Ultrasonography in non-cirrhotic portal hypertension: correlation with splenoportography

Real time sonography followed by splenoportography was performed in 38 cases with non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. Eleven of these cases, in whom porto-systemic shunt surgery was done, were also evaluated by real time sonography post-operatively. The ultrasound findings correlated well in 37 cases (98%) with splenoportography. All the post-operative cases also revealed a patent portosystemic shunt on sonography. Ultrasonography, a valuable, non-invasive, initial investigation of portal hypertension, may thus be used as the only investigation to distinguish intra- from extra-hepatic obstruction and to evaluate patency of surgically created porto-systemic shunts. Invasive portography may be performed only if surgical treatment is anticipated.     

Ultrasonography in portal hypertension: a sensitive noninvasive test to demonstrate portal-vascular anatomy

The accuracy of ultrasonography (US) in delineating the portal vascular anatomy was assessed clinically by the clinician in 30 cases of portal hypertension due to noncirrhotic portal fibrosis and extra hepatic portal venous obstruction. Ultrasonography detected portal vein block in 19 and in 11 patients it was found to be patent. These ultrasonic diagnoses were confirmed by spleno-portovenography (SPV) in all, except in 2 cases due to technical failure. Ultrasononic assessment of the splenic vein was found to be accurate in 93.3% (28/30) of cases. SPV also had similar accuracy of splenic vein assessment when compared with the surgical findings. In one patient, intraperitoneal haemorrhage was encounted following SPV, necessitating emergency surgery. Thus, US was found to be as accurate as splenoportovenography in the assessment of portal vascular anatomy. The imaging technique is cheap, easy, safe, and can be repeated as often as necessary. It should be the procedure of choice in assessing the anatomy of portal vascular system.     

Ultrasonography in portal hypertension: A sensitive noninvasive test to demonstrate portal-vascular anatomy

The accuracy of ultrasonography (US) in delineating the portal vascular anatomy was assessed clinically by the clinician in 30 cases of portal hypertension due to noncirrhotic portal fibrosis and extra hepatic portal venous obstruction. Ultrasonography detected portal vein block in 19 and in 11 patients it was found to be patent. These ultrasonic diagnoses were confirmed by spleno-portovenography (SPV) in all, except in 2 cases due to technical failure. Ultrasononic assessment of the splenic vein was found to be accurate in 93.3% (28/30) of cases. SPV also had similar accuracy of splenic vein assessment when compared with the surgical findings. In one patient, intraperitoneal haemorrhage was encounted following SPV, necessitating emergency surgery. Thus, US was found to be as accurate as splenoportovenography in the assessment of portal vascular anatomy. The imaging technique is cheap, easy, safe, and can be repeated as often as necessary. It should be the procedure of choice in assessing the anatomy of portal vascular system.     

Non-cirrhotic portal hypertension versus idiopathic portal hypertension

Portal hypertension occurs in a number of disorders other than cirrhosis and they are collectively called non-cirrhotic portal hypertension (NCPH). The common causes of NCPH include idiopathic portal hypertension (IPH), non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis (NCPF) and extrahepatic portal venous thrombosis (EHPVT). Other causes include schistosomiasis, hepatic venous outflow tract obstruction, veno-occlusive disease and congenital hepatic fibrosis. Patients with IPH and EHPVT present with upper gastrointestinal bleeding, splenomegaly, ascites after gastrointestinal bleeding, features of hypersplenism, growth retardation and jaundice due to portal biliopathy. The diagnosis is usually made by abdominal ultrasound, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, normal liver function tests and normal liver histology. Variceal bleeding in NCPH has lower mortality as compared with cirrhosis because of better liver functions in NCPH. Treatment for NCPH includes primary prophylaxis for variceal bleeding and prevention of repeat bleeding using drugs like beta-blockers, endoscopic sclerotherapy and endoscopic band ligation of varices. In patients with uncontrolled variceal bleeding or symptomatic hypersplenism, porto-systemic shunt surgery or splenectomy are required.     

Somatostatin in portal hypertension

The effect of somatostatin on portal pressure is mediated by splanchic arterial vasoconstriction which induces a reduction in portal blood flow and pressure. One of the most important characteristics of somatostatin is that its splanchic effect is not accompanied by major systemic hemodynamic effects. Somatostatin has been used in several controlled trials to test its potential in controlling acute variceal bleeding. The results remain controversial. Different findings in existing clinical trials may derive in part from distinct protocols for somatostatin administration. Published trials suggest that somatostatin may be as effective as vasopressin in the acute management of variceal bleeding. However, since the efficacy of vasopressin has been questioned, a comparison of two potentially ineffective drugs cannot establish definitively the efficacy of somatostatin in controlling variceal bleeding. The most significant finding of the two published studies has been the lower incidence of minor and major complications with somatostatin when compared to vasopressin. Newer trials in progress may shed new light into the potential use of somatostatin for the treatment of variceal bleeding.     

BAVENO VII门静脉高压共识更新:门静脉高压的个体化治疗

2021年10月召开的Baveno Ⅶ共识会的主题是门静脉高压的个体化治疗。主要讨论了9个主题, 包括:把测量肝静脉压力梯度作为诊断金标准;非侵入性方法诊断代偿进展期慢性肝病和临床有意义的门静脉高压;病因治疗和非病因治疗对肝硬化的影响;预防首次失代偿;急性静脉曲张出血;预防进一步失代偿;以及内脏静脉血栓和其他肝脏血管病。本文对上述主题的推荐进行编译汇总, 把国际上门静脉高压最前沿的研究成果和借此形成的共识意见呈现给读者。     

Noncirrhotic portal hypertension

This article reviews the different conditions leading to noncirrhotic intrahepatic portal hypertension, describes the related vascular lesions, and provides a review of the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment options available. Diseases associated with noncirrhotic portal hypertension are also specifically discussed.     

胰源性与特发性门脉高压症的临床特点分析

目的探讨PPH与IPH的临床特点,加深对二者的认识,提高临床医师的诊治水平。方法对18例PPH与36例IPH患者的临床资料作一回顾分析。结果二者的肝脏形态、功能正常,病毒学指标阴性,超声检查脾静脉迂曲扩张,脾肿大;PPH患者超声检查门静脉正常,胰腺可见炎症、肿瘤、囊肿等表现;IPH患者门静脉及肠系膜上静脉迂曲扩张,但胰腺方面无异常。IPH患者汇管区纤维组织增生和炎性细胞浸润但无肝硬化改变而PPH患者肝脏组织学正常。结论临床中发现肝脏形态、功能正常,病毒学指标阴性,以门脉高压为主要表现而无肝硬化改变的患者,应考虑IPH与PPH的可能。进一步行超声检查门脉系统及胰腺情况,可进一步区分二者。     

Non-cirrhotic portal hypertension

A chronic increase of the portal venous pressure is not only a sequel of liver cirrhosis. There is a large group of different diseases leading to "non-cirrhotic portal hypertension". Clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment are discussed. The discrimination between cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic portal hypertension is important for the understanding of differences in clinical signs and course of the diseases, however.     

Noncirrhotic portal hypertension

Portal hypertension is characterized by an increase in portal pressure (>10 mm Hg) and could be a result of cirrhosis of the liver or noncirrhotic diseases. Noncirrhotic portal hypertension (NCPH), as it generally is termed, is a heterogeneous group of diseases that is due to intrahepatic or extrahepatic etiologies. In general, the lesions in NCPH are vascular in nature and can be classified based on the site of resistance to blood flow. Noncirrhotic portal fibrosis and extrahepatic portal vein obstruction are two diseases that are common in developing countries; they most often present only with features of portal hypertension and not of parenchymal dysfunction. These are described in detail.     

胰源性区域性门脉高压症

区域性门脉高压症 (ＲｅｇｉｏｎａｌＰｏｒｔａｌＨｙｐｅｒｔｅｎｓｉｏｎ ,ＲＰＨ) ,亦有称为“左侧门脉高压”、“局限性门脉高压”等 ,占肝外型门脉高压症的 5% ,但却是唯一可治愈的门脉高压症[1] 。据病因ＲＰＨ可分为胰源性、脾源性和腹膜后源性三类 ,其中以胰源性最为常见[2 ] 。Ｓｕｔｔｏｎ等复习了 190 0～ 196 7年、Ｍａｄｓｏｎ等复习了 196 8～ 1984年间英国文献 ,胰源性ＲＰＨ分别为 52 %及 73% [1] ;施宝民等[2 ] 复习 1998年前 10年国内文献 ,加上自己的 7例共 6 0例 ,胰源性占 4 7例 (86 7% )。据本文检索1998～ 1999两…     

Noncirrhotic portal hypertension

Noncirrhotic portal hypertension represents a heterogeneous group of conditions that have distinct clinical and hemodynamic features that often help distinguish them from cirrhosis. [figure: see text] The sites of portal flow resistance may not be precisely localized to one area of the hepatic lobule and may extend beyond the site where the pathogenetic process began. Even in patients with portal hypertension caused by an increased flow, there may be subsequent development of increased resistance. The prognosis is variable; outcomes are better in patients with presinusoidal portal hypertension. A good understanding of the presentation of the various noncirrhotic conditions that cause portal hypertension will help determine the cause, the site of resistance, and the therapeutic plan. Ascites is not a feature of presinusoidal portal hypertension, whereas it may be the predominant feature in postsinusoidal portal hypertension.     

门脉高压性胃病的进展

门脉高压性胃病（ponalhypertensivegastropathy，PHG）是指门脉高压症伴发的胃黏膜病变，主要发生于肝硬化门脉高压症病人，也见于非肝硬化门脉高压症病人，临床主要表现为消化道出血等症状，严重时危急生命。1984年Sarfeh等提出PHG与非PHG在形态、功能、治疗上都有不同，因其病理组织学上炎性改变依据不足，可称其为门脉高压性胃病。PHG常与食管静脉曲张同时存在，而PHG出血可占门脉高压消化道出血的10％～60％。食管胃底静脉曲张、肝功能损害越重，则门脉高压性胃病并发消化道出血的发生率越高。在上消化道出血患者，食管静脉曲张程度较轻者以PHG合并出血为主，食管静脉曲张程度较重者则以曲张静脉破裂出血为主。