高效液相色谱法测定复方异维倍克气雾剂中异丙托溴铵和盐酸克仑特罗的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定复方异维倍克气雾剂中异丙托溴铵和盐酸克仑特罗含量。方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法。Intersil C_(18)分析色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水(16:84;含0.4%三乙胺,磷酸调 pH 为3),流速1.5 mL·mL~(-1),检测波长205 nm。结果:异丙托溴铵和盐酸克仑特罗的理论板数分别为2400和3500。异丙托溴铵回归方程Y=128458X 58038,r=0.9999,线性范围18.20～182.0μg·mL~(-1);盐酸克仑特罗回归方程 Y=1251564X 10954,r=0.9995,线性范围9.200～46.00μg·mL~(-1)。异丙托溴铵平均回收率为97.4%(n=5),RSD 为2.2%;盐酸克仑特罗平均回收率为100.8%(n=5),RSD为1.9%。异丙托溴铵和盐酸克仑特罗最低检出浓度分别为0.2μg·mL~(-1)和0.03μg·mL~(-1)。结论:方法简便,结果准确。     

高效液相色谱法测定异丙嗪胆汁片中盐酸异丙嗪的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定异丙嗪胆汁片中盐酸异丙嗪的含量。方法:Diamonsil~(TM)C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm,迪马公司);流动相:0.02mol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钾缓冲溶液(取磷酸二氢钾2.72 g,加水700 mL 溶解,用磷酸调 pH 至3.0,加水至1000 mL)-乙腈-甲醇(55:20:25),流速:1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长:249nm,进样量:10μL。结果:盐酸异丙嗪在5.3-84.6μg·mL~(-1)浓度范围内线性关系良好,r=0.9998(n=6),平均回收率为99.90%,RSD=0.62%(n=5)结论:该法简便、灵敏、准确,专属性强,可用于异丙嗪胆汁片的质量控制。     

盐酸帕洛诺司琼3个光学异构体的分离与测定

目的:建立盐酸帕洛诺司琼中3个异构体的分离和含量测定方法。方法:采用以替考拉宁手性柱CHIROBIOTIC TTM(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-冰醋酸-三乙胺(100:0.5:0.3),流速:0.5 mL·min-1;检测波长:238 nm。结果:盐酸帕洛诺司琼与3个异构体分离良好,保留适宜;3个异构体在2μg·mL-1至20μg·mL-1范围内,线性良好(r=0.9992～0.9999),进样精密度良好(RSD=0.88%～1.7%,n=5)。结论:方法专属性好、精密度高,适用于盐酸帕洛诺司琼异构体的测定。     

RP-HPLC法测定牛黄上清丸中盐酸小檗碱的含量

目的:建立牛黄上清丸中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定RP-HPLC方法。方法:色谱柱为Diamonsil C_(18)柱(250mm×4.6mm, 5μm),流动相为乙腈-磷酸盐缓冲液[0.05mol·L~(-1)的磷酸二氢钾溶液和0.02mol·L~(-1)庚烷磺酸钠溶液(1:1),含0.2%三乙胺,用磷酸调pH至3.0(30:70),流速:1.0 ml·min~(-1),波长:265nm,柱温:35℃。结果:盐酸小檗碱的进样量在0.20～1.02μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为99.4%,RSD=1.9%(n=6)。结论:方法准确、可靠,可用于牛黄上清丸的质量控制。     

反相离子对高效液相色谱法测定中药橡胶膏中盐酸苯海拉明的含量

目的:建立反相离子对高效液相色谱法测定多种橡胶膏中盐酸苯海拉明的含量。方法:采用 Kromasil C_(18)柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),乙腈-水-磷酸(52:48:0.05,内含10 mmol·L~(-1)十二烷基硫酸钠)为流动相,流速1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长为220 nm,柱温35℃。结果:盐酸苯海拉明与其他成分分离良好。在0.24～2.4μg范围内,峰面积与进样量呈良好的线性关系,r=0.9999。平均回收率为99.2%,RSD 为2.2%(n=9)。结论:本法专属、准确,可用于测定橡胶膏中盐酸苯海拉明的含量。     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸溴己新及其片剂的含量和有关物质

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定盐酸溴己新及其片剂的含量和有关物质。方法:采用 C_(18)色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为醋酸溶液(pH 3.4)-甲醇(30∶70),流速1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长254 nm。结果:盐酸溴己新在18.70～130.90μg·mL~(-1)范围内,线性关系良好,回归方程 Y=30.1549 X 5.4729,r=0.9999。平均回收率为98.24%(n=9)。最低检出限为0.086μg·mL~(-1)。结论:本法快速、简便、准确,专属性强。     

HPLC法测定洁阴舒洗剂中盐酸小檗碱的含量

目的:采用高效液相色谱法测定洁阴舒洗剂中盐酸小檗碱的含量。方法:用Hypersil C18(4．6 mm×250 mm,5 μm) 色谱柱,流动相乙腈-0．033 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾(40:60,含0．5％三乙胺,磷酸调PH 3．1),流速1．0 ml·min-1;检测波长345 nm,柱温25℃。结果:盐酸小檗碱进样量在0．17-0．85μg之间,与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,r=1．000 0,平均加样回收率为 97．6％,RSD=0．4％(n=5)。结论:方法操作简单,快速。可作为测定本制剂中盐酸小檗碱的含量。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定盐酸普鲁卡因注射液中盐酸普鲁卡因含量及对氨基苯甲酸限量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法同时测定盐酸普鲁卡因注射液中盐酸普鲁卡因含量及杂质对氨基苯甲酸的限量。方法:采用 hypersil C_(18)色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);以缓冲液[0.05 mol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钾-0.0025 mol·L~(-1)庚烷磺酸钠(1:1,用磷酸调节 pH 至3.0)]-乙腈(90:10)为流动相;检测波长为283 nm;柱温40℃;流速1 mL·min~(-1),同时应用对氨基苯甲酸与盐酸普鲁卡因含量比为1.2%时的峰面积比值作为对氨基苯甲酸检查限量值。结果:盐酸普鲁卡因及对氨基苯甲酸线性范围分别为0.0125～0.125 mg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9998)和0.2～2μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999),平均回收率分别为102.3%,102.5%;对氨基苯甲酸杂质限量值为1.865%。结论:本测定方法简便、快速,结果准确,可用于同时测定盐酸普鲁卡因注射液中盐酸普鲁卡因含量及对氨基苯甲酸杂质限量。     

HPLC法测定鼻炎糖浆中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定鼻炎糖浆中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱含量的测定方法。方法采用Agilent Zorbax SB-C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),乙腈-0.2%磷酸溶液(含0.2%三乙胺)(2∶98)为流动相,流速:1.0 m L·min-1,检测波长206 nm,柱温:25℃。结果盐酸麻黄碱进样量在0.124¹.86μg范围内与峰面积呈良好线性(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为99.99%,RSD=1.24%(n=6);盐酸伪麻黄碱进样量在0.103 81.86μg范围内与峰面积呈良好线性(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为99.99%,RSD=1.24%(n=6);盐酸伪麻黄碱进样量在0.103 8¹.557μg范围内与峰面积呈良好线性(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为99.33%,RSD=1.93%(n=6)。结论该方法准确、重复性好,可用于鼻炎糖浆中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的测定。     

HPLC法同时测定扑麻滴鼻液中2成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定扑麻滴鼻液中盐酸麻黄碱和马来酸氯苯那敏含量的HPLC方法。方法:采用:PurospherSTAR RP18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以磷酸盐缓冲液(p H 3.0±0.1)-乙腈(82∶18)为流动相,流速为1.0 ml·min-1,在210nm波长处同时检测盐酸麻黄碱和马来酸氯苯那敏,柱温35℃,进样量20μl。结果:盐酸麻黄碱和马来酸氯苯那敏分别在19.81~118.85μg·ml-1和6.21~37.25μg·ml-1浓度范围内线性关系良好,r分别为0.999 6和0.999 8。平均回收率分别为100.39%(RSD=0.69%,n=9)和100.11%(RSD=0.60%,n=9)。结论:该方法快速简便、重复性、准确性好,可用于该制剂中盐酸麻黄碱和马来酸氯苯那敏的含量测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.