HPLC法测定不同产地白花蛇舌草中2种蒽醌化合物的含量

目的：建立同时测定白花蛇舌草中2-甲基-3-羟基-4-甲氧基蒽醌（Ⅰ）和2-甲基-3-羟基蒽醌（Ⅱ）含量的高效液相色谱方法。方法：采用Diamonsil C18色谱柱（200mm×4．6mm，5μm），以甲醇-水（62：38，v／v）为流动相，流速1．0mL·min^-1，检测波长267nm，柱温为室温。结果：Ⅰ和Ⅱ浓度分别在0．1～5．0μg·mL^-1（r=0．9999）和0．2～10．0μg·mL^-1（r=0．9999）范围内线性关系良好；加样回收率（n=6）分别为99．2％（RSD=1．9％）和99．8％（RSD=2．3％）。结论：本法准确可靠，重复性好，适用于白花蛇舌草中Ⅰ和Ⅱ的含量分析。     

反相HPLC法同时测定大柴胡汤中3种黄酮苷的含量

目的：建立反相HPLC法同时测定大柴胡汤中柚皮苷、橙皮苷、黄芩苷的含量。方法：采用ZORBAX Eclipse XDB—C18反相色谱柱（150mm×4．6mm，5μm），以乙腈-1．5％醋酸溶液（20：80）为流动相，流速0．8mL·min^-1，检测波长280nm，柱温为室温。结果：在18min内柚皮苷、橙皮苷、黄芩苷达到良好分离，并在4．0～254．0μg·mL^-1（r=0．9999），2．3—141．0μg·mL^-1（r=0．9989），1．3～172．0μg·mL^-1（r=0．9999）浓度范围内呈良好线性关系；加样回收率（n=6）分别为99．2％，99．2％，99．7％。结论：本方法简便、快速，适合于大柴胡汤的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定舒胆胶囊中4种黄酮类成分的含量

目的：建立HPLC法同时测定舒胆胶囊中柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷和黄芩苷4种黄酮类成分的含量。方法：采用Diamonsil C18柱（5μm，200mm×4．6mm）柱分离，以甲醇～0．2％磷酸水溶液进行梯度洗脱，洗脱程序为：0—35min，甲醇34％；35～44min，甲醇38％；44～60min，甲醇48％。在283nm下进行测定。结果：柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷和黄芩苷的线性范围分别为9．0～180．0μg·mL^-1（r=0．9999，n=5），0．8～16．0μg·mL^-1（r=0．9998，n=5），15．4～308．0μg·mL^-1。（r=0．9998，n=5），20．0～400．0μg·mL^-1（r=0．9999，n=5）；平均回收率分别为100．0％，99．2％，100．5％，101．2％（n=9）。结论：本方法简便、快捷，结果准确、可靠，重复性好，可作为舒胆胶囊的质量控制方法之一。     

HPLC法同时测定夏天无注射液中3个有效成分的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法测定夏天无注射液中原阿片碱、延胡索乙素、巴马汀3个有效成分的含量。方法：Diamonsil C18色谱柱（5μm，250mm×4．6mm）；流动相A：乙腈，流动相B：醋酸-三乙胺溶液（每1000mL水中加入冰醋酸30mL，三乙胺8mL），进行梯度洗脱，流速1．0mL·min^-1，检测波长280nm，柱温：25℃。结果：原阿片碱、延胡索乙素、巴马汀的线性范围分别为8．56～171．2μg·mL^-1（r=0．9998），7．12～142．4μg·mL^-1（r=0．9997），6．72～134．4μg·mL^-1（r=0．9996）；回收率（n=3）分别为99．3％～100．4％（RSD≤1．1％），99．8％～100．0％（RSD≤1．5％），99．4％～99．9％（RSD≤0．9％）。结论：所建立的HPLC方法准确、快速，可用于夏天无注射液中原阿片碱、延胡索乙素、巴马汀的含量测定。     

HPLC法同时测定酚氨咖敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、氨基比林的含量

目的：建立HPLC法同时测定酚氨咖敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、氨基比林的含量。方法：采用C18色谱柱（4．6mm×250mm，5μm），流动相为甲醇-乙腈-水（9：21：70），流速为1mL·min^-1，检测波长273nm，柱温30℃。结果：乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、氨基比林分离度好，保留时间分别为4．0min、4．5min、13．1min；理论板数分别为8721、9452、9548；HPLC法测定的线性范围分别为12～108μg·mL^-1，r=0．9999；2．4～21．6μg·mL^-1，r=0．9999；8～72μg·mL^-1，r=0．9999。本方法的精密度和稳定性良好，RSD〈2％。结论：本法简便、快速、准确，用于酚氨咖敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、氨基比林的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定茶黄酊中儿茶素、表儿茶素和黄芩苷的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法测定茶黄酊中儿茶素、表儿茶素和黄芩苷含量。方法：采用Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse XDB—C18（150mm×4．6mm，5μm）色谱柱；流动相A为0．5％三乙胺溶液（以磷酸调pH至3．0），流动相B为乙腈，梯度洗脱（0～12min，流动相B10％；12．1～30min，流动相B22％）；流速：1mL·min^-1，检测波长278nm。结果：儿茶素、表儿茶素和黄芩苷线性范围分别为26．75—214．0μg·mL^-1（r=0．9998），5．568～44．54μg·mL^-1（r=0．9998），3．520～28．16μg·mL^-1（r=0．9999）。回收率（n=6）分别为99．8％，98．9％，102．6％；RSD分别为0．61％，1．2％，0．92％。结论：本方法简便、准确、稳定，重复性好，可用于茶黄酊中儿茶素、表儿茶素和黄芩苷的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定注射用阿洛西林钠舒巴坦钠含量

目的：建立HPLC法测定注射用阿洛西林钠舒巴坦钠的含量。方法：色谱柱为Diamond C18柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为乙腈-水-磷酸盐缓冲液（取磷酸二氢钾8．34g与磷酸氢二钾0．87g，加水溶解稀释成1000mL）（30：30：100），流速1．0mL．min^-1，检测波长210nm。结果：阿洛西林浓度在7．484～224．52μg·mL^-1的范围内，线性关系良好（r=0．9999），平均回收率（n=9）为99．9％；舒巴坦浓度在5．47～87．52μg·mL^-1的范围内，线性关系良好（r=0．9999），平均回收率（n=9）为99．7％。结论：本法灵敏、准确、简便。     

HPLC法测定复方利血平片中维生素B1、B6、泛酸钙和氢氯噻嗪的含量

目的：建立复方利血平片中维生素B1、维生素B6、泛酸钙和氢氯噻嗪含量测定的HPLC法。方法：采用phenomenex的Synergi Hydro—RP色谱柱（150mm×4．6mm，4μm），以乙腈、0．02mol·L^-1磷酸氢二钾溶液和0．005mol·L^-1庚烷磺酸钠（用磷酸调节pH至3．0±0．05）为流动相，采用梯度洗脱，流速为1．0mL·min^-1，用二极管阵列检测器检测，检测波长210nm，柱温36℃。结果：维生素B1的线性范围为7．752～77．52μg mL^-1（r=0．9992），精密度RSD为0．99％（n=7），重现性RSD为1．62％（n=7），平均回收率为98．63％，RSD为1．59％（n=9）；维生素B6的线性范围为7．580～75．80μg·mL^-1（r=0．9995），精密度RSD为0．62％（n=7），重现性RSD为1．17％（n=7），平均回收率为99．17％，RSD为1．26％（n=9）；泛酸钙的线性范围为7．904—79．04μg·mL^-1（r=0．9997），精密度RSD为0．58％（n=7），重现性RSD为0．95％（n=7），平均回收率为98．37％，RSD为0．92％（n=9）；氢氯噻嗪的线性范围为25．62～256．2μg·mL^-1（r=0．9995），精密度RSD为0．19％（n=7），重现性RSD为1．36％（n=7），平均回收率为99．12％，RSD为1．06％（n=9）。结论：本方法操作简便，结果准确、可靠，可同时测定复方利血平片中维生素B1、维生素B6、泛酸钙和氢氯噻嗪的含量。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定注射用硝普钠的含量

目的：建立火焰原子吸收光谱法测定药物制剂中硝普钠的含量。方法：采用空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收光谱法，通过测定硝普钠中铁元素进行分析。结果：在优化条件下，该法测定硝普钠中铁元素的线性范围为0．01～10μg·mL^-1，相应于硝普钠的线性范围为0．05335～53．35μg·mL^-1；铁元素的检出限为0．008μg·mL^-1，相应于硝普钠的检出限为0．04268μg·mL^-1；RSD为0．28％（铁元素6μg·mL^-1，硝普钠32．00μg·mL^-1，n=11）；平均加样回收率105．9％，RSD为5．3％。结论：该法具有简便、快速、重复性好等优点，应用于注射用硝普钠的测定，结果满意。     

HPLC法同时测定消炎利胆片中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的含量

目的：建立消炎利胆片中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的含量测定方法。方法：以XTerra RPC18色谱柱为分离柱，以甲醇-水（45：55）为流动相，采用HPLC法测定。结果：本品中穿心莲内酯含量测定线性范围为16—160μg·ml^-1（r=0．9999），平均回收率为98．87％（RSD=1．90％，n=6）；脱水穿心莲内酯含量测定线性范围为32～320μg·ml^-1（r=0．9999），平均回收率为99．54％（RSD=1．93％，n=6）。结论：此法操作简单、结果准确，可用于消炎利胆片的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.