures. Indications and results

Non operative management of humeral shaft fractures is well recognized as the standard of care for uncomplicated injuries. Operative treatment of humeral fractures may be performed when limited indications are present as in patients with multiple trauma including ipsilateral forearm injuries, arterial injury or primary radial nerve palsy. 18 patients with humeral shaft fractures underwent open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) using the AO plating technique at the Kantonsspital Chur from 1980 to 1986. Follow-up was available for 17 patients of whom 16 suffered from multiple injury trauma. The broad DC plate combined with lag screws was used in most cases. Two brachial artery transections were repaired at the time of primary osteosynthesis by the same surgeons with full functional recovery. Concomitant nerve injuries were repaired primarily in one case and postprimarily in 3 more cases. The overall result was excellent in 9 patients, good in 5 patients, fair in 2 patients and poor in one patient with complete brachial plexus injury. Bone healing was uneventful in all 17 patients. No infection and no delayed union or pseudarthrosis has been observed.     

单侧外固定支架治疗肱骨干骨折不愈合15例分析

目的 探讨单侧外固定支架治疗肱骨干骨折不愈合的临床疗效。方法 1993．6～1999．12间临床应用单侧外固定支架治疗肱骨干骨折不愈合15例,并经随访观察。结果 所有病例随访6个月～7年(平均随访3．2年),骨折愈合平均时间为3．6个月,愈合率100％,上肢功能恢复满意。结论 单侧外固定支架治疗肱骨干骨折不愈合符合生物学固定原则,既能减少骨折局部的创伤,保护血运,又能稳定固定骨折,可早期进行功能锻炼。     

Indications, dangers and results of surgical treatment of humeral shaft fractures

A series of 78 fractures of the humeral shaft is presented that were treated operatively between 1978 and 1987. Open fractures, fractures with primary palsy of the radial nerve, distal fractures with an intraarticular component, fractures in polytraumatized patients and non-unions were absolute indications for operative stabilization in this series. In 71 fractures, internal stabilization was performed and in 7 fractures external fixation. In 16 fractures (20.6%), primary palsy of the radial nerve was present. In 10 patients (12.8%), radial nerve palsy appeared postoperatively. Nonunions and deep infections did not occur. In two cases, a second osteosynthesis was necessary after loosening of the implants. The humeral shaft fracture shows normal bony consolidation after conservative treatment as well as appropriate plate osteosynthesis. Nine of the 16 patients with primary radial nerve palsy (56.2%) and 6 of the 10 patients with secondary radial nerve palsy (60%) had total functional recovery. In our series, intraoperative palsy of the radial nerve was the most frequent complication after dissection of spiroid fractures in the middle or lower third of the humeral shaft. In this fracture form, a more unstable osteosynthesis, such as intramedullary pinning in accordance to Hackethal, should be chosen.     

Is there a place for external fixation in humeral shaft fractures?

There is a good indication for unilateral axial dynamic external fixation in fractures of the humeral shaft when the fracture appears in the distal third or in cases of bilateral fractures. A non-union or a posttraumatic paralysis of the radial nerve may be indications for external fixation as well as fractures associated with multiple injuries. Further indications include osteitis, infected non-union and comminuted fracture. There is maximum protection of the soft tissue with this method of treatment. External fixation combines the advantages of conservative and operative treatment by influencing callus formation by dynamizing, distraction or compression. Minimizing soft tissue damage facilitates the decision for early exploration of the radial nerve in cases of palsy. A safer positioning technique of the distal screws of the fixator is described.     

Trans-fracture transposition of the radial nerve during the open approach of humeral shaft fractures

The radial nerve constitutes a major problem in humeral shaft fractures; it may be injured immediately or during closed reduction or open reduction and internal fixation with plate and screws. After fixation, the nerve always runs directly over the plate without any interposed structure. If a revision surgery is indicated, the nerve is at high risk as it is usually difficult to dissect from surrounding fibrotic scar tissue or callus formation. To avoid these complications, some authors reported transposition of the radial nerve through the fracture line. We present herein the surgical technique of the trans-fracture transposition of the radial nerve during open reduction and internal fixation of humeral shaft fractures, along with our preliminary results in 6 cases and a review of the literature.     

Repair and reconstruction of severe leg injuries： retrospective review of eighty-five patients

Objective:To explore a good way of the reconstruction of severe tibial shaft fractures by using different flaps and external fixators. Methods: Eighty-five patients of TypeⅢC tibial shaft fractures with average age of 42.5 years were treated in our hospital from 1990 to 2005. Injuries were caused by motorcycle accidents in 66 patients, by machine accidents in 16 patients, and by stone bruise in 3 patients. The management procedures consisted of administration of antibiotics, serial debridment, bone grafting if needed, application of different flaps, such as free thoracoumbilical flaps, fasciocutaneous flaps, saphenous neurocutaneous vascular flaps, sural neurocutaneous vascular flaps and gastrocnemius muscular flaps, and different external fixations, for instance, half-ring fixators, unilateral axial dynamic fixators, AO fixators, Weifang fixators, and Hybrid fixators. The average follow up was 6.3 years. Results: All flaps survived. Eighty-three cases had bone healed. The average bone healing time of different external fixations was 5.5 months in 47 cases with half-ring fixators, 9.2 months in 4 cases treated with unilateral axial dynamic fixators, 8.5 months in 6 cases with AO fixators, 10.7 months in 16 cases with Weifang fixators, and 7.8 months in 10 cases with assembly fixators. Except half-ring fixation, other fixations all needed necessary bone graft. Two cases treated with unilateral axial dynamic fixators had nonunion of bone and developed osteomyelitis. The wounds healed after the removal of the fixators and immobilization by plaster. The last follow up examination showed ankle and knee motion was normal and no pain was noted. Conclusions: The combination of half-ring external fixators with various flaps provides good results for TypeⅢC tibial shaft fractures.     

解剖型锁定钢板内固定治疗肱骨远端C型骨折

目的探讨应用解剖型锁定钢板内固定治疗C型肱骨远端骨折的疗效。方法肱骨远端C型骨折28例,按AO/ASIF分类:C1型10例,C2型15例,C3型3例;均采用采用尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路,解剖型锁定钢板内固定。受伤至手术时间平均5.8 d(2 h~10 d)。结果术后28例均获随访,平均20(2~30)月。骨折愈合时间平均3.5(2~10)个月。根据Cassebaum评分系统评定肘关节功能:优10例,良12例,可5例,差1例,优良率为78.6%,结论采用尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路,早期切开解剖复位、解剖型钢板内固定及早期有计划地康复训练治疗肱骨远端骨折,复位良好,固定可靠,能最大限度地恢复肘关节功能。