HPLC法测定儿童回春颗粒中哈巴苷和哈巴俄苷的含量

目的建立HPLC法同时测定儿童回春颗粒中哈巴苷和哈巴俄苷的含量。方法色谱柱为Kromasil C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈-0.3mL·L~(-1)磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱;流速:1.0mL·min~(-1);检测波长:210nm;进样量:10μL;柱温:25℃。结果哈巴苷与哈巴俄苷的线性范围分别为0.296~5.92μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.999 9)和0.103~2.06μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.999 8);平均回收率分别为99.3%(RSD=0.50%)和98.9%(RSD=0.72%)。结论该方法简便、准确、重复性好,可作为儿童回春颗粒的质量控制方法。     

RP-HPLC法同时测定乙肝舒康胶囊中虎杖苷和二苯乙烯苷含量

目的:建立同时测定乙肝舒康胶囊中虎杖苷和二苯乙烯苷的高效液相色谱法。方法:采用 Hypersil C_(18)色谱柱(200 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙情-水(20:80,v/v)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长为320 nm。结果:虎杖苷和二苯乙烯苷的线性范围分别为1.5～30μg·mL~(-1)。(r=0.9993)和5～100μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999),平均回收率(n=9)分别为96.5%和100.9%。结论:本法简便,准确,重现性好。     

不同比例配伍的赤芍-藜芦药对中芍药苷和芍药苷内酯的含量测定

目的考察不同比例赤芍与藜芦配伍后芍药苷和芍药苷内酯的含量变化。方法采用HPLC法测定芍药苷和芍药苷内酯的含量;色谱条件:Inertsil C_(18)柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈-0.1 mL·L~(-1)磷酸水溶液(13∶87);检测波长:230 nm;流速:1.0 mL·min~(-1)。结果芍药苷和芍药苷内酯质量浓度分别在7.03～450.00和1.13～290.00μg·mL~(-1)(r=1.000 0)范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系,平均回收率分别为97.93%(RSD=1.85%)和97.15%(RSD=1.81%)。结论赤芍与藜芦不同比例配伍后芍药苷和芍药苷内酯含量均比赤芍单煎液低,存在减效现象,赤芍-藜芦药对可能为相反配伍。     

RP-HPLC—ECD测定通脉颗粒中3种化合物

目的:建立测定通脉颗粒中原儿茶醛、阿魏酸和黄芩苷的 RP-HPLC-ECD 分析方法。方法:采用 RP-HPLC-ECD 检测法,以 Zorbax SB—C_(18)(150 mm×4.6 mm,5.0 μm)为色谱柱,甲醇(A)、2%醋酸(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min~(-1);电化学检测器的工作电位为0.9 V;柱温为30℃。结果:原儿茶醛、阿魏酸和黄芩苷的线性范围分别为0.138～12.4μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999),0.130～11.7μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9992)和0.192～240μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9998);平均加样回收率(n=6)分别为97.4%(RSD=0.8%),98.7%(RSD=2.3%)和97.9%(RSD=2.9%)。结论:该法快速、灵敏、准确,可为通脉颗粒的质量控制提供科学依据。     

HPLC-PDA法同时测定奔豚颗粒中5种成分的含量

目的建立同时测定奔豚颗粒中葛根素、芍药苷、阿魏酸、黄芩苷、甘草酸(以甘草酸铵计)含量的方法。方法采用高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器(HPLC-PDA)法;Welch Matericls C_(18)色谱柱;乙腈-1%乙酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min~(-1),柱温35℃,检测波长为230 nm(芍药苷、阿魏酸、黄芩苷)、250 nm(葛根素、甘草酸铵),进样量10μL。结果葛根素、芍药苷、阿魏酸、黄芩苷、甘草酸铵分别在2.528～25.280μg·m L~(-1)(r=0.9996)、4.535～45.350μg·m L~(-1)(r=0.9994)、0.520～5.200μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9995)、30.257～302.570μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9997)、5.591～55.910μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9996)与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率分别为98.6%(RSD=1.2%)、101.3%(RSD=1.4%)、100.8%(RSD=1.9%)、99.5%(RSD=1.0%)、98.9%(RSD=1.4%)。结论该方法操作简便、准确、重复性好,可作为奔豚颗粒的质量控制方法。     

HPLC法同时测定天山雪莲中紫丁香苷、绿原酸和芦丁的含量

目的:采用液相色谱法同时测定天山雪莲中紫丁香苷、绿原酸和芦丁的含量。方法:Kromasil ODS-1色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),柱温为35℃;以乙腈(A)-0.4%磷酸(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱(0 min,13%A;15 min,13%A;16 min,15%A;40 min11,15%A),流速1 mL·min~(-1);双波长检测:257 nm(检测紫丁香苷、芦丁),327 nm(检测绿原酸)。结果:紫丁香苷存5.104～51.04 μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9998)、绿原酸在38.82～258.8μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9991)、芦丁在39.42～262.8μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9997)范围内都呈良好线性关系;紫丁香苷、绿原酸和芦丁的回收率分别为99.7%(RSD=1.0%),102.9%(RSD=1.5%),101.7%(RSD=1.2%);供试品溶液在12 h 内稳定。结论:该方法快速简单,线性关系良好。     

RP-HPLC法测定小儿柴桂退热颗粒中芍药苷和黄芩苷的含量

目的建立测定小儿柴桂退热颗粒中芍药苷和黄芩苷含量的方法。方法色谱柱:Agela Venusill C_(18)(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈-1mL·L~(-1)磷酸水溶液(18∶82);流速:1.0mL·min~(-1),检测波长:0~12min为230nm,12~18min为277nm;柱温:30℃。结果黄芩苷和芍药苷分别在0.254 0~2.032和0.101 0~0.808 0μg范围内呈良好线性关系,平均回收率分别为99.19%和99.14%(n=6),RSD值分别为0.96%和1.09%。结论该方法操作简便,结果准确,重复性好,可作为小儿柴桂退热颗粒中含量测定的检测方法。     

HPLC法同时测定芩连片中黄芩苷和小檗碱的含量

目的:建立 HPLC 法同时测定芩连片中黄芩苷和小檗碱含量。方法:以芩连片为研究对象,采用 Kromasil ODS(200 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-0.05 mol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钾溶液-三乙胺(26:74:0.2),流速1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长277 nm,柱温为室温。结果:黄芩苷、小檗碱分别在0.0101～0.1217 mg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9997,n=7),0.0114～0.1372 mg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9998,n=7)范围内呈良好线性关系;平均回收率(n=9)分别为98.7%和97.7%。结论:本测定方法简便、快速、准确,为芩连片质量评价提供了依据。     

HPLC法同时测定银黄制剂中的绿原酸和黄芩苷含量

目的:建立同时测定银黄制剂中绿原酸和黄芩苷的 HPLC 方法。方法:色谱柱为 Waters Symmetry C_(18)(3.9 mm×150mm,5μm)柱,以甲醇-0.4%磷酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱(0→15 min,甲醇15%→55%;15→25 min,甲醇55%;25→28min,甲醇55%→15%)。流速为0.8 mL·min~(-1),检测波长为320 nm,0.02 AUFS。结果:绿原酸的线性范围为6.88～110.08μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9996),平均回收率为97.4%,RSD 为2.2%(n:5);黄芩苷的线性范围为13.40～214.40μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9998),平均回收率为96.7%,RSD 为2.0%(n=5)。结论:该方法简单、快速、准确,可为银黄制剂的质量控制提供实验依据。     

HPLC-PDA法同时测定更年宁中芍药苷、阿魏酸、黄芩苷和丹皮酚的含量

目的建立HPLC-PDA法同时测定更年宁中芍药苷、阿魏酸、黄芩苷和丹皮酚的含量。方法采用Phenomsil C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱;流动相:以乙腈为流动相A,以0.15%磷酸为流动相B,采用梯度洗脱;流速为1.0 mL·min~(-1);柱温为35℃;芍药苷的检测波长为230 nm,阿魏酸的检测波长为320 nm,黄芩苷的检测波长为280 nm,丹皮酚的检测波长为274 nm。结果芍药苷、阿魏酸、黄芩苷、丹皮酚浓度分别在5.077～50.77、0.297～2.97、8.976～89.76、3.37～33.70μg·mL~(-1)与峰面积线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为98.5%(RSD=0.83%)、98.4%(RSD=1.5%)、98.9%(RSD=1.1%)、98.4%(RSD=1.0%)。结论该方法简便、灵敏、结果准确可靠,可为其提高质量控制标准提供参考。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.