液相色谱-串联质谱法测定健康人体血浆中米格列醇浓度及其药代动力学研究

目的建立测定血浆中米格列醇片(降血糖药)的液相色谱-串联质谱法,考察米格列醇在中国健康志愿者体内的药代动力学。方法血浆样品经液-液提取后,进行色谱分离,在三重四极杆串联质谱仪上,以多反应离子监测(MRM)方式进行定量分析,用于监测的离子为m/z 208．3→m／z 146．1 (米格列醇)和m/z 268．5→m/z 250．4(内标,伏格列波糖)。结果米格列醇的最低定量浓度为5．0 μg·L-1,线性范围为5～2 000 μg·L-1,精密度与准确度符合生物样品分析要求。结论该法操作简便、快速、灵敏度高,适于临床药代动力学研究。     

HPLC—MS／MS法测定人血浆中赖诺普利的浓度

目的:建立测定人血浆中赖诺普利浓度的 HPLC-MS/MS 法。方法:200μL待测血浆中定量加入内标后,直接加入蛋白沉淀剂三氟醋酸,涡旋离心后取上清液直接进样。采用 Zorbax Eclipse DB-C_8柱(5μm,150 mm×4.6 mm)分析柱;流动相为甲醇-12.5 mmol·L~(-1)醋酸铵缓冲液(60:40,pH=4.40),流速0.5 mL·min~(-1);进样量25μL。质谱检测采用 ESI 正离子模式,扫描方式为多反应监测方式,扫描离子对为 m/z406.3→84.0(赖诺普利)和 m/z 349.1→206.1(内标依那普利拉)。结果:本文所建立测定赖诺普利的线性范围为1.064～851.2 ng·mL~(-1),最低定量限可达1.064 ng·mL~(-1)。测定的方法回收率为97.52%～103.2%;日内 RSD<7%,日间 RSD<5%。结论:本文所建立的方法灵敏度良好、准确度高,可用于赖诺普利的药代动力学研究及临床药物浓度监测。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人血浆中米格列奈浓度及其药动学研究

目的建立一种快速分析测定人血浆中米格列奈的液相色谱-串联质谱色谱法,用以研究米格列奈在健康人体内的药动学。方法以那格列胺为内标,血浆酸化后经液液萃取后,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法以多反应检测方式进行测定,选择监测的离子为m/z 316.2→298.2(米格列奈)和m/z 318.2→120.2 (那格列胺)。流动相以甲醇-10 mmol·L~(-1)醋酸铵水溶液(75:25,V/V),流速0.3 mL·min~(-1),色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C_(18)(1.8μm,3 mm×150 mm);柱温:30℃。结果米格列奈在0.502 0～4 016μg·L~(-1)浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.995),最低检测浓度为0.502 0μg·L~(-1),精密度和准确度试验均符合生物分析要求,应用此法测得5、10、20 mg剂量组不同给药方式、多个时间点的米格列奈血药浓度,结果呈线性动力学特征。结论该方法灵敏度高、专属性强、准确、简便,适用于米格列奈的人体药动学研究。     

HPLC-示差折光检测器测定米格列醇片的含量及有关物质

目的建立高效液相色谱-示差折光检测法测定米格列醇片的含量和有关物质。方法用磺酸基阳离子交换键合硅胶(250×4.6mm,5μm)为填充剂;以乙腈-三氟乙酸溶液(4.5→1000mL)(20∶80)为流动相;示差折光检测器检测;检测器温度为40℃。理论板数以米格列醇峰计算,应不低于2000。结果空白辅料不干扰测定,米格列醇主峰和杂质峰分离良好,定量限浓度约为10μg·mL^-1。米格列醇浓度在26.28~210.2μg·mL^-1范围内,与峰面积线性关系良好,线性方程A=2611.5C-2802,r=0.9988;平均回收率100.9%(RSD=1.0%;n=9);溶液在8h内稳定。结论本法专属性强、灵敏度高、准确度和稳定性好,可作为米格列醇片有关物质和含量测定的检测方法。     

液相色谱-质谱／质谱联用法测定人血浆中加兰他敏

目的:建立测定人血浆中加兰他敏浓度的液相色谱-质谱/质谱联用法,用于其人体血药浓度测定。方法:血浆样品经液-液萃取后,以甲醇-水-甲酸(65:35:1)为流动相,Zorbax SB-C_8柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm)分离,采用大气压化学电离源,以选择反应监测方式进行正离子检测。内标为双氢吗啡酮,用于定量分析的离子反应分别为 m/z 288→m/z 213(加兰他敏)和 m/z 286→m/z 185(内标)。结果:血浆中加兰他敏最低定量限为0.5ng·mL~(-1),其线性范围为0.5～100ng·mL~(-1)。其高、中、低3个浓度的平均提取回收率为80.9%,方法回收率为100.5%,日内及日间 RSD 均<8%。结论:方法选择性强,灵敏度高,快速准确,可作为加兰他敏人体内药动学研究的手段。     

HPLC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中阿莫西林的质量浓度

目的建立测定人血浆中阿莫西林质量浓度的高效液相色谱-质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)联用检测方法,并用于生物等效性研究。方法以阿莫西林-d4为内标,血浆样品经甲醇沉淀后,经HPLC-MS/MS分析。色谱柱为ZORBAX SB-Aq (150 mm×4.6 mm,3.5μm);流动相为甲醇-2 mL·L~(-1)甲酸溶液(40∶60);流速为0.6 mL·min~(-1)。采用电喷雾离子源(ESI),多重反应选择离子监测(MRM)负离子模式,阿莫西林和阿莫西林-d4的定量离子对分别为m/z 364→223和m/z 368→227。结果阿莫西林血药质量浓度在0.088 57～39.370 00μg·mL~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,选择性、准确度、精密度、提取回收率、基质效应和稳定性等均符合要求。结论该方法简单、快速、灵敏、准确,可用于阿莫西林血药质量浓度的检测及生物等效性研究。     

液-质联用法测定人血浆伊潘立酮的药物浓度

目的:建立高效液相串联质谱方法测定人血浆中伊潘立酮的药物浓度。方法:方法色谱柱为Kromasil 60-5CN(100mm×2.1mm,5μm),流动相:乙腈与5mmol·L-1醋酸铵缓冲液(含0.1%甲酸)体积比为35∶65,流速为0.3mL·min-1,吡格列酮为内标,采用电喷雾离子源,以多反应监测(MRM)方式进行正离子检测。用于定量分析的离子分别为m/z 427.2→m/z261.2(伊潘立酮),m/z357.2→m/z133.8(吡格列酮,内标)结果:伊潘立酮的血浆浓度在20～20 000pg·mL-1范围内线性良好,定量下限为20pg·mL-1,日内精密度<3%,日间精密度<9%,回收率为96.9%～101%。结论:该法操作简单,灵敏,准确,重现性好,适用于伊潘立酮人体药动学研究及生物等效性研究。     

液相色谱-质谱联用法测定人血浆中多潘立酮

目的:建立测定人血浆中多潘立酮的液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱(LC/ESI-MS/MS)法。方法:待测血浆0.1 mL 用甲醇沉淀蛋白,取离心后的上清液进样10μL在 Phenomenex Gimim-C_(18)柱(2.00 mm×50 mm,5 μm)上分离,流动相为甲醇-水(40:60,v/v,含0.3%醋酸),流速0.2 mL·min~(-1),LC/ESI-MS/MS 采用多离子反应监测,正离子模式,用于定量分析的离子反应分别为 m/z426→m/z175(多潘立酮)和 m/z 379→m/z 264(氨溴索,内标)。结果:血浆中的内源性物质不干扰测定,每个样品分析时间约2 min;本法线性范围为0.3～100 ng·mL~(-1),最低定量浓度为0.3 ng·mL~(-1);日内、日间 RSD 分别小于7.1%和13.3%,相对误差小于5.4%。结论:该法操作简便、快速、准确,灵敏度高,可用于多潘立酮临床治疗剂量的药物动力学研究。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人血浆中格列本脲

目的:建立测定人血浆中格列本脲的液相色谱-串联质谱法,并用于临床药代动力学研究。方法:血浆样品经液-液萃取后,以乙腈-水-甲酸(90:10:0.2)为流动相,采用 Zorbax SB-C_8 柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm)分离,通过大气压化学电离源四极杆串联质谱,以选择反应监测(SRM)方式进行检测。用于定量分析的离子反应分别为 m/z494→369(格列本脲)和m/z 324→127(内标格列齐特)。结果:LC-MS/MS 法测定人血浆中格列本脲的线性范围为0.50～500 ng·mL~(-1),定量下限为0.50 ng·mL~(-1)。以3个浓度水平的质量控制样品求得各浓度水平日内、日间精密度(RSD)均小于5.4%,相对偏差(RE)在±2.3%以内。在临床药代动力学研究中,应用此法测试了20名受试者口服盐酸二甲双胍格列本脲胶囊后血浆中格列本脲的浓度。结论:该法灵敏、快速、准确,操作简便,线性范围宽,适用于临床药代动力学研究。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测中成药中添加格列本脲、格列吡嗪

目的:建立快速、准确、高灵敏度的检测中成药降糖制剂中非法添加格列本脲、格列吡嗪的分析方法。方法:采用 C_(18)(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm)柱分离,以乙腈-0.01 mol·L~(-1)乙酸铵(0.1%乙酸)缓冲溶液梯度洗脱,流速0.3 mL·min~(-1),以多反应检测(MRM)方式进行检测。用于定量分析的二级碎片离子分别为 m/z 321(格列吡嗪)和 m/z 369(格列本脲)。结果:格列吡嗪和格列本脲的线性范围分别为4.98～498 ng·mL~(-1)和4.96～496 ng·mL~(-1)。结论:此方法选择性强,灵敏度高,可作为中成药中非法添加格列本脲、格列吡嗪的分析检测方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.