荧光分光光度法测定何首乌及人参首乌胶囊中总蒽醌的含量

目的:建立测定何首乌及人参首乌胶囊中总蒽醌含量的方法。方法:荧光分光光度法。以最佳 pH 条件的无水乙醇为溶剂,在λ_(EX)=440nm、λ_(EM)=515nm 处测定总蒽醌含量。结果:在0.03～0.15μg·mL~(-1)范围内,大黄素浓度和荧光强度有良好的线性关系,回归方程为 F=194.36C 2.9642,r=0.9996。平均回收率何首乌为98.1%,RSD 为1.9%;人参首乌胶囊为98.6%,RSD 为2.0%。测得总蒽醌含量何首乌中为0.522 mg·g~(-1),人参首乌胶囊中为0.443mg·g~(-1)。结论:本法简便快捷,准确灵敏,重复性好,可用于何首乌及人参首乌胶囊的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定脉络宁注射液中3种有机酸的含量

目的：建立用高效液相色谱法梯度洗脱同时测定脉络宁注射液中绿原酸、咖啡酸、肉桂酸含量的方法，并对3个批次脉络宁注射液中上述3种化合物进行定量分析。方法：采用Aglient Zorbax SB-C18柱（4．6mm×150mm）；流动相为乙腈-0．8％醋酸，梯度洗脱；流速为1mL·min^-1；检测波长为λ1=327nm（绿原酸、咖啡酸），λ2=278nm（肉桂酸）。结果：绿原酸、咖啡酸、肉桂酸的线性范围分别为2．695～26．95mg·L^-1（r=0．9997）、0．82～8．20mg·L^-1（r=0．9999）、0．94～9．4mg·L^-1（r=0．9999），回收率分别为101．21％，98．24％，99．56％。结论：本法灵敏快速，准确可靠，适合于同时测定脉络宁注射液中绿原酸、咖啡酸、肉桂酸含量的。     

高效液相色谱法测定不同厂家六昧地黄浓缩丸中的5种成分的含量

目的：建立一种同时测定六味地黄浓缩丸中丹皮酚、芍药苷、马钱苷、没食子酸、尿囊素5种活性成分含量的方法，比较不同厂家六味地黄浓缩丸的质量差异。方法：应用高效液相法进行测定，流动相为乙腈-0．1％甲酸梯度洗脱；流速为0．5mL·min^-1；检测波长为242nm；进样量5μL；柱温30℃。结果：10个厂家的六味地黄浓缩丸中，尿囊素含量为0．4187～0．9809mg·^-1g；没食子酸含量为0．8942～1．6412mg·g^-1；马钱苷含量为0．9005～1．9614mg·g^-1；芍药苷含量为0．1097～0．9948mg·g^-1；丹皮酚含量为1．2123～5．9576mg·g^-1。结论：不同厂家六味地黄浓缩丸存在差异。     

高效液相色谱双波长法测定芍桂胶囊中芍药苷和肉桂酸的含量

目的：建立芍桂胶囊的主要成分芍药苷与肉桂酸的高效液相色谱法含量测定的方法。方法：采用双波长双通道高效液相色谱法测定，色谱柱为大连依利特HypersiLODS2 C18柱（46mm×250mm，5um）；流动相为0．1%醋酸-乙腈梯度洗脱，检测波长λ1=230nm，λ2=278nm。结果：芍药苷在28．8～172．8mg·L^-1范围内线性关系良好，r=0．9982，平均回收率为90．15％（n=5）；肉桂酸在3．85～46．27mg·L^-1范围内线性关系良好，r=0．9988，平均回收率为89．63％（n=5）。结论：本法专属性强，操作简便，结果准确。适用于检测芍桂胶囊中芍药苷和肉桂酸的含量。     

分光光度法测定咳特灵胶囊中总黄酮的含量

目的：建立咳特灵胶囊中总黄酮的含量检测方法。方法：采用分光光度法,检测波长为510nm。结果：芦丁在0．0387～0．1160mg·ml^-1范围内呈良好的线性关系（r=0．9997,n=5）;回收率为99．98％,RSD为2．05％（n=6）。结论：本法操作简便、快捷,结果准确。     

生首乌与制首乌中二苯乙烯苷的含量测定与品质考察

目的：采用高效液相色谱法测定市售生首乌与制首乌中的二苯乙烯苷含量，并对其品质进行初步考察。方法：色谱柱为Diamonsil C18流动相为乙腈-水（25：75），流速为1．0mL·min^-1，检测波长为320nm，柱温为40℃。结果：测定了市售不同产地的3种生首乌和5种制首乌中二苯乙烯苷的含量。二苯乙烯苷在25～200mg·L^-1范围内呈线性关系，回收率为（96．94±1．41）％。结论：本法简便、灵敏、专属性强，是何首乌及其炮制品有效的质量评价方法。市售不同产地的生首乌与制首乌中二苯乙烯苷含量差异较大，生首乌中二苯乙烯苷含量高于制首乌。     

GC法测定荜澄茄中棕榈酸、油酸与亚油酸的含量

目的：建立荜澄茄中棕榈酸、油酸和亚油酸的含量测定方法。方法：采用毛细管气相色谱法，甲酯化后测定荜澄茄中棕榈酸、油酸与亚油酸的含量。采用DB-17弹性石英毛细管柱（30m×0．25mm，0．25μm）为分析柱；程序升温：起始温度170℃，以5℃·min^-1升至250℃，保持10min；进样口温度：250℃；检测器温度：250℃；流速：1．2mL·min^-1；分流比为100：1；柱压：98．3kPa；载气：氮气。结果：棕榈酸线性范围为0．040～0．400mg·mL^-1；平均回收率（n=3）为98．3％～102．3％，RSD42．0％。油酸线性范围为0．067～0．584mg·mL^-1；平均回收率（n=3）为97．6％～102．2％，RSD44．1％。亚油酸线性范嗣为0．099～0．869mg·mL^-1；平均回收率（n=3）为95．7％～99．3％，RSD41．1％。结论：本法灵敏、准确，重复性好，可以作为荜澄茄的质量控制方法。     

高效液相色谱法测银翘解毒胶囊中对乙酰氨基酚的含量

目的：采用高效液相色谱法测定精制银翘解毒胶囊中对乙酰氨基酚的含量。方法：用C18柱为固定相，以甲醇-水-冰醋酸（20：80：0．5）为流动相，检测波长为249nm，流速为1．0mL·min^-1。结果：对乙酰氨基酚含量测定线性范围10．801～50．005mg·L^-1，r=0．9999，平均回收率为99．50％，RSD为1．20%（n=9）。结论：该法简便、灵敏、准确，适用于精制银翘解毒胶囊的质量控制。     

RP-HPLC测定心脑康胶囊中阿魏酸和葛根素的含量

目的：建立心脑康胶囊中阿魏酸和葛根素的RP—HPLC含量测定方法。方法：色谱柱为DIKMA-C18（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为甲醇-1％的冰醋酸（30：70），流速为1．0ml·min^-1，检测波长为254nm，柱温为室温。结果：阿魏酸和葛根素的的线性范围分别为11．2-67．2μg·ml^-1（r=0．9994），9．0～54μg·ml^-1（r=0．9992），平均回收率分别为98．5％、98．2％，RSD为0．5％、0．8％（n=5）。结论：方法简便，结果准确，可作为心脑康胶囊的质量控制方法。     

分光光度法测定醒脾养儿颗粒中总黄酮的含量

目的：测定醒脾养儿颗粒中总黄酮的含量。方法：紫外一可见分光光度法测定，以芦丁为时照品，以510nm为测定波长。结果：芦丁在5～45mg·L^-1范围内线性良好，r=0．9996。回收率为98．5％，RSD为1．5％。结论：本方法快速简便、准确可靠、灵敏度高，适用于醒脾养儿颗粒中总黄酮的含量测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.