高效毛细管电泳法检测生药龙胆中龙胆苦苷含量

目的:建立高效毛细管电泳法测定生药龙胆中有效成分龙胆苦苷含量的方法。方法:毛细管区带电泳(CZE):运行电解质为含10%甲醇的20mmol.L~(-1)硼砂缓冲液(pH 10.6);工作电压18kV;柱温25℃;检测波长280mm。结果:测得龙胆苦苷的回归方程为Y=0.0787 1.9981X(r=0.9998);平均回收率为101%;RSD=2.64%(n=5)。结论:本方法简便,准确,快速,重复性好。可用于龙胆中龙胆苦苷的测定。     

龙胆泻肝胶囊中龙胆苦苷与栀子苷的含量测定

目的建立同时测定龙胆泻肝胶囊中龙胆苦苷和栀子苷含量的高效液相分析法。方法采用WatersSunfire C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);乙腈和0.1%磷酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱;流速:1.0 mL.min-1;柱温:25℃;检测波长:237和270 nm。结果龙胆苦苷在0.285 8～1.429 0μg(r=0.999 9)、栀子苷在0.402 0～2.010 0μg(r=0.999 8)范围内呈良好的线性关系;龙胆苦苷回收率98.99%(RSD=1.20%),栀子苷回收率99.08%(RSD=0.94%)。结论该方法简便、准确,重复性好,可用于同时测定龙胆泻肝胶囊中栀子苷和龙胆苦苷含量。     

HPLC同步测定秦艽中龙胆苦苷和元胡中延胡索乙素的含量

目的:建立同时测定秦艽和元胡中的龙胆苦苷和延胡索素乙素含量的 RP-HPLC 分析方法。方法:采用 RP-C~(18)色谱柱,流动相:V(甲醇):V(0.1%醋酸缓冲液 pH=5.11)=30:70,等度10min,3min 梯度变成68:32,流速为1.0mL·min~(-1);紫外检测波长为230nm 和270nm。结果:龙胆苦苷和延胡索素乙素的标准曲线范围分别是4.5～449.5μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9999,n=7)和4.9～493.5μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9998,n=7);检测限分别是0.2245μg·mL~(-1)和0.0987μg·mL~(-1);加样回收率分别为98.9%-105.9%和97.1%～103.7%,RSD 均小于3.1%。结论:运用该方法测定龙胆苦苷和延胡索素乙素的含量稳定可靠,重现性好。     

RP-HPLC法同时测定龙胆中3种活性成分的含量

目的:建立RP-HPLC法同时测定龙胆中龙胆苦苷、獐芽菜苦苷和獐芽菜苷的含量。方法:采用Diamasil C18(2)柱(250mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈(A)-0.1%磷酸水溶液(B)梯度洗脱(0～22 min,10%～16%A;22～25 min,16%～10%A);流速为1.0 mL.min-1;检测波长为240 nm;柱温25℃。结果:龙胆苦苷、獐芽菜苦苷和獐芽菜苷进样量分别在1.0～20μg(r=0.9997)、1.0～20μg(r=0.9995)、0.12～2.4μg(r=0.9995)范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;平均回收率(n=9)分别为99.1%,98.8%和98.6%。结论:该方法准确、简便、具有良好的重现性和稳定性,适合于龙胆的质量控制研究。     

HPLC法测定龙胆泻肝丸中龙胆苦苷的含量

目的:建立以高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定龙胆泻肝丸中龙胆苦苷含量的方法。方法:色谱柱为VP-ODS(150mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(15∶85),检测波长为270nm,流速为1.0mL·min-1,柱温为25℃。结果:龙胆苦苷进样量在0.3554～5.331μg范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系(r=0.9998);平均回收率为100.05%,RSD=2.2%(n=6)。结论:本方法简便、快速、准确,可用于龙胆泻肝丸的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定龙胆搽剂中龙胆苦苷的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定龙胆搽剂中龙胆苦苷含量的方法.方法:Intersil C18分析色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),流动相:甲醇-10%甲醇(30:70),流速:0.8 mL·min-1,检测波长:270 nm.结果:龙胆苦苷的理论塔板数为4 500.龙胆苦苷回归方程Y=7.2×10-8 X 2.7×10,r=0.999 9,线性范围1.46～5.84μg.龙胆苦苷平均回收率为99.64%(n=5),RSD为2.32%.结论:该法操作简便,结果准确,可用于测定龙胆搽剂中龙胆苦苷的含量.     

龙胆泻肝丸中龙胆苦苷含量的检测方法

目的建立龙胆泻肝丸中龙胆苦苷含量测定的方法。方法色谱柱:VP-ODS柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相:A组分:乙腈:0.1%磷酸溶液(10∶90);检测波长270nm;流速:1.0mL/min;柱温:25℃。结果龙胆苦苷的线性范围是0.3554～5.331μg,r=0.9998,平均回收率是100.04%,RSD=1.80%。结论该法可同时测定龙胆泻肝丸中龙胆苦苷和栀子苷的含量。     

HPLC测定温经通络酒中龙胆苦苷的含量

目的 建立测定温经通络酒中龙胆苦苷含量的方法.方法 采用HPLC法,Kromasil C18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为甲醇-水(1:4);流速1.0 ml·min-1;检测波长254 nm.结果 龙胆苦苷在0.24～4.8 μg范围内线性良好(r=0.9999);平均加样回收率为100.9%,RSD=2.7%;日内日间精密度分别为0.2%、1.6%.结论 所建方法简便、灵敏、准确,适合于温经通络酒中龙胆苦苷的含量测定.     

不同产地龙胆中龙胆苦苷的含量测定

目的建立龙胆中龙胆苦苷的RP HPLC定量分析方法 ,并对 3 8批不同产地的龙胆进行含量测定。方法采用DiamonsilC18色谱柱 ( 5 μm,2 0 0mm× 4 6mmi d ) ,以乙腈 水 醋酸 (V∶V∶V =1 0∶80∶1 )为流动相 ,流速为 1 0mL·min-1,紫外检测波长为 2 70nm ,柱温为室温 ,内标物为对羟基苯甲酸 ( 1 0 0mg·L-1)。结果龙胆苦苷在 1 2 8～ 1 5 3 6mg·L-1质量浓度内线性关系良好(r=0 9999) ,方法回收率为 99 1 % ,RSD为 0 4% (n =9)。 3 8批龙胆中龙胆苦苷的含量差异较大。结论该方法可用于质量控制 ,并为不同产地龙胆中龙胆苦苷的含量比较提供了依据。     

HPLC法测定秦艽炮制品中龙胆苦苷的含量

通过测定秦艽及秦艽炮制品中龙胆苦苷的含量,以探讨炮制方法对秦艽中龙胆苦苷的含量影响.采用高效液相色谱法,Waters C18色谱柱;流动相:甲醇水(3∶7);流速:1.0mL·min-1;检测波长:272nm.龙胆苦苷在1.104～8.280μg范围内具有良好线性关系,平均回收率为102.23%(RSD=2.9%).不同的炮制方法对秦艽中龙胆苦苷含量有一定影响.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.